Introduction
• RESEARCH – Process of inquiry
• THEORY – Product of knowledge
• SCIENCE – Result of the relationship between research & theory
• To effectively build knowledge to research process should be
developed within some theoretical structure that facilities analysis and
interpretation of findings.
• Relationship between theory and research in nursing is not well
understood. It may be give to the relative youth of the discipline and
debates over philosophical world views. (Empiricism, constructivism,
etc…)
Need to Link Theory and Research
• Research without theory results in discreet information or data
which does not add to the accumulated knowledge of the discipline.
• Theory guides the research process, forms the research questions,
aids in design, analysis and interpretation.
• It enables the scientist to weave the facts together.
Theories from Nursing or Other Disciplines?
• Nursing science is blend of knowledge that is unique to nursing
and knowledge that is borrowed from other disciplines.
• Debate is whether the use of borrowed theory has hindered the
development of the discipline.
• It has contributed to problems connecting research and theory in
nursing.
Historical Overview of Research and Theory in Nursing
• Florence Nightingale supported her theoretical propositions
through research, as statistical data and prepared graphs were used to
depict the impact of nursing care on the health of British soldiers.
• Afterwards, for almost century reports of nursing research were
rare.
• Research and theory developed separately in nursing.
• Between 1928 and 1959 only 2 out of 152 studies reported a
theoretical basis for the research design.
• In 1970’s growing number of nurse theorists were seeking
researchers to test their models in research and clinical application
• Grand nursing theories are still not widely used. In 1990’s
borrowed theories were used more.
• Now the focus of research and theory have moved more towards
middle range theories
Purpose of Theory in Research
• To identify meaningful and relevant areas for study.
• To propose plausible approaches to health problems.
• To develop or refine theories
• Define the concepts and proposed relationships between concepts.
• To interpret research findings
• To develop clinical practice protocols.
• Generate nursing diagnosis.
Types of theory and corresponding research
Type of theory Type of research
• Descripti • Descriptiv
ve e or explanatory
• Explanat • Co
ory relational
• Predictiv • Experime
e ntal