Outlines

q
Sat comms introduction
q DSNG and Studio overview

q RF & Microwave

q Antenna

q Polarization

q Uplink

q Encoding & Baseband signal

q Modulation & Error correction

q Power Amplification

q Downlink

q Practical Part and Line Up

q Cables

q Link Budget
Introduction
 Introduction
Satellite coverage spans great distances
A satellite can directly connect points
separated by 1000’s of miles
A satellite can broadcast to 1000’s of
homes/businesses/military
installations simultaneously
A satellite can be reached from ground
facilities that move
Satellites can connect to locations with
no infrastructure
Satellites adapt easily to changing
requirements
 History of satellite communications

1945 Arthur C. Clarke publishes an essay about „Extra Terrestrial Relays“

1957 first satellite SPUTNIK
1960 first reflecting communication satellite ECHO
1963 first geostationary satellite SYNCOM
1965 first commercial geostationary satellite ,Early Bird“ (INTELSAT I):
240 duplex telephone channels or 1 TV channel, 1.5 years lifetime
1976 three MARISAT satellites for maritime communication
1982 first mobile satellite telephone system INMARSAT-A
1988 first satellite system for mobile phones and data communication
INMARSAT-C
1993 first digital satellite telephone system
1998 global satellite systems for small mobile phones
 Satellite types/Orbits
Satellite comms purposes
v Scientific research
v Weather

v Military purposes

v Location detection ( GPS )

v TV & Data Broadcasting

 Satellite Orbits
A Geosynchronous satellite (GEO) completes one
revolution around the world every 23 hrs and 56 minutes in
order to maintain continuous positioning above the earth’s
sub-satellite point on the equator.

A medium earth orbit satellite (MEO) requires a

constellation of 10 to 18 satellites in order to maintain
constant coverage of the earth.

A low earth orbit satellite (LEO) offers reduced signal loss

since these satellites are 20 to 40 times closer to the earth in
their orbits thus allowing for smaller user terminals/antennas.
Satellite Orbits
 Geostationary Orbit (GEO)
Characteristics of Geostationary (GEO) Orbit Systems
q User terminals do not have to track the satellite

q Only a few satellites can provide global coverage

q Maximum life-time (15 years or more)

q Above Van Allen Belt Radiation

q Often the lowest cost system and simplest in terms of tracking

and high speed switching

Challenges of Geostationary (GEO) Orbit
q Transmission latency or delay of 250 millisecond to complete

up/down link
q Satellite antennas must be of larger aperture size to concentrate

power and to create narrower beams for frequency reuse

q Poor look angle elevations at higher latitudes
Note
Ø
Sat Speed = Earth speed a round itself

Ø Easy to point it

Ø Applications:
- TV Broadcasting
- Broadband Networks

Ø
For Example:

- Nile sat at (7.0 degree west)

- Arabsat badr4 ( 26 east)

 Satellite components
Bus
Power Subsystem
Telemetry and
Command Subsystem
Attitude and
Control Subsystem
Propulsion Subsystem
Payload
Communications Subsystem
● Transponders
 Transponders
q The transponder is the “brains” of the satellite – provides the
connection between the satellite’s receive and transmit antennas.
q Satellites can have 12 to 96 transponders plus spares, depending

on the size of the satellite.

q A transponder bandwidth can frequently be 36 MHz, 54 MHz,

or 72 MHz or it can be even wider.

q A transponders function is to

§ Receive the signal, (Signal is one trillion times weaker then

when transmitted)
§ Filter out noise,
§ Shift the frequency to a down link frequency (to avoid
interference w/uplink)
§
Amplify for retransmission to ground
Transponder frequency allocation
DSNG & Studio
overview
 What is DSNG
Ø Electronic News Gathering (ENG) & Digital Satellite News
Gathering (DSNG)
Ø Both used primarily for outside broadcasts (OB) of news &

sports coverage
Ø Allows delivery of remotely gathered media, either to be

broadcast live or recorded for later use

Ø Includes centre for remote communication to/from OB

– A mini studio on wheels

Ø ENG/DSNG also encompasses all kinds of portable studio

equipment from cameras to editing and archiving/storage

– This presentation focuses mainly on communication back to TV
centre
 Studio
&
Control Room
Studio/ Control Room Indoor Uplink equipments
Studio Components
Isolation walls

Light system

Video components

Audio Components
 Video & Audio

§ Neck Microphone
§ Talk Back

§ Autocue

§ PGM Monitor

Studio Camera
Neck MIC Microphone ( Talk
Back)

Earpiece Autocue
Inside
Control
Room Video Mixer

Audio Mixer
q It used to play and display recorded
material .
Video Player ( VTR )

qIt used to receive live feed or

recoded feed from satellite ( SNG ) .

IRD ( integrated Receiver and Decoder)

qIt used to control with studio camera

remotely and out video signal ( SDI
and Composite) to Mixer.
Camera Control Unit
 Play Back /Banar Server
Play Back Server
Ø Use for play back songs, films

Electronic writing ( ‫)جهاز البنرات‬

ØUse for editing news bar,
Urgent news, persons names,
SMS Bar and channel logo
 RF
&
Microwave
 SAT communications Frequency Bands
IF-Band: Intermediate frequency use at baseband stage.
L-Band: It’s used for interconnections between equipments
range between (950 MHz- 2150 MHz).
C-Band: It’s used for wireless satcomms , in the rain regions
around of equator line range (4-6) GHz.
X-Band: It’s used for military purposes and it’s range
between Ku-Band: It’s common use in satcomms
broadcasting and DTH
services range (12-18) GHz, for TV broadcasting it
used
range(10.750-12.750) GHz for Downlink, and
(13.750-
14.500) GHz.
Ka-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz
K-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz
Radiation pattern
Propagation
 Waves
Traveling Wave
§ A wave traveling through a medium in one direction.
§ It has frequency, wavelength, and velocity.

Standing Wave
§ When a traveling wave reflects back on itself, it creates
traveling waves in both directions
§ The wave and its reflection interfere according to the

superposition principle
§ The wave will appear to stand still

This is called a standing wave

 Attenuation
q Reduction of signal strength during transmission

q Attenuation is the opposite of amplification

q Normal when a signal is sent from one point to another

q If the signal attenuates too much, it becomes unintelligible,

which is why most networks require repeaters at regular

intervals. Attenuation is measured in decibels.

An attenuator

Is an electronic device that reduces the amplitude or power of a

signal without appreciably distorting its waveform.
Decibel dB
§ Is a logarithmic unit for the ratio of a physical
quantity, usually power or intensity ( relative to a
specified or implied reference level )
§ A ratio in decibels is ten times the logarithm to

base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities Being a

ratio of two measurements of a physical quantity in
the same units
§ It is a dimensionless unit A decibel is one tenth of

a bel, a seldom-used unit.

 § The decibel watt or dBW is a unit for the
B
d measurement of the strength of a signal expressed
dBW in decibels relative to one watt
§ It is used because of its capability to express

both very large and very small values of power in

a short range of number
§ 1 watt = 0 dBW, 10 watts = 10 dBW, 100 watts

= 20 dBW and 1,000,000 W = 60 dBW.

 § (dBm (sometimes dBmW is an abbreviation
for the power ratio in decibels of the measured
B
d
dBm
power referenced to one milliwatt.
 Antenna Subsystem
q What is Antenna?
q Antenna Types?

q Parabolic Antenna Dish

q Antenna Assembly ( single optics, Dual optics)

q Antenna Parameters

q Horn Antenna

q OMT

q Antenna polarization

q SNG Antenna types

 Antenna
An antenna is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic
waves.
deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves
Antennas are used in systems such as
Radio and television broadcasting
Point-to-point radio communication
Wireless LAN, cell phones, radar, and spacecraft
communication.
Antennas are most commonly employed in air or outer space, but can
also be operated under water or even through soil and rock at certain
frequencies for short distances.
 Antenna types

Dipole Cellular Parabolic

Yagi
(sectoring)
 Parabolic Antenna ( Dish )
A parabolic antenna is a high-gain reflector antenna used
for radio, television and data communications, and also for
radiolocation (radar), on the UHF and SHF parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The relatively short wavelength
of electromagnetic radiation at these frequencies allows
reasonably sized reflectors to exhibit the desired highly
directional response for both receiving and transmitting
 Antenna Assembly
Firstly, there are three sorts of antenna

1- Parabolic Antenna

2- offset Antenna

3- Cassegrain Antenna
 Offset Antenna

Single optic

Antenna Beam is
more narrow for Dual
optics than single,
because elimination
of spillover and Sub-reflector
blockage
Dual optics

Main reflector
 Antenna Parameters

Focus
The focus or focal point of
the parabolic reflector is the point
at which any incoming signals are
concentrated. When radiating from
this point the signals will be reflected
By the reflecting surface and travel in
a parallel beam and to provide the
required gain and beam width.
Vertex
the innermost point at the centre of the parabolic
reflector.
Aperture
The aperture of a parabolic reflector is what may be
termed its "opening" or the area which it covers. For a
circular reflector, this is described by its diameter. It can
be likened to the aperture of an optical lens.
Focal length

The distance from its focus to its vertex.

One important element of a
parabolic antenna is its focal
length.
To ensure that the antenna
operates correctly.
it is necessary to ensure that
the radiating element is placed
at the focal point.
Cont ,,,,
To determine this it is necessary to know the focal
length.
Focal length f = D 2/ 16 c
Where
f: is the focal length
D: is the diameter of the reflector
c: is the depth of the reflector
.
 Antenna efficiency
Antenna efficiency is the ratio of input power to the
radiated power of the antenna. It is denoted by ‘ ’.
The value of ‘’ lice between 0.55 to 0.73.
Antenna Gain
The parabolic antenna gain can easily be calculated from a
knowledge of
1- Diameter of the reflecting surface
2- Wavelength of the signal
3- The efficiency of the antenna.
The parabolic reflector antenna gain is calculated as the gain
over an isotropic source, i.e. relative to a source that radiates
equally in all directions.
The gain is quoted in this manner is denoted as dBi.
The standard formula for the parabolic reflector antenna
gain is:
G = 10 log 10 k (pi* D) 2/lamda^2
From this it can be seen that very large gains can be achieved if sufficiently
large reflectors are used. However when the antenna has a very large gain,
the beam width is also very small and the antenna requires very careful
control over its position. In professional systems electrical servo systems are
used to provide very precise positioning.
 Horn Antenna
Consider in low gain antennas as
Dipole which operate in two directions
uplink and downlink .
Uplink:
take RF signal from waveguide and radiates it towards antenna.

Downlink:
reflected RF signal is collect into horn and concentrate in LNB to
receive it from receiver.
OrthogonalOMT
mode transducer
 OMT
An orthomode transducer is a microwave duct
component of the class of microwave circulators.
Commonly referred as a polarization duplexer. Such
device may be part of a VSAT antenna feed Orthomode
transducers serve either to combine or to separate two
microwave signal paths. One of the paths forms the
uplink, which is transmitted over the same waveguide as
the received signal path or downlink path. For VSAT
modems the transmission and reception paths are at 90°
to each other.
This orthogonal shift between the two signal paths
provides approximately an isolation of 40dB in the Ku
band and Ka band radio frequency bands.
What is Polarisation?
Polarisation is the property of electromagnetic waves that describes
the direction of the transverse electric field.

Since electromagnetic waves consist of an electric and a magnetic

field vibrating at right angles to each other.

it is necessary to adopt a convention to determine the polarisation of

the signal.

Conventionally, the magnetic field is ignored and the plane of the

electric field is used.
Types of Polarisation
Linear Polarisation Circular Polarisation
Linear Polarisation (horizontal or
vertical):
the two orthogonal components of the
electric field are in phase;
The direction of the line in the plane
depends on the relative amplitudes of
the two components.
Circular Polarisation:
The two components are exactly 90º
out of phase and have exactly the
same amplitude.
Elliptical Polarisation:
Elliptical Polarisation All other cases.
 Interference
Cross-pole interference

That mean the interference between two polarization in the

same transponder, which cause of non-perfect isolation ( not
orthogonal separation) between horizontal and vertical
polarity.
 DSNG Antenna subsystem types
Fly Away

Portable DSNG ( light

weight)

Drive Away
 Which Antenna is Suitable ??

1- High gain 50dBi

2- be careful for coverage Area
- On beam ( medium antenna size)
Nile sat 60cm enough
- Edge of beam ( large Antenna size)
Eurobird2 8 west 180 at least
3- single optic or Dual ….?
Dual optics used to eliminate spillover and blockage
Uplink
 mechanism
Encoding
q Audio & video Processing ( source coding)
Modulation
q QPSK ( add information upon Carrier to travel in space)
Up Conversion
q Convert frequency from ( IF/L-Band ( to Satellite frequency
Power Amplification
q Amplify signal to transmit for large distances

Radiation By Antenna
q Reflect pattern to radiate it from earth to satellite
MPEG
Video
Encoding
 Encoding v Analog/Digital conversion ( digital sampling)
v Data Compression ( mpeg1,2,4 compression)
v Data Encryption ( not free to air FTA)

This process called MPEG compression and Bit rate Reduction

What is MPEG ....??

The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)
is a working group of experts that was formed
by the ISO to set standards for audio and video
compression and transmission.
It was established in 1988 and its first meeting
was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada.
 What Data will we Compress …??

Video Audio

Types Format Mono

Stereo
CV PAL

SDI NTSC

HD
SECAM
 Composite Video

v Composite video is the format of an analog television (picture only)

signal before it is combined with a sound signal.
v Composite video is often designated by the CVBS initialism, meaning

"Composite Video, Blanking, and Sync."

v It is usually in standard formats such as NTSC, PAL, and SECAM.

v Three source signals called Y, U and V (together referred to as YUV)

with sync pulses. Y represents the brightness or luminance of the picture

and includes synchronizing pulses, so that by itself it could be displayed as
a monochrome picture. U and V represent hue and saturation or
chrominance; between them they carry the color information. They are
first modulated on two orthogonal phases of a color carrier signal to form
a signal called the chrominance.
 Serial Digital Interface / Standard Definition

SDI stands for Serial Digital Interface. It is a *format* for

transmitting video over cable. The cable can be a coax, ethernet,
whatever - SDI simply dictates how the video is coded over those
wires.
 High Definition Video

High-definition video or HD video refers to any video

system of higher resolution than standard-definition
(SD) video, and most commonly involves display
resolutions of 1,280×720 pixels (720p) or 1,920×1,080
pixels (1080i/1080p).
 Formats
1- PAL
short for Phase Alternating Line, is a color-encoding system used
in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. Other
common analogue television systems

2- NTSC
( NTSC ) National Television System Committee :
is the analog television system used in most of the Americas,
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Burma, and some Pacific island
nations and territories (see map). NTSC is also the name of the
U.S. standardization body that adopted the NTSC broadcast
standard. The first black-and-white NTSC standard for broadcast
was developed in 1941 and had no provision for color
transmissions.
 PAL
- The majority of countries using PAL have television standards with 625 lines
and 25 frames, differences concern the audio carrier frequency and channel bandwidths.
B/G/D/K/I - Standards B/G are used in most of Western Europe
- Standard I in the UK, Ireland, Hong Kong and Macau
- Standards D/K in most of Eastern Europe and Standard D in mainland China.

PAL - L
PAL - M
PAL - N
How Does
Mpeg Encoder
work ?
Bit-rate reduction includes:
§
Removal of temporal redundancy: inter-frame
compression
§ Removal of spatial redundancy (DCT): intra-
frame
compression
§ Quantisation of DCT coefficients
§ Variable length coding (VLC)
 Bit rate
Information stored/transmitted per unit time
Usually measured in Mbps (Megabits per second)
Ranges from < 1 Mbps to > 40 Mbps

Resolution
Number of pixels per frame Ranges from
160x120 to 1920x1080

FPS
Usually 24, 25, 30, or 60
Don’t need more because of limitations of the human
eye
 Types of frames
§ I frame (intra-coded)
Coded without reference to other frames

§ P frame (predictive-coded)
Coded with reference to a previous reference frame (either I or P)
Size is usually about 1/3rd of an I frame

§ B frame (bi-directional predictive-coded)

Coded with reference to both previous and future reference frames
(either I or P) Size is usually about 1/6th of an I frame
GOP (Group of Pictures)
§ GOP is a set of consecutive frames
that can be decoded without any
other reference frames

§ Usually 12 or 15 frames

§ Transmitted sequence is not the

same as displayed sequence

§ Random access to middle of

stream – Start with I frame
Bit rate allocation
n CBR – Constant Bit Rate
– Streaming media uses this
– Easier to implement

n VBR – Variable Bit Rate

– DVD’s use this
– Usually requires 2-pass coding
– Allocate more bits for complex scenes
– This is worth it, because you assume that you
encode once, decode many times
Evolution of MPEG
MPEG 1

MPEG 2

MPEG 4

MPEG 7
 Evolution of MPEG

MPEG-1
Initial audio/video compression standard
Used by VCD
MP3 = MPEG-1 audio layer 3
Target of 1.5 Mb/s bit rate at 352x240 resolution
Only supports progressive pictures
 Evolution of MPEG
MPEG-2
Current de facto standard, widely used in DVD and Digital TV
Ubiquity in hardware implies that it will be here for a long time
● Transition to HDTV has taken over 10 years and is not
finished yet
Different profiles and levels allow for quality control
 Evolution of MPEG
MPEG-3
Originally developed for HDTV, but abandoned when MPEG-2 was determined
to be sufficient
MPEG-4
Includes support for AV “objects”, 3D content, low bitrate encoding, and DRM
In practice, provides equal quality to MPEG-2 at a lower bitrate, but often fails
to deliver outright better quality
MPEG-4 Part 10 is H.264, which is used in HD-DVD and Blue-Ray
 Profiles & Level
In MPEG-2, support for various tools
Not various hardware to process tools
Profile = defines tool-set and the difference of syntax
Level = defines complexity of tools such as the maximum size of
image or bit rate
 MPEG-2 Profiles
¨ Simple profiles(SP)
¨ Doesn’t use B-frames, therefore no backward or interpolated
prediction
¨ Consequently, no picture reordering is required
¨ Suitable for low-delay applications
¨ Main profiles(MP)
¨ Add support for B-pictures
¨ The most widely used profile
¨ SNR scalable profile
¨ Using the SNR scalability
¨ Spatially scalable profile
¨ Using the spatial scalability
¨ High profile
¨ Add support for coding a 4:2:2 video signal
TANDBERG EN5990 HD Encoder E5714 Voyager MPEG-2 SD DSNG
for MPEG-4 AVC
Audio Encoding
 MPEG Audio
MPEG-1 – 3 layers of increasing quality, layer 3 being the most common (MP3)
16 bits
Sampling rate - 32, 44.1, or 48 kHz
Bit rate – 32 to 320 kbps
De facto - 44.1 kHz sample rate, 192 kbps bitrate
MPEG-2 – Supports > 2 channels, lower sampling frequencies, low bitrate improvement
AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)
More sample frequencies (8 kHz to 96 kHz)
Higher coding efficiency and simpler filter bank
96 kbps AAC sounds better than 128 kbps MP3
Usually CBR, but can do VBR
 Why does MPEG need DVB?
§ MPEG is primarily a compression standard.
§ Although the output from an MPEG encoder can be carried as an
MPEG stream in a noise free environment, it is not suitable for a
noisy channel.
§ DVB provides error correction, program information and
conditional access signaling.
§ DVB guarantees the delivery of an MPEG stream over Satellite
(DVB-S), Terrestrial Radio Channel (DVB-T), Cable (DVB-C) or
Local Microwave Distribution Service (DVB-MC).
§ DVB-S takes the DVB Transport Stream, adds more forward
error correction and modulates a carrier using QPSK
 DVB Packet
The DVB Transport stream consists of a series of packets 204 bytes
long, 188 bytes carry information and the other 16 bytes carry an
outer Reed-Solomon code. The packet is short and can survive a
noisy channel subject to interference

188 Bytes 16 Bytes

Information Reed Solomon Parity block

The DVB packet has a 4 byte header carrying :
q SYNC byte
q Packet Identifier (PID) as well as other data.

q The sequence of packets is known as a Transport Stream (TS).

4 Bytes 184 Bytes

Header Payload
Modulation
Modulation
§ Modulation cannot be AM because the satellite
TWTA must operate at saturation to deliver
maximum power.
§ Modulation must therefore be some form of phase

shift keying (PSK).

§ Requirement for the smallest possible receiving

antennas means that the modulation must be

rugged, i.e. able to be demodulated at low C/N.
§ Must be spectrally efficient (bits/Hz) to maximise

transponder payload.
 Modulation
n BPSK has largest inter-symbol distance.
n QPSK has half BPSK’s symbol rate, so half the
bandwidth. Inter-symbol distance is down 3dB
relative to BPSK, but so is received noise power!

Q Q

0 1,0 0,0

I I

1 1,1 0,1

BPSK constellation QPSK constellation

 FEC
Forward error correction (FEC) is a method of
obtaining error control in data transmission in
which the source (transmitter) sends redundant data
and the destination (receiver) recognizes only the
portion of the data that contains no apparent errors.
Because FEC does not require handshaking
between the source and the destination, it can be
used for broadcasting of data to many destinations
simultaneously from a single source.
FEC
1/2 Add 1 bit to each 1 bit
2/3 Add 1 bit to each 2 bit
3/4 Add 1 bit to each 3 bit
5/6 Add 1 bit to each 5 bit
7/8 Add 1 bit to each 7 bit
Symbol rate
q It is described the rate of transmitted Data to satellite
q depend on modulation such as:
- QPSK ( modulation order 2 bit/symbol)
- if you send 1024 bit/s that mean you send 512 symbol/s

Symbol Rate and Bandwidth

BW= SR(1+Rolloff factor)
Up Conversion
q Convert IF\L-Band frequency to Satellite frequency
q For this purpose we should use translation frequency which called
Local oscillator or translation frequency
q Each manufacturer has different LO
Modulator setting to get correct output
 UP Converter Types
q Older system used IF frequency as modulator output,
in this case we must use External Up- Converter

Modern System use L-Band Output that we use built in

up- converter which called BUC ( Block up converter )

BUC
 10 MHz Clock frequency
q
It is necessary for up converter to generate stable
signal
q 10 MHz status: On\Off
q You can set it from modulator setting
 High
Power
Amplifier
 Amplifiers
Ø High Power Amplifiers are used to amplify a signal before it is
transmitted to the satellite.
Ø There are various mechanical means to amplify a signal before up linking

it to the satellite.
Ø Which type of amplifier you chose depends on a number of factors.

Linearity, efficiency, reliability and cost are major considerations in an

uplink design.
The three types of amplifiers are:
1. ( KPA) Klystron Power Amplifiers
2. ( TWTA) Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers
3. ( SSPA) Solid State Power Amplifiers
 Klystron Power Amplifiers

The Klystron tube is perhaps the oldest technology and the most widely used.
Advantages
q High power output

q Easier to repair

q Cheaper dollar per watt operational cost

q Linear power consumption

q Longer life (up to 8 years)

Disadvantages
q Bigger and heavier than TWTAs or SSPAs

q Small frequency range (40-80 MHz range)

 Travelling Wave Tube Amplifiers

q TWTAs are built using foot-long vacuum tubes to do their amplifying.

Power is applied to the tube generating temperatures in the plasma
ranges.
q A radio frequency is then emitted into the tube and the radio

wave is amplified as it passes through the tube's heated interior.

q Pre-distortion linearizers are often used with TWTAs to increase the

amplification ability of the device.

q These devices have the advantage of being able to amplify a wide range

of frequencies (about 500 MHz range) allowing them to handle an entire

satellite from one antenna (dish).
 TWTA
Advantages
q Simultaneously amplify

a wider range of frequencies.

q Smaller device

Disadvantages
q Harder to repair

q More expensive to operate than KPAs or SSPAs

q Shorter Lifespan ( 4-6 years )

TWTA

Indoor Unit- Rack Outdoor Unit

mounting
 Solid State Power Amplifiers

q SSPAs perform signal amplification via solid state electronics

rather than a vacuum or Klystron tube.
q Typically, the SSPA uses a frequency-combination method of
amplifying the signal.
q The SSPA's use quartz based oscillator clocks and signal
mixers combined in series to step up the power.
q Because these systems work in series, when any given
oscillator/amplifier component fails, the signal weakens rather than
failing completely as occurs with TWTA and KPA's.
 SSPA ‫ر لتحرير أنماط النص الرئيسي‬
‫المستوى الثاني‬
● ‫المستوى الثالث‬
Advantages
● ‫المستوى الرابع‬
q Physically much smaller than KPAs and TWTAs
● ‫المستوى الخامس‬

q Builds amplification in stages

q Device typically experiences only partial failures which allows the
system to continue functioning, but at lower output power.
Disadvantages
q Higher power consumption
q Failures introduce instabilities in the transmission.
q Non-linear power consumption over amplification range
Uplink System
Chains
 Chain

Single Redundancy
§ Single Encoder/Modulator
§ Encoder/Modulator ( 2 units )
§ Single HPA /BUC § Single HPA /BUC ( 2 units )
§ Single Wave Guide § Single Wave Guide ( 2 units )
§ Single Antenna § Single Antenna ) 1 unit )
Single Mode
Redundancy

Wavegui
de
switch
 Waveguide switch

q It is used for switching uplink system

from chain1 to chain2 to out RF signal to
Antenna
q It consists of 4-ports
1st : HPA1 waveguide
2nd: HPA2 waveguide
3rd: Out RF signal passing waveguide
to Antenna from ch1 or ch2
4th: Out RF signal from non-activated
chain to Dummy Load
Dummy Load
q Connection of resistors as parallel
q Equivalent resistor should compatible
to wave guide to be 50 ohm
q it is used to terminate RF signal from

Non- activated HPA ( not on air)

DownLink
 Downlink Satellite

Beam

OMT

nd )
L- Ba
(
B
N
L
axial
Co Cable
Reflector Antenna

Video TV
Sat Monitor
Audio
receiver
Spectrum
Analyzer
 Practical Part

Antenna Alignment ( pointing)

Encoder settings

Modulator settings

BUC & HPA settings

On Air
 Antenna Alignment ( pointing)
• Detect what is required satellite?
Ø Eastern satellite
Ø Western satellites
• frequency guide ( beacon signals)
• satellite signal receiver
Ø commercial receiver
Ø Spectrum analyzer
Alignment move antenna toward satellite to get center pointing

Polarization tilt Elevation Azimuth

§ Angle of polarizer Elevation Azimuth refers to

respect to reference refers to the the rotation of the
( vertical Or angle whole antenna
Horizontal) between the around a vertical
§ toward satellite
dish pointing axis. It is the side
direction, to side angle.
1) + sign (clockwise
move) directly
towards the
2) -sign ( counter satellite, and
clockwise- the local
We can visit webpage: http://www.satsig.net/ssazelm.htm
Polarization adjustment
Probe receiving antenna
 Receiving link parameters
Satellite : Eutelsat W6 at 21.5 degree east
Steps

1 Channel frequency ( Arrai TV…. 11530 MHz)

2 Channel Polarization ( Vertical Pole)

3 Symbol Rate and FEC code ( 2857------- ¾)

Visit Lyngsat website

LyngSat Website
Measurement Tools
 Compass

Spectrum Analyzer Sat finder

 Line Up
Uplink Test
 Satellite

T e st
gna l-
r r ie r si
e Ca
P ur

Satellite operating
Center
Ø NOC ( Noorsat )

Ø AOC ( Arabsat )

Ø DSNG
Ø Earth Station

Call
Operator
Cables
 Video Cables

RCA BNC
Audio Cables
 RF Cables

N-type Connector

SMA Connector Types

LMR-400
RG-58

RG-123
Link Budget
 Please,
Browse link budget folder in CD
 Websites
http://www.satcom.co.uk/
http://www.swe-dish.com/
http://www.tandberg.com/
http://www.xicomtech.com/
http://www.inmarsat.com/
http://www.satsig.net/ssazelm.htm
http://www.lyngsat.com
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