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O A machine used to perform job automatically, which is controlled by a computer.
O Robot is a virtual or mechanics artificial agent.
O An electro-mechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic programming,
and is thus able to do tasks on its own.
O Another common characteristic is that by its appearance or movements, a robot often
conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own.

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O Relating to or like a robot.

O Describes a type of dancing in which you make short sudden movements with your arms
and legs like the actions of a robot.













O The science of making and using robots.

O Robotics is the art, knowledge base, and the know-how of designing, applying and using
robots in human endeavors.
O Robotics system consists of not just robots, but also devices and systems that are used
together with the robots to perform the necessary tasks.

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O Robotics & automation, in many situations, increase productivity, safety, efficiency, quality
& consistency of products.
O Robots can work in hazardous environments without the need for life, support, comfort or
concern about safety.
O Robots need no environmental comfort, such as light, air-con, and noise protection.
O Robot work continuously without experiencing fatigue or boredom.
O Repeatable precision at all times.





 




O Robots replace human workers creating economic problems, such as lost salaries, social
problem, dissatisfaction and resentment among workers.
O Robots lack capability to respond in emergency.
O Robot is costly due to initial cost of equipment, and installation cost.














O A social consequence that may result from using robots is that robot replaces a human
worker.
O The worker who is replaced by a robot will lose his job or her income.
O If the trend continues without consideration, it is conceivable that there may be a situation
where most products are made by robots, without the need of any human workers.
O The issues to consider is the social & economic problems that arise as increasingly more
workers become unemployed.
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O It is an approach to manufacturing in which similar parts are identified and grouped
together in order to take advantage of their similarities in design and production.
O Similarities among parts permit them to be classified into part families.
O Not unusual for a factory that produces 10000 different parts to be able to group into 20 or
30 part families.
O In each part family the processing steps are similar.
O When these similarities are exploited in production operating efficiencies are improved.
O Each cell is designed to produce one part family for a limited number of part families.
O Specialization of operations.
O Each cell becomes a factory within the factory.
O Improvement is typically achieved by organizing the production facilities into
manufacturing cells.

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O A central feature of group technology.
O A part family is a group of parts that possesses similarities in geometric shapes & sizes, or
in the processing steps used in their manufacture.

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O GT promotes standardization of tooling, featuring & setups.
O Materials handling is reduced because parts are moved within a machine cell rather than
within the whole factory.
O Production scheduling is simpler.
O Manufacturing lead time is reduced.
O Work-in-progress is reduced.
O Process planning is simplified.
O Worker satisfaction usually improves when working in a GT cell.
O Higher quality work is accomplished.

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O Rearranging production machines in the plant into the appropriate machine cells.
- Takes times to plan and accomplish this arrangement.
- The machines are not producing during the changeover.
O Problem in identifying the part family.
- If the plant makes 10,000 different parts, reviewing all of the part drawings and
grouping the parts into families is a substantial task that consumes a significant amount
of time.

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O Flexible manufacturing system
O Is a highly automated GT machine cell.
O Consisting of a group of processing stations (Usually CNC machine tools)
O Interconnected by an automated material handling & storage system
O Controlled by an integrated computer system
 O Is capable of processing a variety of different workstations.

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O In Line

O Loop

O Ladder

O Open Field

O Robot Centered Cell

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- Produces only one model.

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- Produces 2 or more different product model on the same line.
- Need to reconfigure machines to produce another model.

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- Also produces multiple models.

- The models are intermixed in the same line rather than being produced in batches.

- While a particular model is being worked on at one station, a different model is being
processed at the next station.