Boiling Point Elevation in Electrolyte and Non-Electrolyte Solutions

KIM 2

Table of Contents student 1/26/11 2:44 PM

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Background ............................................................................................................................ 4 student 1/26/11 2:44 PM

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Purpose .................................................................................................................................. 4
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Materials ............................................................................................................................... 4 pt
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Procedure .............................................................................................................................. 5 Formatted: Font:Times New Roman, 12
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Data ....................................................................................................................................... 5 student 1/26/11 2:44 PM
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Calculation ............................................................................................................................ 6
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Result .................................................................................................................................... 9 pt
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Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 11 Formatted: Font:Times New Roman, 12
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Outline

I. Introduction student 1/26/11 2:44 PM

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II. Methods and Calculation

A. Scientific

B. Qualitative

C. Quantitative

III. Result and Conclusion

A. Graph
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Esl Kim (Elsie)

Mr. Bennett

25 January 2011

Boiling Point Elevation in Electrolyte and Non-Electrolyte Solutions

Background:

“Colligative properties are the natures of solutions that depend on the number of student 1/26/11 2:33 PM
Deleted: those

dissolved particles in solution, but not on the identities of the solutes” (Bosma). One of the

properties is boiling point. The boiling point of the solvent is changed by adding different

amount of solute; adding solute will cause the boiling point to rise. student 1/26/11 2:13 PM
Comment: Why and how does adding
solute cause the boiling point of
The relationship between boiling point elevation (ΔTb) and molal concentration (m) is: solution to rise?
student 1/26/11 2:44 PM
ΔTb = iKbmsolute. Formatted: Font:Times New Roman, 12
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The van’t Hoff factor, i, predicts the number of particles a solute will dissociate into. The

equation is:

i = nparticles/nsolute

And the molar mass in gram can be found with the equation:

MM =ΔTb/ iKb.

Molecular mass of unknown solute can be determined because the change boiling point is

constant per molal amount of solute.

Vapor pressure is also a colligative property. Vapor pressure is the pressure that

exerted by the gaseous molecules that are at equilibrium with a liquid in a closed container.

Nonvolatile solute such as NaCl lowers the vapor pressure however; volatile solute such as
student 1/26/11 2:16 PM
alcohol brings the vapor pressure higher. Comment: While nonvolatile solute
lowers the vapor pressure, why does
The vapor pressure of a solution can be found with the equation: volatile solute brings the vapor
pressure higher?
Psoln = χ solvent P°solvent student 1/26/11 2:44 PM
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Purpose:

To determine the molar mass of KNO3 and compare the experimental molecular mass

to its theoretical mass by measuring the boiling point elevation as a function of molal

concentration for KNO3.

Materials:

• Graduated cylinder

• Beakers

• Hot Plate

• Vernier LabPro interface with Temperature probes

• Electronic Balance

• Ring stand with clamp

• 1.0 m stock solutions of KNO3

Procedure:

Before beginning, we obtained 100mL of a 1.0m solution of potassium nitrate. We student 1/26/11 2:30 PM
Deleted: of the experiment

removed 50mL of the solution by pouring into a graduated cylinder. We added it to the

beaker that we labeled it 0.5m. We added 50ml of distilled water to the second beaker.

Because we only had three beakers, we prepared up to 50ml of a 0.25m solution of potassium

nitrate by diluting using 0.5m stock solution and adding 50ml of distilled water.

While we prepared the three diluted solutions, we turned on a hot plate and Vernier

LabPro interface with temperature probes that being held during stand with clamp.

We put the first beaker filling with 50mL of the 1.0m solution of potassium nitrate on

the Hot plate to boil the solution and lowered the height of the clamp holding the temperature

probe to put it in the solution. We measured the boiling point and recorded the temperature

the time it took to boil.

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We repeated the previous procedure with 0.5m, 0.25m, 50mL of distilled water,

0.125m and 0.0625m respectively.

While we finished measuring, we recorded the boiling point and the time of the pure

solvent and the dilutions. We, then, obtained an unknown sample that consists of 12.8g of

solute in 100 ml of solvent. we poured 50ml of a 1.0m of unknown sample in the beaker by

using the graduated cylinder. We put it on the hot plates. We measured its boiling point and

recorded the temperature and the time it took to boil.

Data:

Table 1. Concentration and boiling point of Distilled Water, KNO3 with different

molalities

Substance Concentration (m) Boiling Point (°C) Volume (ml)

Distilled Water 0 96.5 50

Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 0.0625 98.3 100

0.125 99.5 100

0.25 96 100

0.5 99.5 100

1.0 97.3 50

Table 2. Properties of the unknown sample

Substance Concentration (m) Boiling Point (°C) Volume (ml)

Unknown sample 1.0 98.1 50

Calculations:

A. ΔTb (°C) for 1.0m KNO3:

ΔTb = iKbmsolute
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ΔTb = T KNO3 – T distilled water student 1/26/11 2:44 PM

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ΔTb = 97.3°C – 96.5 °C = 0.8°C

B. Kb (°C ·kg /mol) for 1.0m KNO3 and average Kb:

Kb = ΔTb/ i·m (ΔTb:°C, i = mol, m = number of mol of solute/ kg of solvent)

e.g. Kb for 1.0m = (97.3°C – 96.5 °C) / 2 mol·1.0m

= 0.8°C / (2 mol· 1.0m)

= 0.4°C / m

= 0.4°C ·kg /mol

e.g. Avg. Kb = (0.4+1.5+(–0.25)+1.5+0.9) / 5

= 4.05 / 5°C ·kg /mol

= 0.81°C ·kg /mol

Table 3. Properties of different substances based on experiment

Substance Concentration Boiling ΔTb (°C) i (n) Kb

(m) Point (°C) (°C ·kg

/mol)

Distilled 0 96.5 0 0 0.51

Water

Potassium 0.0625 98.3 1.8 2 0.9

Nitrate 0.125 99.5 3 2 1.5

(KNO3) 0.25 96 -0.5 2 -0.25

0.5 99.5 3 2 1.5

1.0 97.3 0.8 2 0.4

Unknown 1.0 98.1 1.6 2 0.8

sample
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C. Percentage error of 1.0m Kb:

% of Error =│(estimate-actual)/actual·100│

% of ErrorKb =│(estimate-actual)/actual·100│ student 1/26/11 2:44 PM

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e.g % of Error of 1.0m Kb =│(0.51-0.4)/0.4·100│

% of Error of 1.0m Kb = 27.5 %

Table 4. Comparing actual and estimate Kb with the percentage of error

Substance Concentration Actual Kb Estimate Kb % of Error

(m) (°C·kg/mol) (°C·kg/mol)

Potassium 0.0625m 0.9 0.51 43.3%

Nitrate 0.125m 1.5 0.51 66%

(KNO3) 0.25m -0.25 0.51 304%

0.5m 1.5 0.51 66%

1.0m 0.4 0.51 27.5%

D. Molar Mass in gram of 1.0m KNO3 and the distilled water:

MM = ΔTb/ iKb

e.g MM for 1.0 m KNO3 = 0.8/ 2 · 0.4

MM for 1.0 m KNO3 = 1g

e.g MM water = 2(1.008) + 16.00

MM water = 18.016 (g)

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Table 5. Comparing experimental and actual molar mass of two different substances

Substances Concentration (m) Molar Mass (g) Actual Molar Mass

MM = ΔTb/ iKb (m ·MM/1000)

Potassium nitrate 0.0625m 1 0.00631

(KNO3) 0.125m 2.25 0.0126

0.25m 1 0.025

0.5m 2.25 0.05

1.0m 1 0.1

Unknown sample 1.0m 0.272 N/A

E. Density of water:

d = mass/ volume

e.g. dwater = 1g/1ml

F. Number of mole of H2O:

n H20 = 50ml · 1g/1ml·1mol/18.016g

n H20 = 2.77 mol (≈ 3 mol)

G. χ solvent H2O:

χ solvent H2O = 3 mol/ 3mol

χ solvent H2O = 1

H. ̶ ΔHvap/R for H20 :

ln(Pvap) = ̶ ΔHvap/R · (1/T) : T in Kelvin

e.g. ln (23.8mmHg) = ̶ ΔHvap/R · (1/ (25+273))

̶ ΔHvap/R = 944.566303

I. Pvap for H20 at Boiling Point: student 1/26/11 2:44 PM

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ln (Pvap T1/ Pvap T2) = ΔHvap/R · (1/T2 ̶ 1/T1) : T in Kelvin

e.g. ln (23.8/ Pvap T2 ) = ̶ 944.566303· (1/(96.5 +273) ̶ 1/ (25+273))

ln (23.8/ Pvap T2) = ̶ 944.566303· (1/(369.5) ̶ 1/ (298))

ln (23.8/ Pvap T2) = 0.6133491719

(23.8/ Pvap T2) = 1.846605653

Pvap T2 = 12.88851247

Pvap T2 ≈ 12.9 mmHg

J. Psoln for 0.5m KNO3:

Pvap.KNO3 = 3/ (3+0.025) · 12.9 mmHg student 1/26/11 2:44 PM

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Pvap.KNO3 = 12.79 mmHg student 1/26/11 2:44 PM

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Table 5. Vapor pressure of solutions at room temperature and boiling point

Substance Concentration (m) Temperature (°C) Vapor Pressure

of solvent (mmHg)

Distilled Water 0 25 23.8

96.5 12.9

KNO3 1.0 25 23.4

96.5 12.69

0.5 25 23.6

96.5 12.79

0.25 25 23.70

96.5 12.85

0.125 25 23.751

96.5 12.87

0.0625 25 23.775
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96.5 12.89

K. i for unknown sample:

i = ΔT/ Kb · m

i = (98.1 ̶ 96.5) / 0.51·1.0

i = 3.13

i≈3

Results:

In the experiment, a physical reaction is occurred. KNO3 dissolved in H2O and was student 1/26/11 2:32 PM
Deleted: ;

dissociated into K+ and NO3–. The net ionic equation is: KNO3→ K+(aq) + NO3–(aq) . The

equation shows that during the reaction, two ions were produced, K+ and NO3–. It gave the

value for van’t Hoff factor, i which is 2. According to our experiment, the boiling point of

distilled water was 96.5°C. By subtracting it from the boiling point of each solution, ΔKb was

obtained. Through the equation for boiling constant, the experimental Kb values for the

solutions were found. The values were compared with the expected Kb value, 0.51(°C ·kg

/mol). The average percentage error was 101.36%. According to Graph 1, vapor pressure was

decreased as temperature was increased. According to Graph 2, vapor pressure was decreased

as the concentration of KNO3 was increased. There are two ways to calculate the molar mass.

One way is using the boiling point of elevation, van’t Hoff factor and boiling constant. Other

way is molality divided by 1000 and multiplied by sum of mass of K, N and 3 O. The first

equation was used to determine the actual molar mass of the KNO3 solutions and the second

equation was used to determine the expected molar mass of the KNO3 solutions with different

molalities.
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Graph 1. Vapor Pressure of different molality of Solutions at room

temperature and boiling point
24.00
23.50
23.00
22.50
22.00
21.50
21.00
20.50
Vapor Pressure (mmHg)

20.00
19.50
19.00
Distilled Water
18.50 1.0 m KNO3
18.00 0.5m KNO3
17.50 0.25m KNO3
17.00 0.125m KNO3
16.50 0.0625m KNO3
16.00
15.50
15.00
14.50
14.00
13.50
13.00
12.50
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Temperature (°C)
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Vapor Pressure depends on concentration of KNO3 in solution at

room temperature
23.85  

23.8  

23.75  

23.7  

23.65  

23.6  

23.55  

23.5  

23.45  

23.4  

23.35  
0   0.2   0.4   0.6   0.8   1   1.2  

Vapor Pressure depends on the concentration of KNO3 in solution

at boiling point
12.95  

12.9  

12.85  

12.8  

12.75  

12.7  

12.65  
0   0.2   0.4   0.6   0.8   1   1.2  

Conclusions:

Boiling point and atmosphere pressure are directly related. When the altitude is higher,

the pressure is decreased and also boiling point is decreased because it is achieved when

atmospheric pressure equals to the vapor pressure. Due to the higher altitude of the lab, the
 KIM 14

atmospheric pressure was lower than 1 atm and also the boiling point was lower than 100 °C.

Boiling point elevation and vapor pressure are colligative properties. When a student 1/26/11 2:32 PM
Deleted: so when

nonvolatile solute is added, the boiling point of the solvent is elevated while the vapor is

decreased. The data partially shows that the nonvolatile solute KNO3 increases the boiling

point of distilled water and also decreases the vapor pressure of the solvent. KNO3 dissociates

into two ions, K+ and NO3– in water and these ions prevent the water to vaporize by

increased intermolecular forces of the solution. The data partially did not show expected

results in several parts of the experiments. For example, the boiling points of all of the

dilutions should be higher than that of the distilled water, however, 0.25m KNO3 has lower

boiling point due to adding more than 50mL of the distilled water. Also as the concentration

of solute increases, the boiling points should be increases. 1.0m KNO3 has second lowest

boiling point and 0.5m and 0.125m have same boiling points although their concentrations

are different. For the 1.0m KNO3, our group should be waited more to measure the boiling

point but we might be wrote it down although it is not exactly consistent. For the 0.5m and

0.125m of KNO3 can be explained by that adding less water in 0.125m of KNO3 can result

the error. Due to these errors, there were big percentage of error in the values of Kb and the

molar mass of KNO3 solutions as they were affected by the boiling point of elevation.

The unknown sample cannot be determined its identity because colligative properties

are relating to the concentration of solute or particles not the identity of solute. According to

the data, it has 1.0molality, 98.1°C, 1.6 for the boiling point elevation, 0.51 for the boiling

constant. Because its boiling point is higher than the water, the unknown sample was

considered that it contains the ions. According to the calculation, it dissociates three ions, so

its i value is 3.
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Reference

Dictionary.com The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language.2006. student 1/26/11 2:44 PM
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Houghton Mifflin Company.October 18.2008 student 1/26/11 2:44 PM

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<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biofuel> student 1/26/11 2:44 PM

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