COMPUTER NETWORKS-CS65 DEPT.

OF EEE, MEPCO

OSI – OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION

DEVELOPED BY INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

ORGANIZATION(ISO)

SALIENT FEATURE :

OSI MODEL Layered Architecture

“OPEN SYSTEM” is a model that allows any two different

systems to communicate regardless of their underlying
architecture

PEER-TO-PEER PROCESS :

The process on each machine that communicate at

a given layer are called peer-to-peer processes

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We use the concept of layers in our daily lifelife.. As an example, let us

consider two friends who communicate through postal mail mail.. The process
of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office
office.. • The philosopher-translator-secretary
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architecture. 4

PREPARED BY Dr.S.MURALIDHARAN 1
COMPUTER NETWORKS-CS65 DEPT. OF EEE, MEPCO

Layers 5,6, & 7(Session, Presentation and

Application) can be grouped to call as “User
Support Layer” –Normally implemented by
software

Each interface defines what

information and services a layer must
provide for the layer above it.

Layers 1,2 & 3 (Physical, Data & Network) can be

grouped to call as “Network Support Layer” –Normally
implemented by a combination of hardware and
software except the physical layer which is purely
hardware.

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FUNCTIONS OF PHYSICAL LAYERS :

Physical layer coordinates the functions required to
transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.

It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the

interface and transmission medium.

Data entering into physical layer are 0s & 1s. To be transmitted,

bits must be encoded into signals – electrical or optical. Physical
layer defines this “encoding”.

It determines the transmission rate – bits per second, and also

the duration of the bit (how long bit should stay in the network).

The sender and receiver must be in synchronization.

Line configuration : point-to-point/ multipoint

Physical topology : how the devices are connected to make a

network

Transmission mode : direction of transmission

full duplex – two devices can send and receive at the same time
half duplex – two devices can send and receive but not at the same
time.

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PREPARED BY Dr.S.MURALIDHARAN 2
COMPUTER NETWORKS-CS65 DEPT. OF EEE, MEPCO

DATA LINK LAYER :

Data link layer transforms the physical layer to a
reliable link and is responsible for node-to-node
delivery. It makes the physical layer appear error free
to the network layer.

Framing : The data link layer divides the stream of bits received
from the network layer into manageable data units called “frames”.

Physical addressing : If the frames are to be distributed to

different systems on the network, the data link layer adds a header to
the frame to define the physical address of the sender and/or receiver
of the frame. If the frame is intended for a system outside the
sender’s network, the receiver address is the address of the device
that connects one network to the next.

Flow control : to avoid queue

Error control : The data link layer adds reliability to the physical
layer by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or
lost frames.

Access control : when two or more devices are connected to the

same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to determine which
device has control over the link at any given time.

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NETWORK LAYER :
This layer is responsible for the source to destination
delivery of a packet possibly across multiple networks. The
Data link layer oversees the delivery of the packet between
two systems on the same network, the network layer
ensures that each packet gets from its point of origin to its
final destination.

Logical addressing : The physical addressing implemented by the

data link layer handles the addressing problem locally. If a packet
passes the network boundary, we need another addressing system to
help distinguish the source and destination systems. A network layer
address a header the packet coming from the upper layer that
includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver.

Routing : When independent networks are connected together to

create an internetwork (a network of networks), the connecting
devices (called router or gateways) route the packets to their final
destination.

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COMPUTER NETWORKS-CS65
TRANSPORT LAYER :
This layer is responsible for source-to-destination
delivery of the entire message. Network layer
oversees the end-to-end delivery of the individual
packets, it does not recognize any relationship
between those packets.
Transport layer is also involved in establishing
connection between two end ports. A connection is
a single logical path between the source and
destination that is associated with all packets in a
message. Creating connection involves three steps
: connection establishment, data transfer and
connection release.
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DEPT. OF EEE, MEPCO
Contd…
SERVICE POINT ADDRESSING : this layer is also important for
handing over the data to the specific process (program) running in any
system. For this transport layer header include a type of address called
“service point address (or port address)”.
SEGMENTATION & REASSEMBLY : Providing sequence number for
each message packets before transmission and re-assembling them at
the receiver end.
CONNECTION CONTROL : Transport layer can be either
connectionless or connection oriented. A connection less transport layer
treats each segment as an independent packet and delivers it to the
transport layer at the destination machine. A connection oriented
transport layer makes a connection with the transport layer at the
destination machine before delivering packets.
FLOW CONTROL : Like data link layer, this layer is responsible for
flow control. However, flow control at this layer is performed end to end
rather than across a single link.
ERROR CONTROL : Like data link layer, this layer is responsible for
error control. As in flow control it is performed end to end rather than
across a single link. Sending transport layer makes sure that the entire
message arrives at the receiving transport layer without error.
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SESSION LAYER :
The session layer is the network “dialog
controller”. It establishes, maintains and
synchronizes the interaction between communicating
systems.
DIALOG CONTROL : This layer allows two systems to enter
into a dialog. It allows the communication between two
processes to take place either in half-duplex or full-duplex.
SYNCHRONIZATION : This layer is responsible for adding
checkpoint(synchronization point)into a stream of data.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS-CS65 DEPT. OF EEE, MEPCO

PRESENTATION LAYER

This layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics

of the information exchanged between two systems.

TRANSLATION : Process of changing the information available

in character strings, numbers, so on..(in various process) to bit
stream there should be a common encoding procedure. Since
different computers follow different encoding systems, it is the
responsibility of the presentation layer to change the sender
dependent format to common format. The receiving end
presentation layer will again convert this common format into
receiver dependent format.

ENCRYPTION : It is essential for maintaining the privacy of

data transfer

COMPRESSION : It is essential for transmitting data like

multimedia related informations like audio and video.

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APPLICATION LAYER :
This layer enables the user, whether human or software, to
access the network. It provides user interfaces and support
for services such as electronic mail, remote file access and
transfer, shared database management, and other
distributed information services.

NETWORK VIRTUAL TERMINAL :

A network virtual terminal is a software version of a physical terminal and
allows a user to log on to a remote host. To do so, the application
creates a software emulation of a terminal at the remote host. The user’s
computer talks to the software terminal, which in turn , talks to the host,
and vice versa. The remote host believes it is communicating with on of
its own terminals and allows you to log on.

FILE TRANSFER, ACCESS AND MANAGEMENT : This application

allows a user to access files in a remote computer, to retrieve files from a
remote computer and to manage or control files in a remote computer.

MAIL SERVICES : This is the basis for email forwarding and storage

DIRECTORY SERVICES : This application provides distributed

database sources and access for global information about various
objects and services.

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PREPARED BY Dr.S.MURALIDHARAN 5
COMPUTER NETWORKS-CS65 DEPT. OF EEE, MEPCO

TO ALLOW ACCESS
TO NETWORK
RESOURES
TO TRANSLATE,
ENCRYPT AND
COMPRESS DATA APPLICATION LAYER

TO ESTABLISH,
MANAGE, AND
TO PROVIDE PRESENTATION LAYER
TERMINATE SESSIONS
RELIABLE END-TO-
END MESSAGE
DELIVERY AND
SESSION LAYER
ERROR RECORERY TO MOVE PACKETS FROM
SOURCE TO DESTINATION;
TO PROVIDE
TRANSPORT LAYER
INTERNETWORKING
TO ORGANIZE BITS
INTO FRAMES; TO
PROVIDE NODE-TO- NETWORK LAYER TO TRANSMIT BITS OVER
NODE DELIVERY
A MEDIUM; TO PROVIDE
MECHANICAL AND
DATA LINK LAYER ELECTRICAL
SPECIFICATIONS

PHYSICAL LAYER

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Remembering the Layers Encapsulation

Application All Analyzer
Application DATA

Presentation People Peripheral Presentation Presentation Header

PH DATA

Session Seem System Session Session Header SH PH DATA

Transport To Touch Transport Transport Header TH SH PH DATA

Network Need Not Network Network Header NH TH SH PH DATA

Data Link Data Do Data Link Data Link Header DLH NH TH SH PH DATA DLT Data Link Trailer

Physical Processing Please Physical Bits

To Destination Device

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COMPUTER NETWORKS-CS65 DEPT. OF EEE, MEPCO

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OSI as Framework for

Standardization

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PREPARED BY Dr.S.MURALIDHARAN 7
COMPUTER NETWORKS-CS65 DEPT. OF EEE, MEPCO

Elements of Standardization required in each

layer of protocol
• Protocol specification
– Operates between the same
layer on two systems
– May involve different
operating system
– Protocol specification must
be precise
• Format of data units
• Semantics of all fields
• allowable sequence of
PDUs
• Service definition
– Functional description of
what is provided
• Addressing
– Referenced by SAPs
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