Car Signals

ESTIMATION OF MULTICOMPONENT SIGNALS BY
USING TIME-FREQUENCY REPRESENTATIONS WITH

APPLICATION TO KNOCK SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Igor Djurović1, Mark Urlaub2, LJubiša Stanković1, Johann F. Böhme2
1
Electrical Engineering Department 2
Signal Theory Group
University of Montenegro Ruhr University Bochum
Serbia & Montenegro Germany
E-mail: {igordj,ljubisa}@cg.ac.yu E-mail: {url,boehme}@sth.rub.de
EUSIPCO 2004 Instantaneous Frequency and Nonstationary Spectral Estimation
Igor Djurović, Mark Urlaub, LJubiša Stanković, Johann F. Böhme
"Estimation of multicomponent signals by using time-frequency representations with application to knock signal analysis"
GOAL
• Nonparametric estimation of multicomponent signal parameters (estimation of parameters of
components from the mixture) is considered.
• Estimation tools are the time-frequency representations combined with some basic pattern
recognition methods.
• Proposed approach is applied for estimation of combustion signals in car engines.
PAPER OUTLINE
• Combustion knocks in car engines.
• Signal model and determination of region of interest in the time-frequency plane.
• Signal component separation.
• Application of the proposed approach to combustion signal analysis.

COMBUSTION KNOCK
• Knock of combustions can lead to serious problems in spark ignition engines:

environmental pollution;
mechanical damages;
reduced energy efficiency.
• Combustion signal can be modeled as a sum of lowpass signal with several high pass
components.
• Resonance frequencies of signal high pass components depend on:

piston position
in-cylinder temperature;
velocity of sound in combustion chamber.
• In this paper we propose technique for combustion signal parameters estimation based on the
time-frequency representations with the following advantages:
estimation of parameters is performed using single observation;
problem of recognition of close signal components is solved.
SIGNAL MODEL
Multicomponent FM signal:
Assumptions:
Ai(t)=0 for t<ti |dAi(t)|<<|dφi(t)|
dφj(t)/dt≠dφj(t)/dt for i≠j
P P
x(t ) = ∑ xi (t ) + ν(t ) = ∑ Ai (t )exp( jφ(t )) + ν(t )
i =1 i =1
The TF representation of x(t) can be written as: Caused by non-linearity and

interferences. Assume that it can be
neglected comparing to the signal
terms.
P
TFx (t , ω) = ∑ TFxi (t , ω) + Q(t , ω)
i =1
Auto-terms – signal components.
Assume that they are close to the
ideal TF representation:
TFxi (t , ω) ≈ 2πAi2 (t )δ(ω − φ′i (t ))
S-METHOD AS TF REPRESENTATION
• In order to obtain TF representation satisfying assumptions (requirements) described

in the previous slide, we will use the S-method:
 L 
SM (t , ω) =| STFT (t , ω) | +2 Re  ∑ STFT (t , ω + l ∆ω) STFT * (t , ω − l ∆ω) 
2
 l =1 
time and frequency sampling
Short-time Fourier transform
N / 2 −1
STFT (t , ω) = STFT ( n∆t , k ∆ω) = ∑
m =− N / 2
x((n + m) ∆t ) w(m∆t ) exp(− jkm∆ω∆t )
window function
REGION OF SIGNAL COMPONENTS
1 signal component region

R (t , ω) =  REGION OF INTEREST FUNCTION
0 no signal component
In the region of interest the TFD is highly concentrated comparing to the points outside the
signal region.
Then we decided that as a region-of-interest indication function adopt ratio between signal
energy in narrow region around the considered TF point and in wider region around
considered TF point.
Additional criterions are required in order to remove TF points influenced by relatively

high noise comparing to neighbor region.
REGION OF SIGNAL COMPONENTS
∑ TF (t , ω)
Atω
x
R (t , ω) = 1 if ≥ p ∧ TF (t , ω) ≥ max[qm (t ), r γ ]
∑ TF (t , ω)
x x x
x
Bt ω
Atω⊂Btω ⇒ narrow and wide region centered around considered point
We selected:
Atω=[t-TA∆t,t+TA∆t]×[ω-ΩA∆ω, ω+ΩA∆ω] (2TA+1)×(2ΩA+1) size
Btω=[t-TB∆t,t+TB∆t]×[ω-ΩB∆ω, ω+ΩB∆ω] (2TB+1)×(2ΩB+1) size
mx (t ) = max TFx (t , ω) used for removing weak TF

ω
points in considered instant
γ x = max TFx (t , ω) used to remove “weak instants”

( t ,ω )
SELECTING PARAMETERS TA, TB, ΩA, ΩB, p, q AND r
• Assume that the TF components are well separated (for more than (2ΩB+1) samples)
and that the TF representation of the component is concentrated in a single frequency
point within the considered time-interval.
• Then ratio for TF point belonging to the signal components the following
approximation holds:
∑At ω
TFx (t , ω)
2T + 1
≈ A
∑ TFx (t , ω) 2TB + 1 Bt ω
• Assuming that noise and interferences influence is uniformly distributed in the TF

plane for TF point outside the signal components the following approximation holds:
∑ TF (t , ω) (2T
At ω
x
+ 1)(2Ω A + 1)
≈ A
∑ TF (t , ω) (2T
Bt ω
x B + 1)(2Ω B + 1)
SELECTION OF ALGORITHM PARAMETERS
From the previous analysis the following conclusions can be drawn:

(2TA + 1)(2Ω A + 1) 2T + 1
< p< A TA ≤ TB Ω A < ΩB
(2TB + 1)(2Ω B + 1) 2TB + 1
Since the combustion knocks parameters are relatively slow varying compare to the
sampling rate we selected that TA=TB=20 (in a wide range of these parameters selection
doesn't influence algorithm accuracy).
In order to separate close signal components ΩA and ΩB should be selected as small as
possible. In our simulations it is selected ΩA=1 ad ΩB=3:
3
7 < p < 1 we selected p=1/2 (close to lower bound) since measurements was corrupted
with very moderate noise amount and we want to keep weak signal components.
Additional criterions are introduced to remove TF points influenced by noise that satisfy
the first criterion. Since we want to keep weak signal components we adopted very small
values of q and r (q=1.5% and r=0.1% in simulations but very similar results are obtained
for any q<2% and r<1%).
SIGNAL COMPONENT SEPARATION
• R(t,ω) can be considered as binary image;
• The next step in the algorithm is to separate components from the binary image;
• We applied well-known grass-fire algorithm;
• Search for point R(t0,ω0) is performed (grass-phase);
• All points R(τ,θ)=1 such that there is path (τ,θ) connecting (t0,ω0) that passing
through points that belong to the binary image are assigned to the specified
component (fire phase);
• The selected component is removed from the image;

• The search for new grass point is performs. Algorithms stops when there is no more
grass points.
SIGNAL COMPONENT SEPARATION

T
R(t , ω) = max Ri (t , ω) = U Ri (t , ω)
i =1,2,...,T
i =1
regions obtained after

T – number of detected
grass-fire algorithm
components
Assume that regions are ordered in such a way that Ri(t,ω) contains higher energy than
Ri+1(t,ω):
∑
( t ,ω)∈Ri ( t ,ω )
TFx (t , ω) > ∑
( t , ω)∈Ri +1 ( t ,ω )
TFx (t , ω)
All components R j (t , ω), j > ρ with ∑ R j ( t ,ω)

TFx (t , ω) " ∑ ∀ ( t ,ω)
TFx (t , ω)
small energy compared to the entire
signal energy will be removed from This criterion can be used in combination
with criterion for removing noise
consideration (in simulations we influence regions. It can be simplified if it
removed all regions with energy less is known number of signal components in
than 1% of signal energy). advance.
PARAMETER ESTIMATION
1. IF ESTIMATION
∑ ωTF (t , ω) R (t , ω)
x i
ω
ˆ i (t ) = arg max TFx (t , ω) Ri (t , ω) or ω
ˆ (t ) = ω
∑ TF (t , ω) R (t , ω)
i
ω
x i
ω
based on the TF moment (here

based on the TF maxima
sligthy more accurate but could
(robust to noise)
be sensitive to noise)
2. SIGNAL PHASE (AMBIGUITY IN INITAL PHASE)

component end
tie
φˆ i (t ) = ∑ ω
ˆ i (t ) ∆t component start
t = tib
3. SIGNAL AMPLITUDE ESTIMATION

Signal can be dechirped: yî (t ) = xi (t )exp(− jφˆ i (t )) for t ∈ [tib , tie ] and yî (t ) = 0 elsewhere.
Amplitude and initial phase ( Aî (t ), φˆ i (t )) can be extracted by low-pass filtering of yî (t )
using a classical setup.
EXAMPLE – SIMULATED SIGNAL

5
x(t ) = ∑ Au
i (t − t0 ) exp( −α i | t − t0 | − jat / 2 + jbi t )
2
i =1
Signal parameters
u(t)=1 for t>0 and 0 elsewhere a=32π t0=0.1
Ai=0.5+i0.1 αi=0.6+0.3i bi=(6-i)32π
i=1,...,5 t ∈ [0,1] ∆t=1/256
TFD parameters
Hanning window with N=256 is used
L=1 in the S-method realization
Algorithm parameters
p=0.5 q=1.5% r=0.1%
components with less than 1% of signal energy are removed
(used also for real data)
|STFT(t,ω)|2 SM(t,ω)
R(t,ω) estimated IFs – solid line

exact IFs – dotted line
4
x(t)
2
-2
-4
t
-6
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Original signal (blue dotted line)
Reconstructed signal (red solid line)

EXAMPLE – KNOCK SIGNAL TFD
Knock pressure signal recorded on a VW Passat engine (four cylinder engine) at 1200 rpm.
Signal is high pass filtered with cut-off frequency 3000 Hz.
Sampling rate ∆t=10-2 ms.
|STFT(t,ω)|2 SM(t,ω)
EXAMPLE – KNOCK SIGNAL COMPONENT SEGMENTATION
R(t,ω)
Recognized components with energy

larger than 1% given in various colors
EXAMPLE – KNOCK SIGNAL SIGNAL COMPONENT RECONSTRUCTION

4
x 10
f[Hz]
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
t
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
EXAMPLE – KNOCK SIGNAL SIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION

1000
500
red line reconstructed signal
blue line original signal
0
-500
t[s]
-1000
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
1000 300
200
500
100
0 0
-100
-500
-200
t[s] t[s]
-1000 -300
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5
-3 -3
x 10 x 10
NUMERICAL STUDY
The algorithm is tested on 50 pressure and vibration signals recorded on 1200, 1750, 2000,
3000 and 3500 rpm.
Normalized covariance between original and reconstructed signal is used as accuracy

measure.
Norm. covariance min max mean <0.85

pressure 0.8270 0.9446 0.9080 1
1200 rev/min number of trials
vibration 0.8092 0.9215 0.8787 4 with the norm.
pressure 0.8694 0.9501 0.9132 0 covariance less
1750 rev/min than 0.85
vibration 0.8267 0.9319 0.8754 6
pressure 0.8191 0.9366 0.8976 2
2000 rev/min
vibration 0.8303 0.9160 0.8819 4
pressure 0.8410 0.9487 0.9078 1
3000 rev/min
vibration 0.8356 0.9394 0.8992 1
pressure 0.8382 0.9548 0.9193 2
3500 rev/min
vibration 0.8658 0.9457 0.9111 0
EXAMPLE KNOCK SIGNAL THE WORST CASE

The worst normalized covariance is 0.8092 recorded for the 31-st vibration signal at 1200
rpm.
|STFT(t,ω)|2
SM(t,ω)
Noise is more emphasized than
in previous case (and numerous
other records). It can be seen
that noise influenced
components are removed. Then
"small "normalized covariance
is in this case desired.
R(t,ω) recognized components

CONLUSION
• An algorithm for selection of signal components region is proposed and applied to

knock signal estimation;
• Algorithm is tested on simulated and real-life examples;
• Algorithm accuracy is measured in normalized covariance between reconstructed and

original signal;
• It is shown that algorithm removes components influenced by moderate amount of

noise;
• Algorithm can be applied (with reviewed setup) for some other real-life signals.

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ESTIMATION OF MULTICOMPONENT SIGNALS BY

USING TIME-FREQUENCY REPRESENTATIONS WITH

Igor Djurović1, Mark Urlaub2, LJubiša Stanković1, Johann F. Böhme2

• Proposed approach is applied for estimation of combustion signals in car engines.

• Combustion knocks in car engines.

• Signal model and determination of region of interest in the time-frequency plane.

• Signal component separation.

• Application of the proposed approach to combustion signal analysis.

• Knock of combustions can lead to serious problems in spark ignition engines:

• Resonance frequencies of signal high pass components depend on:

The TF representation of x(t) can be written as: Caused by non-linearity and

• In order to obtain TF representation satisfying assumptions (requirements) described

REGION OF SIGNAL COMPONENTS

1 signal component region

Additional criterions are required in order to remove TF points influenced by relatively

REGION OF SIGNAL COMPONENTS

Atω⊂Btω ⇒ narrow and wide region centered around considered point

mx (t ) = max TFx (t , ω) used for removing weak TF

γ x = max TFx (t , ω) used to remove “weak instants”

SELECTING PARAMETERS TA, TB, ΩA, ΩB, p, q AND r

• Assuming that noise and interferences influence is uniformly distributed in the TF

SELECTION OF ALGORITHM PARAMETERS

From the previous analysis the following conclusions can be drawn:

SIGNAL COMPONENT SEPARATION

• R(t,ω) can be considered as binary image;

• We applied well-known grass-fire algorithm;

• Search for point R(t0,ω0) is performed (grass-phase);

• The selected component is removed from the image;

SIGNAL COMPONENT SEPARATION

regions obtained after

All components R j (t , ω), j > ρ with ∑ R j ( t ,ω)

based on the TF moment (here

2. SIGNAL PHASE (AMBIGUITY IN INITAL PHASE)

3. SIGNAL AMPLITUDE ESTIMATION

EXAMPLE – SIMULATED SIGNAL

EXAMPLE – SIMULATED SIGNAL

R(t,ω) estimated IFs – solid line

EXAMPLE – SIMULATED SIGNAL

Original signal (blue dotted line)

Reconstructed signal (red solid line)

EXAMPLE – KNOCK SIGNAL TFD

EXAMPLE – KNOCK SIGNAL COMPONENT SEGMENTATION

Recognized components with energy

EXAMPLE – KNOCK SIGNAL SIGNAL COMPONENT RECONSTRUCTION

EXAMPLE – KNOCK SIGNAL SIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION

Normalized covariance between original and reconstructed signal is used as accuracy

Norm. covariance min max mean <0.85

EXAMPLE KNOCK SIGNAL THE WORST CASE

R(t,ω) recognized components

• An algorithm for selection of signal components region is proposed and applied to

• Algorithm is tested on simulated and real-life examples;

• Algorithm accuracy is measured in normalized covariance between reconstructed and

• It is shown that algorithm removes components influenced by moderate amount of

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