4G MAGIC COMMUNICATION

A presentation by:

S.B.N.V.PRAVEEN KUMAR P.SHYAM SATYA SRINIVAS

III/IV BTECH, ECE III/IV BTECH, ECE
Email id:spkumar69@gmail.com Email id :shyamsatyasrinivas@gmail.com

SRI VASAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PEDATADEPALLI

TADEPALLIGUDEM
ABSTRACT Service Evolution
The approaching 4G (fourth
The evolution from 3G to 4G will be driven
generation) mobile communication systems
by services that offer better quality (e.g.
are projected to solve still-remaining
video and sound) thanks to greater
problems of 3G (third generation) systems
bandwidth, more sophistication in the
and to provide a wide variety of new services,
association of a large quantity of information,
from high-quality voice to high-definition
and improved personalization.
video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The
Popping of generations:
term 4G is used broadly to include several
“THE future always comes too fast,"
types of broadband wireless access
Alvin Toffler, an eminent futurologist,
communication systems, not only cellular
once said this is evident from the fast
telephone systems. One of the terms used to
changes taking place in the
describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia,
telecommunication market.
anytime anywhere, Global mobility support,
First generation :This first generation
integrated wireless solution, and customized
(1G) analog system for mobile
personal service. As a promise for the future,
communications had seen key
4G systems, that is, cellular broadband
improvements during the 1970s:. This was
wireless access systems have been attracting
due to the invention of microprocessor and
much interest in the mobile communication
even the digitization of the control link
arena. The 4G systems not only will support
between the mobile phone and the cell site.
the next generation of mobile service, but also
Second generation (2G): By the end of the
will support the fixed wireless networks. This
year 1980 the digital cellular systems were
paper presents an overall vision of the 4G
developed. These systems digitized the
features, framework, and integration of
control link and the voice signal. These
mobile communication. The features of 4G
systems provided better voice quality with
systems might be summarized with one word
higher capacity which even costed low.
—integration. The 4G systems are about
2.5 Generation
seamlessly integrating terminals, networks,
CDMA2000's 1xRTT is the first technology
and applications to satisfy increasing user
for the evolution of cdmaOne 2G networks to
demands. The continuous expansion of
2.5G networks.GPRS represents the first
mobile communication and wireless networks
packet-based technology for evolution from
shows evidence of exceptional growth in the
2G GSM networks to 2.5G networks
areas of mobile subscriber, wireless network
access, mobile services, and applications.
Third generation (3G) :These systems
provide faster communication services which
include: voice ,fax ,internet. Momentous
capacity , Broadband capabilities to support
greater numbers of voice and data customers .
Why Did 3G fail ?
1.High input fees for the 3G service licenses;
2.Current high debt of many
telecommunication companies
3.Challenge to build the necessary
infrastructure for 3 G
4. Expense and bulk of 3G phones
5.Lack of coverage because it is still new
service
6.High prices of 3G mobile services in some
countries
Fourth generation:
1.support Interactive services like Video
Conferencing (with more than 2 sites
simultaneous ly), Wireless Internet,etc.
2.The bandwidth would be much wider (100
MHz) and data
would be transferred at much higher rates.
3. The cost of the data transfer would be
comparatively very
less and global mobility would be possible.
4. The networks will be all IP networks based
on IPv6.
5.The antennas will be much smarter and
improved access technologies like OFDM
and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA) will
be used.
6.Higher bandwidths would be available
which would make
cheap data transfer possible.
7. The network security would be much
tighter . The other great advantage of 4G will
be its speed. While 3G networks provide 2
megabytes per second, 4G can reach
anywhere between 20 and 100 megabytes per
second
8.Due to 4G it will be possible to use several
applications like videoconference or picture
playback simultaneously all through the
mobile phone with maximum resolution.
Some of the standards which pave the way for
4G systems are
1.WiMax
2.WiBro
3. 3GPP
3G Vs 4G: The following table shows
comparisons between some key parameters of
3G Vs possible 4G systems.
OFDM:
Introduction:
OFDM uses the technique in which the data is
spread over number of carriers which are at
specific predefined frequencies. Orthogonal
means the perpendicular nature of the signal,
where in the modulate frequencies
perpendicular to each other. This reduces
or eliminates the cross talk .But if the
transmitter or the receiver is in motion, or
in a vehicle there is one problem of
intersymbol interference, since the
frequency changes as per the motion between
the transmitter and the receiver. Thus the
performance is poor due to this interference
OFDM spectrum utilization: -
Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the
time domain, the space domain, the
frequency domain and even the code domain
to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures
very robust transmission in multi –path
environments with reduced receiver
complexity.In order to reduce this
Intersymbol interference a technique of
introducing a guard band is inserted between
two symbols of the OFDM.
are An OFDM system treats the source symbols
(e.g., the QPSK or QAM symbols that
would be presentin a single carrier system)
at the transmitter as though they are in the
frequency - domain. These symbols are
used as the inputs to an IFFT block that
brings the signal into the timedomain.The
IFFT takes in N symbols at a time
where N is the number of subcarriers in
the system. Each of these N input symbols
has a symbol period of T seconds. The basis
functions for an IFFT are N orthogonal
sinusoids. These sinusoids each have a
different frequency and the lowest
frequency is DC. Each input symbol acts
like a complex weight for the corresponding
sinusoidal basis function. Since the input
symbols are complex, the value of the
symbol determines both the amplitude and
phase of the sinusoid for that subcarrier.
The IFFT output is the summation of all
N sinusoids. Thus, the IFFT block
provides a simple way to modulate data
onto N orthogonal subca rriers. The block of
N output samples from the IFFT make up
a single OFDM symbol.
Advantages of OFDM:-
High efficiency of the spectrum
 FFT can be implemented efficiently
 Eliminates Inter-symbol interference and
fading caused by multipath propagation
 Eliminates narrow band co-channel
interference
 Less sensitive to time synchronization better link quality and /or higher data rate
errors without consuming extra bandwidth or
Applications of OFDM: transmitting power. Multiple-input multiple-
 DAB - OFDM forms the basis for the output (MIMO) channels or Vector channels,
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) standard these represent a wide range of
in the European market. applications. In some special cases they
 ADSL - OFDM forms the basis for the also include MISO (Multiple -Input Single-
global ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber Output), SISO. (Single-Input Single-
line) standard. Output), and SIMO (Single –Input
 Wireless Local Area Networks - Multiple-Output) channels, but most of the
development is ongoing for wireless point-to- time MIMO isassociated with multiple
point and point-to-multipoint configurations antenna systems. These technologies are
using OFDM technology. mostly used in multi -user communications.
Disadvantages of OFDM: - Figure below shows things in a very abstract
 Highly sensitive to frequency form.
synchronization errors Principle of multiple accesses to a common
 Peak to average power ratio (PARA) is channel :
high Here “Ni” ----inputs and “NO”----outputs
 High power transmitter amplifiers are and here the term channel is not limited to
required to have the physical transmission medium, which is
linear transmission a radio channel but has a general meanin g
 Power and Capacity is wasted due to the and it also includes parts of digital communi
guard band cation systems.
 Guard band can consume up to 20%
of transmitted power and bandwidth
MIMO:
Introduction:
MIMO means multiple input and multiple
output transmission. MIMO is a method in
which multiple antennas are used for wireless
If we consider a transmission where “t”
communication over the channel. This is a
antennas simultaneously transmit one signal
technology in which migrating the negative
each and “r” antennas receive these signals
effects of the wireless channel, providing
considering the Gaussian noise only, the disturbance in the transmission. However,
channel input and output relationship is in many cases, orthogonality cannot be
y=Hx+z maintained due to the influence of the mobile
‘H’ is a ‘t’ x ‘r’ matrix which describes channel.
the fading gain, ‘z’ is the Gaussian noise.The Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and
difference between single -user and multi- Multiple Access
user communications is, in a single -user, (TDMA) : Data to be transmitted is
the multiple inputs and outputs of a vector divided into packets and each data packet
channel may be correspond to be different is assigned to a slot, users can also occupy
i.e. transmitting and receiving antennas, several slots. Defined number “N” slots are
carrier frequencies and time slots. Due to build in a frame, which are periodically
the fact that the data stems from a single repeated. So each user has access to the sha
user, intelligent signaling at the transmitter red medium in periodical manner. A guard
can be performed. Multiple antennas can interval of length ∆T is inserted in the slots
also be employed for increasing the to avoid interference between them.
system diversity degree and therefore they .Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
enhance the link performance. The reliability and Multiple Access (FDMA) : In this
of the link can also be improved by beam- frequency axis is divided into Nf sub-bands
forming, this enlarges the signal to noise each of width B as shown in the Figure.The
rat io. Due to this several data streams can data packets are distributed on different
be multiplexed over spatially separated frequency bands .In mobile environments,
channels in order to multiply data rate the signal bandwidth is spread by the
without increasing the bandwidth. Doppler Effect, so the gaps of an
Multiple Access Techniques: appropriate width of are obtained. This effect
It can be seen that transmission of multiple is done at the expense of reduced spectral
data streams which share a common efficiency which is required for Frequency
medium are separated/or managed by division multiple accesses (FDMA).
multiplexing techniques in both single –user Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) and
or multiple access techniques in multi Multiple Accesses (CDMA)
-user communications. To ensure reliable This contrast for both the preceding
communication, most of the systems try schemes, CDMA allows simultaneous
to avoid interference by choosing orthogonal access on a single channel in the same
acces s schemes so that there is no frequency range. The basic principle is to
multiple access interference (MAI) or spectrally spread the data streams with a
specific sequence called spreading codes 1. Advanced adaptive techniques to
(Spread Spectrum technique). The signals can increase spectral efficiency
be distinguished by assigning them 2. MIMO techniques for exploiting spatial
individually which opens a third dimension, multiplexing
as seen in the below Figure. This would lead 3. Multicarrier techniques
us to orthogonal codes, ensuring a parallel 4. Interference and fading mitigat ing
transmission for different users. Network Technologies :
Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) and 1. Radio Access networking techniques
Multiple Access (SDMA) This scheme 2. Robust networks
exploits the resources in space. Data streams 3. Adhoc networks
can simultaneously access the channel in Mobile terminal technologies :
the same frequency band, provided the 1. Circuit and component technology
location of transmit and receive 2. Battery technology
Principle of space division multiple access 3. Human interface
antennas are appropriately chosen. This Mobile system technologies :
requirement is sometimes difficult to fulfill 1. Quality of service
in mobile environment, as the users 2. Mobility control
change their position during the 3. Mobility multicast techniques
connection.. Mutual interference is likely to Conclusion:
occur in Space division multiple access This paper envisages how the fourth
(SDMA) systems. The well-known (GSM) generation has mended itself to overcome
Communications and (DCS) standards both the issues related to the previous
combined with TDMA and FDMA. In generaions of communication systems and
UMTS or IMT-2000 systems, CDMA is evolved to be the most promising system .
used in connection with TDMA and The robustness against frequency selective
FDMA. While TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA feeding is vital feature in OFDM which
have already been used for a fairly long supports high speed data transmission. 4G
time, SDMA and rather recent in base stations will use smart antennas to
comparison it is yet to be exploited in directly transmit or receive radio-beam
practical purposes. patterns to and from individual users,
The upcoming challenges ahead: which will make possible more reliable calls
 High Speed and large capacity wireless at greater distances from base stations.
transmission techniques : Frequency Greater DSP power will enable better
Refarming ameliorations of fading and interference
from multipath reflections and from other  Wireless LAN and Adhoc networks
cell phones, producing better quality audio  Ipv6 based mobile core networks
and video. 4g technology enables biometric  European funded 4G research
security features like thumbprint readers cooperation projects are focusing on
and location - centric (GPS and more) FP6(Sixth Framework Program)which is
capabilities as well. The OFDM technology having certain objectives :
makes sure the efficient use of the available  Encourage its international
spectrum of the carrier signal . Such a competitiveness while promoting research
development in the world of wireless te activities in support and other EU policies.
chnology would mean that compatibility with Citations:
multiple radio systems could be achieved in 1. Ramjee, P. (2004). 4G Roadmap and
software alone, enabling the development Emerging Communication Technologies . :
of simple terminals that can communicate PHS.
from anywhere in the world. Users could 2. Smith, C., & Collins, D. (2005). 3G
adapt communications according to end Networks. : .
use, wit h complete freedom to select their 3. 4G. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2006,
own style of services irrespective of network from http://www.wikipedia.com
or operator, bringing the ultimate dream 4. 3G. (n.d.). Retrieved October 23, 20 06,
of software –defined radio to reality. from http://http://www.3g.co.uk/All
Current work in progress : %20About%203G.htm
The Future technology for universal radio 5. The principles of OFDM by Louis Litwin
environment (FuTURE) is a government and Michael Pugel.
driven research project in china, the plans
and goals of FuTURE project until 2010
are as shown below :
 The long term goal is to put china
into competitive R&D position once the
standardization and development activities
on 4G are started on a global scale.
 Standardization of the trials and
precommercial systems The FuTURE
project is divided into following sub -
projects :
 B3G radio access techniques