Frequency Response of Simple Circuits: School of ECE Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-1285

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF
SIMPLE CIRCUITS
Ray DeCarlo
School of ECE
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907-1285
decarlo@ecn.purdue.edu
EE-202, Frequency Response p2 © R. A. DeCarlo
I. MEANING OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE
1. Recall Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
(a) M (! ) = K " H ( j! )
(b) ! (" ) = #H ( j" ) + $
CONCLUSION: the magnitude or gain, H ( j! ) , and angle or phase,

!H ( j" ) , specify the effect of the circuit/system has on input
sinusoids, K cos(! t + " ) .
2. DEFINITION: the frequency response of a circuit/system

is the transfer function evaluated along the imaginary axis, i.e.,
H ( j! ) = H (s)]s= j! . For single-input single-output circuits/systems,
for each ω, H ( j! ) is a complex number:
Output(s) !
= H ( j$ ) % H ( j$ ) &H ( j$ )
Input(s) #" s= j$
(a) !H ( j" ) is the phase response, and
(b) H ( j! ) is the magnitude response/GAIN.

EXAMPLE 1. A band pass (BP) transfer function is one that

passes frequencies in a band and eliminates those outside the band.
Two such BP transfer functions are:
0.25s 0.25s
H1 (s) = =
s 2 + 0.25s + 1 (s + 0.125)2 + (0.992)2
and
0.0625s 2
H 2 (s) =
s 4 + 0.35355s 3 + 2.0625s 2 + 0.35355s + 1
0.0625s 0.0625s
= !
(s + 0.0962)2 + (1.0884)2 (s + 0.08058)2 + (0.91164)2
Remark: s = ! = 0 and s = ! = " are the two most important

frequencies:
(a) H1 (0) = H1 (!) = 0
(b) H 2 (0) = H 2 (!) = 0
(a) Plot H ( j! ) using the following MATLAB code:
»n1 = 0.25*[1 0];

»d1 = [1 0.25 1];
»n2 = 0.0625*[1 0 0];
»d2 = [1 3.5355e-01 2.0625 3.5355e-01 1];
»w=0.2:0.005:2;
»h1 = freqs(n1,d1,w);
»plot(w,abs(h1),w,abs(h2))
»grid
»xlabel('Frequency r/s')
»ylabel('Magnitude response')
»gtext('2nd Order BP')
»gtext('4th Order BP')
0.9
0.8
0.7
Magnitude response
0.6
0.5
2nd Order BP
0.4
TextEnd
0.3
4th Order BP
0.2
0.1
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Frequency r/s
(b) Qualitative Analysis Using Pole-zero plot.

(c) The Idea of Frequency Scaling:
»Kf = 1000;
»n1 = 0.25*[1/Kf 0];
»d1 = [1/Kf^2 0.25/Kf 1];
»n2 = 0.0625*[1/Kf^2 0 0];
»d2 = [1/Kf^4 3.5355e-01/Kf^3 2.0625/Kf^2 3.5355e-01/Kf 1];
»w=0.2*Kf:1:2*Kf;
»plot(w,abs(h1),w,abs(h2))
»grid
»xlabel('Frequency r/s')
»ylabel('Magnitude response')
»gtext('2nd Order BP')
»gtext('4th Order BP')
EXAMPLE 2. Magnitude response H ( j! ) of three normalized low

pass Butterworth filter transfer functions:
(a) First Order Normalized Butterworth
1
H (s) =
s +1
(b) 2nd Order Normalized Butterworth

1
LC 1
H (s) = = 2
R 1 s + 2 s +1
s2 + s s +
L LC
(c) 3rd Order Normalized Butterworth

1
H (s) =
s 3 + 2s 2 + 2s + 1
(d) MATLAB Code:

»w = logspace(-2,2,800);
»n1 = 1; d1 = [1 1];
»n2 = 1; d2 = [1 sqrt(2) 1];
»n3 = 1; d3 = [1 2 2 1];
»semilogx(w,abs(h1),w,abs(h2),w,abs(h3))
»grid
»xlabel('Normalized rad frequency')
»ylabel('Magnitude Response')
EE-202, Frequency Response p 10 © R. A. DeCarlo
(e) Magnitude Response Plots
0.9
0.8
0.7
Magnitude Response
0.6
0.5
0.4
TextEnd
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 -2 -1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10 10
Normalized rad frequency
(f) Pole-Zero Plot of 2nd and 3rd Order Filters

EXAMPLE 3. Plot of H ( j! ) of three low pass Butterworth

transfer functions of frequency scaled by K f = 1000 :
! s $ 1
H new (s) = H old # & =
" K f % ! s $ +1
#" &
1000 %
! s $ 1
H new (s) = H old # & = 2
" Kf % ! s $ ! s $
#" & + 2 #" & +1
1000 % 1000 %
! s $ 1
H new (s) = H old # & = 3 2
" Kf % ! s $ ! s $ ! s $
#" & + 2 #" & + 2 #" & +1
1000 % 1000 % 1000 %
0.9
0.8
0.7
Magnitude Response
0.6
0.5
0.4
TextEnd
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
100 101 102 103 104 105
Normalized rad frequency
EXAMPLE 4. Frequency response of the (High Pass) RC circuit; by

s s
V-division H (s) = =
s+
1 s + 100
C
STEP 1: IMPORTANT FREQUENCIES:
ω H(jω)
0 o
H(j0) = 0∠90
∞ o
H(j∞) = 1∠0
100 o
H(j100) = 0.707 ∠ 45
STEP 2. ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR.

!
R j! CR j
H ( j! ) = = = 100
R+
1 j! CR + 1 j ! + 1
j! C 100
|H(jω)| --> 1 as ω--> ∞

|H(jω)| --> 0 as ω --> 0
∠H(jω) --> 0 as ω--> ∞
∠H(jω) --> 90 as ω --> 0

o
STEP 3. PLOTS FROM MATLAB:
»z = 0;
»p = -100;
»zplane(z,p)
»grid
40
30
20
10
Imaginary part
-10 TextEnd
-20
-30
-40
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0

Real part
»w = logspace(0,4,500);
»H = freqs([1 0],[1 100],w);
»semilogx(w,abs(H))
»grid
»xlabel('Frequency in rad/sec')
»ylabel('Magnitude')
»
»semilogx(w,180*angle(H)/pi)
»grid
»xlabel('Frequency rad/sec')
»ylabel('Angle in degrees')
2nd Order LP Frequency Response

0
-50
Angle in degrees
-100
-150
-200 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency in rad/sec
EXAMPLE 5. Frequency response of the (Band Pass) RLC circuit
STEP 1: CALCULATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION: By V-division,

R
Vout (s) R s
H (s) = = = L
Vin (s) R + Ls + 1 R
s2 + s +
1
Cs L LC
STEP 2: IMPORTANT FREQUENCIES
!
j j10!
H ( j! ) = L =
1 ! 10 4 " ! 2 + j10!
"!2 + j
LC L
ω H(jω)
0 o
H(j0) = 0∠90
∞ o
H(j∞) = 0∠0
100 1
?? o
0.707 ∠±45
?? o
0.707 ∠±45

»w = logspace(0,4,1000);
»R = 10; L = 0.1; C = 1e-3;
»n = [R/L 0];
»d = [1 R/L 1/(L*C)];
»h = freqs(n,d,w);
»semilogx(w,abs(h))
»grid
»xlabel('Frequency in rad/s')
»ylabel('Magnitude Response')
0.9
0.8
0.7
Magnitude Response
0.6
0.5
0.4
TextEnd
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0
10 101 102 103 104
Frequency in rad/s
»semilogx(w,angle(h)*180/pi)
»grid
»xlabel('Frequency in rad/s')
»ylabel('Phase Response')
»
100
80
60
40
20
Phase Response
-20 TextEnd
-40
-60
-80
-100 0
10 101 102 103 104
Frequency in rad/s
EXAMPLE 6. Frequency response of the (Band Reject) RLCcircuit
STEP 1: CALCULATION OF TRAMSFER FUNCTION: By V-division,
1
R s2 +
H (s) = = LC
1 1 1
R+ s2 + s+
1 RC LC
Cs +
Ls

Band Reject Response
1
0.8
0.6
Magnitude
0.4
0.2
0 1 2 3
10 10 10
Close-up Band Reject Response

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Magnitude
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
85 90 95 100 105 110 115
Band Reject Response

100
50
Phase in degrees
-50
-100 1
10 102 103

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FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF

I. MEANING OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE

1. Recall Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

CONCLUSION: the magnitude or gain, H ( j! ) , and angle or phase,

2. DEFINITION: the frequency response of a circuit/system

for each ω, H ( j! ) is a complex number:

(a) !H ( j" ) is the phase response, and

(b) H ( j! ) is the magnitude response/GAIN.

EXAMPLE 1. A band pass (BP) transfer function is one that

Remark: s = ! = 0 and s = ! = " are the two most important

(a) Plot H ( j! ) using the following MATLAB code:

»n1 = 0.25*[1 0];

(b) Qualitative Analysis Using Pole-zero plot.

(c) The Idea of Frequency Scaling:

EXAMPLE 2. Magnitude response H ( j! ) of three normalized low

(a) First Order Normalized Butterworth

(b) 2nd Order Normalized Butterworth

(c) 3rd Order Normalized Butterworth

(d) MATLAB Code:

(e) Magnitude Response Plots

(f) Pole-Zero Plot of 2nd and 3rd Order Filters

EXAMPLE 3. Plot of H ( j! ) of three low pass Butterworth

EXAMPLE 4. Frequency response of the (High Pass) RC circuit; by

STEP 1: IMPORTANT FREQUENCIES:

STEP 2. ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR.

|H(jω)| --> 1 as ω--> ∞

∠H(jω) --> 90 as ω --> 0

STEP 3. PLOTS FROM MATLAB:

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0

2nd Order LP Frequency Response

EXAMPLE 5. Frequency response of the (Band Pass) RLC circuit

STEP 1: CALCULATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION: By V-division,

STEP 2: IMPORTANT FREQUENCIES

STEP 4. PLOTS FROM MATLAB:

EXAMPLE 6. Frequency response of the (Band Reject) RLCcircuit

STEP 1: CALCULATION OF TRAMSFER FUNCTION: By V-division,

STEP 4. PLOTS FROM MATLAB:

Close-up Band Reject Response

Band Reject Response

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