Quiz 1 – Lecture 1 and 2 material

Lecture 1: Intro & Axial Skeleton

** Axial skeleton forms the skeleton of the axis of the body

Lecture Objectives:

1. Define anatomy and its three major branches

2. Differentiate between different approaches in studying gross anatomy

Anatomy: study of the human body and the relationship between the parts of the human body

 Macroscopic (gross) anatomy: study of human body with naked eye

o Regional anatomy—body divided into regions and then all structures in each
region is studied
o Systemic anatomy—studies different organ systems individually
o Surface anatomy—study of the human body from the surface
 Essential component to both approaches
 Uses markings on the surface of the body to reveal underlying organs or
structures
 Microscopic (Histology) anatomy: study of human body at CELLULAR level
 Developmental (Embryonic) anatomy: study of different phases of human
embryo/fetus development
o After 8 weeks embryo  fetus

3. Explain the standard anatomical position and planes

Standard Anatomical Position: Body and palms facing forward, feet forward, standing up

3 main planes passing through body

1. Sagittal – vertical plane cuts ventral to dorsal, cut into L/R halves
a. Midsagittal plane – divides into EQUAL halves
b. Parasagittal planes – parallel to the MS plane
2. Frontal – vertical plane, divides front from back
3. Transverse (Horizontal) – cuts separate upper and lower body

4. Define the anatomical terms of position, relation, and direction with an example of
usage

Terms of Position/Direction

SP (Sagittal plane):
 Medial – being closer to the middle line
  Lateral – further from the midline
- Ex: the left eye is medial to the left ear (i.e. the left eye is closer to the middle line
than the left ear)
- Ex: cheek is medial to ear, lateral to eye

FP (Frontal Plane):
 Anterior (closer to the front) – ventral
 Posterior (closer to the back) – dorsal
- Ex: the heart is anterior to the vertebral column
- Ex: the heart is posterior to sternum, anterior to the spine

TP (Transverse plane or Horizontal plane)

 Superior/cranial (closer to the head)
 Inferior/caudal (closer to the feet)
- Ex: the neck is superior to the trunk

Proximal – closer to root of structure

Vs.
Distal – further from root of structure (usually refers to limbs)
Ex: the elbow is distal to the shoulder but is proximal to the wrist

Terms of Position/Direction

Cranial (towards head) vs caudal (towards tail)

Superficial – closer to surface

Vs.
Deep – further from surface
Ex: the ribs are superficial to the heart
Ex: chest bond is superficial than the heart (closer to the surface)
Ex: the lungs are deep to the ribs
Note: when it comes to superficial and deep, you don’t need to consider the anatomical
position

Ipsilateral – same side of the body

Vs.
Contralateral – opposite side of the body
Note: mostly used in neuroanatomy

Internal – inside a body cavity

Vs.
External – outside a body cavity
Ex: the left arm and the left leg are ipsilateral
Ex: the right elbow and left wrist are contralateral
Palm – anterior aspect of the hand
Vs.
Dorsum – posterior aspect of the foot or hand
Ex: the skin creases are visible on palm
Ex: the veins are visible on the dorsum of the hand

Sole (Plantar) – inferior aspect of the foot

Ex: the skin of the sole of the foot is thick
Dorsum – posterior aspect of the foot or hand
Ex: the veins are visible on the dorsum of the hand

5. Describe anatomical terms of movements and give an example of usage

Terms of movement:

Terms Definition Similarities

Flexion Bending or decreasing the angle between Both happen in the
Extension Straightening or increasing the angle between parts of sagittal plane
the body
Abduction Moving away from the midline or axis of the body Both occur in the
parts frontal plane
Adduction Moving towards the midline or axis of the body parts
Medial Towards the midline, IN Both occur in
rotation transverse plane
Lateral Away from the midline, OUT
rotation
Circumduction Circular movement of body parts combining flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction, and/or rotations
Supination Palm facing forwards, think SOUP – hold soup up Both terms refer to
Pronation Palm facing backwards forearm
Eversion Turning the sole of the foot outward
Inversion Turning the sole of the food inward
Dorsi flexion Towards the shin (equal to the extension of the ankle)
Plantar flexion Away from the shin (equal to the flexion of the ankle)
Elevation Upward movement of a body part
Depression Downward movement of a body part
Protraction Forward movement
Retraction Backward movement
Opposition Movement of thumb to touch the other fingers’ tip

6. Name main body systems and indicate their major components and functions
Integumentary System – skin
Epidermis (surface)  dermis  superficial fascia (hypodermis)  deep fascia

SF usually has fat deposits, superficial veins, and cutaneous nerves

DF – dense connective tissue wraps whole body except some regions such as head
- Holds muscles in place key
- Lab coat on Dr. Doroudi analogy

7. Identify major human body regions and their subdivisions

Head – Cephalic
 divided into cranial (skull) and facial (face)

Cervical/neck – cervical means related to the neck

Trunk – including
 thoracic/thorax/chest
 back
 abdominal
 pelvis

Upper limbs:
 “ARM” the area between the shoulder and the elbow
o Called the brachial
 Antebrachium – forearm
 Carpus – wrist
 Manual – hand
o Pollex – thumb
o Digits or fingers – digital
 Phalanges are subdivisions of the digits
 Digitus minimus – pinky/little finger OR little toe

Lower limbs:
 Femoral – thigh
 Crural – leg
o From knee to ankle
 Tarsus – ankle
 Pedal (foot)
o Hallux (great toe)
o Digits (fingers)

8. Explain the abdominal topographic regions

Midsagittal plane & trans-umbilical line
- Divides the abdomen in 4 quadrants

RUQ LUQ

RLQ LLQ

 Two midclavicular (vertical) line & one subcostal (upper horizontal) line, one
transtubercular (lower horizontal) line
o Divides the abdomen into 9 quadrants

4 1 5

6 2 7

8 3 9

1. Epigastric
2. Umbilical region
3. Hypogastric
4. Right hypochondrium
5. Left hypochondrium
6. Right lumbar region
7. Left lumbar region
8. Right inguinal region
9. Left inguinal region

9. Define body cavities and their subdivisions

Body cavities:

- Dorsal body cavity (DBC)

o Cranial cavity
o Vertebral cavity
- Ventral body cavity
o Thoracic cavity
 4 smaller chambers
 Sup. Mediastinum (middle of the chest)
 2 pleural cavities (contains lungs)
 Pericardial cavity (houses the heart)
 o Abdominal cavity
 Separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm
o Pelvic cavity
 Not anatomically separated from the abdominal cavity

Note:
- Diaphragm separates the abdomino-pelvic cavity from thoracic
- AP cavity is connected, NO BARRIER is open, stuff can move up or down LOL

Lecture 2: Appendicular Skeletons and Joints

** Appendicular skeleton forms the skeleton of the limbs and is appended to the axial skeleton
by shoulder and pelvic girdles

Appendicular Skeleton (Upper Limb)

Lecture Objectives:
1. Name and describe the bones of the shoulder girdle

1) Support & protection

a. E.g. protect heart, spinal column, brain
2) Muscle attachment
a. Base of skeletal muscle attachment to bone
3) Mineral storage
a. Not in scope of course
4) Production of blood cell lineages in red bone marrow

2. Name the bones of the upper limb

 Humerus
 Radius
 Ulna
 Carpals
 Metacarpals
 Phalanges

3. Identify the major features of the bone of the upper limb

1) Long bones (humerus)

a. Consist of a long cylindrical body or shaft (diaphysis) and two distinct ends
(epiphysis)
b. Ex: Bones of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg
2) Short bones (talus)
a. Usually cuboidal in appearance, width and length around the same
b. Don’t have two ends
 c. Ex: wrist and ankle bones aka carpal/tarsal bones
3) Flat bone (Sternum)
a. Thin and flattened bones with a mild curve
b. Ex: ribs, some of the skull bones, scapula, and sternum
4) Irregular bones (vertebra)
a. Lack any specific shape
b. Ex: vertebrae and facial bones
5) Sesamoid bones (patella)
a. Small round or flat bones (shaped like a sesame) partially embedded in the
tendon of some muscles
b. These bones reduce friction between tendons and join or change the direction of
the pull exerted by muscles
c. Ex: patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone

Appendicular skeleton (Lower limb)

Lecture objectives:
1. Describe the hip bone (pelvic girdle)
2. Define the superior and inferior pelvic apertures
3. Identify the true and false pelvis

4. Name the bones of the lower limb

 Femur
 Patella
 Tibia
 Fibula
 Tarsals
 Metatarsals
 Phalanges

5. Identify the major features of the bone of the lower limb

Joints

Lecture objectives:
1. Explain the classification of the joins from anatomical and functional points of view

Joint Classification (Structural)

A) Solid
a. Fibrous (suture syndesmosis, gomphosis)
b. Cartilaginous (synchondrosis, symphysis)
B) Synovial
a. Monoaxial (hinge, pivot)
 b. Biaxial (condyloid, bicondylar, saddle)
c. Multiaxial (ball & socket)
d. Nonaxial (plane)

Joint Classification (functional)

A) Synarthrosis: very little (if any) movements
B) Amphyarthrosis: semi movable
C) Diarthrosis: freely movable

2. Identify the different types of the solid joints

3. Explain the major characteristics of a typical synovial joint
4. Classify the different types of synovial joints
5. List major features of the main joints of the body