Intercultural

Communication
 What will we learn in this chapter?
• First impression are often based on cultural
assumption
• Cultural symbols are different but yet all the
same
• Cultural rules guide behaviors such as
handshaking
• Culture is largely invisible
• Adjusting to a new culture or situation has a
number of predictable stages
What is Culture?
Culture is a way
of life developed
and shared by a
group of people
and passed down
from generation to
generation
 What is Culture?
Culture is made
up of many
complex elements,
including religious
and political
system , customs,
language, tools,
clothing, building,
works of art, etc
Budaya merupakan medium yang diciptakan
manusia untuk bertahan (survive). Tak ada
yang terbebas dari pengaruh budaya. Budaya
merupakan kunci utama dalam peradaban dan
medium yang dilalui oleh seluruh peristiwa
kehidupan. We are culture..

E. T. Hall, 1976
“
Budaya adalah pattern of meanings yang
berbentuk simbol-simbol, yang diwariskan
secara turun-temurun, dan digunakan manusia
untuk berkomunikasi dan mengembangkan
pengetahuan serta sikap mereka.
”
C. Geertz, 1991
Simbol merupakan unsur dasar budaya
dalam masyarakat
 Particular objects,
places, people,
ideas, documents,
songs, historic
events, monuments,
heroic figures,
architectural styles,
& even folk tales
may be important to
a culture.
Spoken & written language are the
most basic cultural elements.
 The Relationship between
Communication & Culture
All social system – relationships, families,
groups, organizations, and societies
develop and maintain cultures. And they
do so through communication.
 Cultures serve several common
functions related to communication:
1. Linking individuals to one another
2. Creating a context for interaction and
negotiation among members
3. Providing the basis for a common
identity
 Characteristics of culture

1. Cultures are complex & multifaceted

2. Cultures are invisible
3. Cultures are subjective
4. Culture change over time
 Comparing culture:
People in different countries have different attitudes.
The difference between
Asian
And
Westerner

Red --> Asian

Blue --> Westerner
Westerner
Opinion
inion

B: langsung to the point.

R: bicara muter-muter dahulu, apalagi kalau opininya berbeda paham

Way of Life
Way of Life

B: individualis, hanya pikir kehidupannya sendiri.

R: suka kumpul-kumpul sama saudara, mengurus masalah keluarga /orang lain
Punctuality
Punctuality

B: on time.
R: in time.

Contacts

B: contact to related p
R: semua temen, semua saudara, relasi luas, bisnis lancar.
erson only.
nger
Anger

B: marah ya marah.
R: marah tapi ramah.

Queue when Waiting

B B: biasa antri teratur.

R: rebutan dong, siapa cepat yang dapat.
In the restaurant

\
B: ngobrol pelan-pelan di resto.
R: ribut ngobrol keras-keras and ketawa-tawa, tidak peduli meja sebelah.

Travelling

B: gemar sightseeing, yang penting menikmati pemandangannya.

R: yang penting foto-foto, pemandangan cuma jadi background.
Transportation

B: dulu pakai mobil, sekarang sudah peduli lingkungan &

kesehatan
R: dulu sengsara pakai sepeda, sekarang gengsi dong kalau tidak
pakai mobil.

Elderly in day to day life

B: sudah tua jadi kesepian paling ditemani Snoopy.

R: masa tua tidak bakal kesepian, asal bantu ngemong cucu.
1. Cultures are complex and
multifaceted

Budaya merupakan sesuatu yang kompleks

karena dipengaruhi oleh berbagai hal,
seperti kelas sosial, ekonomi, agama dan
kepercayaan
Some Dimensions of Cultural
Difference

• Individualism &
Collectivism
• High - Context &
Low - Context Culture
• Power Distance
• Masculinity – Femininity
 Individualism-Collectivism
Members of an individualist
culture
- tend to emphasize personal goals
- to think of themselves as
independent
- to be direct in communicating
- single person earn credit or blame
 Individualism-Collectivism
Members of a collectivism
culture
- the emphasize is on importance
of fitting into group
- to regard the selves as
interdependent
- to be aware of group goals
- tend to avoid direct conflict
- credit or blame goes to the
group
Konsep Budaya Budaya
individualis kolektivis

Diri Sebagai diri sendiri Sebagai suatu

bagian dari
kelompok

Tujuan Tujuan untuk Tujuan untuk

pencapaian pencapaian
kebutuhan diri. kebutuhan
kelompok

Kewajiban Melayani diri sendiri Melayani kelompok

atau orang lain.
Language and Cultural Context
High-Context Culture are
more skilled in reading nonverbal
behaviors, speak less-listen more,
indirect, and implicit.
Low-Context Culture tends
to direct and explicit
communication. They emphasize
verbal and shared information.
 Power Distance

Power distance refers to the

degree to which people accept
authority and hierarchical
organization as an natural part
of their culture.
They expect, then, that some
members of the culture have
higher status and more
powerful than others.
 Power Distance
Low Power
- Budaya Barat
- Status dan hak khusus tidak dipandang perlu
- Perbedaan status harus diminimalkan
- Orang tua dan anak dalam posisi yang sama
- Guru mengharapkan inisiatif dari anak

High Power
- Budaya Asia
- Status dan hak khusus sangat diharapakan
- Perbedaan status antar manusia adalah
sesuatu yang diharapkan dan diinginkan
- Anak patuh kepada orang tua
- Guru diharapkan yang mengambil inisiatif
 Masculinity – Femininity
Masculine cultures value
work, strength,
competition, and
assertiveness

Feminine cultures place

more value on such traits as
affection, compassion,
nurturing, and
interpersonal relationships
 Masculinity – Femininity
Highest Masculinity
index scores come from
Japan, Australia,
Venezuela, Ireland, Britain,
Germany, Mexico,
Highest Feminine
score are Sweden,
Norway, Netherlands,
Denmark, Finland,
Portugal,Thailand, etc
 2. Cultures are invisible

Karakter budaya sudah menjadi bagian dari

keseharian kita – sehingga kita cenderung
untuk mengabaikannya.
 Sometimes,
we do become aware of the
existence and nature of our
cultures
It generally happens in one of three
ways:
.
1. Violation of a cultural convention
2. Cross-cultural contact
3. Scholarly analysis
 3. Cultures are Subjective

We are largely unaware of their subjective

nature, because we have grown up with &
take our culture so much for granted.
 4. Cultures change overtime

Budaya selaku
berubah,
mengikuti
perkembangan
zaman
Previously… Then…

NOW
Previously
Now
Traditional or modern?
What is intercultural communication?
Komunikasi antar budaya adalah…

interaksi antar anggota dengan

kebudayaan yang berbeda
Sitaram &
Cogdell, 1976

Proses pertukaran pikiran dan

makna diantara orang-orang yang
berbeda anggota kebudayaan
Gerhard
Maletzke, 1976
Komunikasi antar budaya adalah komunikasi
yang terjadi dalam suatu kondisi yang menun-
jukkan adanya perbedaan budaya, seperti
bahasa, nilai-nilai, adat dan kebiasaan (Stewart, 1974)
Intercultural Communication:
Principle and Problems
 Verbal Messages
Difference culture even
same words can give
different meanings.
Eg: ambiguous words,
unfamiliar words,
acronyms, idioms, slang
 Verbal Messages

Literal
translations from
one language to
another can also
create
misunderstanding
 Non Verbal Messages
Difference with every
culture:
- Body language
(head movement,
etc)
- Facial Expression
- Eye contact
- Touch
- Physical space
(distance)
Relationships: Norms and Roles

Norms are
established rules of
what is accepted and
appropriate behavior

Norms are culturally

developed and
transmitted.
Relationships: Norms and Roles

Roles are sets of norms

that apply to specific
group of people in a
society
rôle is a character or part
played by a performer. The
characteristic and expected
social behavior of an
individual.
 Beliefs and Values

Beliefs are
assumptions and
convictions that are held
to be true, by an individual
or a group, regarding
concepts, events, people,
and things.

Values determine what

we think is right, good,
important, beautiful, etc
 Stages of Cultural Adaptation
Adapting to a culture is a matter of socialization
and persuasion. Here are the stages:

1. Honeymoon period, during which individuals

adjusting o a new culture
2. Frustration period, which fascination & novelty
often turn into frustration, even hostility
3. Readjustment period, begin to develop ways of
coping with frustrations & challenge
4. Resolution period, readjustment, developin
meaningful relationships & appreciate the new
culture
 The Barriers to
Intercultural Communication
 Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is the
tendency to judge the
values, customs,
behaviors, or others
aspects of another
culture in terms of those
that our own cultural
group regards as
desirable or ideal.
 Ethnocentrism

We tend to be
ethnocentric about our
own country, our own
region, or our own
ethnic group, regarding
it as the best and most
important – whether it is
about our music, food,
art, or political system.
Stereotyping
Stereotypes (stereo +
týpos = "solid impression“ ) is
a generalized perception of
first impressions: behaviors
presumed by a group of people
judging with the eyes or
criticizing ones outer
appearance (or a population in
general) to be associated with
another specific group.
 Stereotyping

Stereotypes, therefore,
can instigate prejudice
and false assumptions
about entire groups of
people, including the
members of different
ethnic groups, social
classes, religious orders,
the opposite sex, etc
 Some theorists noted that
globalization has caused
the distance between cultures
to shrink.

Scholars such as
Peter Drucker, John Naisbitt, and
Joel Kotkin point out that
globalization tends to bring
homogeneity to cultures
across the globe.
hi
de
“ New media technology will shrink the
physical world by connecting peoples
through shared cultural experiences as

”
expressed by the media.

Marshall McLuhan
“ New media technology will shrink the
physical world by connecting peoples
through shared cultural experiences as

”
expressed by the media.

Marshall McLuhan

Mass media institution such as newspaper,

radio, television, books, and film - have long
played a fundamental role in packaging and
transmitting cultural information, as do
libraries n museum
 What is Popular Culture?
Popular culture (or pop culture)
can be deemed simply as what
is popular within the social
context - that of which is most
strongly represented by what is
perceived to be popularly
accepted among society.

Pop culture finds its expression

in the mass circulation of items
from areas such as fashion,
music, sport and film.
 Mi
Final Exam Materials

• All powerpoint materials after mid

exam (could be downloaded at
www.scribd.com/hersinta_lspr)

• Perception
- Ilmu Komunikasi bab 5 (Prof
Deddy Mulyana)

• Individuals & Relationships

- Comm & Human Behavior
chapter 10 &11

• Group & Organizations

- Comm & Human Behavior,
Understan
ding chapter 12, pg 272-
Theory in
Communic
280Behavior chapter
 Mid Exam Materials

• Public & Mass Communication,

Understanding Media
- Comm & Human Behavior
chapter 15

• Cultures & Societies

- Comm & Human Behavior
chapter 14
Good Luck and
prepare for the
best!

Understan
ding
Theory in
Communic
Thank you for your attention,
prepare a good studying!