FUZZY LOGIC

INTRODUCTION
 Fuzzy logic has rapidly become one of the most
successful of today's technologies for developing
sophisticated control systems.
 The reason for which is very simple. Fuzzy logic
addresses such applications perfectly as it resembles
human decision making with an ability to generate
precise solutions from certain or approximate
information.
 It fills an important gap in engineering design methods
left vacant by purely mathematical approaches (e.g.
linear control design), and purely logic-based approaches
(e.g. expert systems) in system design.
While other approaches require accurate equations to
model real-world behaviors, fuzzy design can
accommodate the ambiguities of real-world human
language and logic. It provides both an intuitive method
for describing systems in human terms and automates the
conversion of those system specifications into effective
models
 The first applications of fuzzy theory were primaly
industrial, such as process control for cement kilns.
 However, as the technology was further embraced,
fuzzy logic was used in more useful applications. In
1987, the first fuzzy logic-controlled subway was
opened in Sendai in northern Japan. Here, fuzzy-logic
controllers make subway journeys more comfortable
with smooth braking and acceleration. Best of all, all
the driver has to do is push the start button!
 Fuzzy logic was also put to work in elevators to
reduce waiting time. Since then, the applications of
Fuzzy Logic technology have virtually exploded,
affecting things we use everyday.
 Take for example, the fuzzy washing machine . A load
of clothes in it and press start, and the machine begins
to churn, automatically choosing the best cycle. The
fuzzy microwave, Place chili, potatoes, or etc in a
fuzzy microwave and push single button, and it cooks
for the right time at the proper temperature. The fuzzy
car, manuvers itself by following simple verbal
instructions from its driver. It can even stop itself
when there is an obstacle immedeately ahead using
sensors. But, practically the most exciting thing about
it, is the simplicity involved in operating it.
BACKGROUND
 The success of modern mathematics is largely due to the
efforts of Aristotle and the philosophers who preceded him.
 In their efforts to devise a concise theory of logic, and later
mathematics, the so-called "Laws of Thought" were invented.
One of these, the "Law of the Excluded Middle," stated that
every proposition must either be True or False, A or not-A,
either this or not this.
 For example, a typical rose is either red or not red. It cannot
be red and not red. Every statement or sentence is true or false
or has the truth value 1 or 0. Even then, there already were
strong and immediate objections to this proposal.
ENTER THE WORLD OF FUZZY
LOGIC…
 It was not until relatively recently that the theory of
fuzzy logic was discovered. Lotfi A. Zadeh, a professor
of UC Berkeley in California , the founder of fuzzy logic
observed that conventional computer logic was incapable
of manipulating data representing subjective or vague
human ideas such as "an attractive person" or "pretty
hot".
 Fuzzy logic, hence was designed to allow computers to
determine the distinctions among data with shades of
gray, similar to the process of human reasoning. In 1965,
Zadeh published his seminal work "Fuzzy Sets" which
described the mathematics of fuzzy set theory, and by
extension fuzzy logic.
 This theory proposed making the membership function
(or the values False and True) operate over the range of
real numbers [0.0, 1.0]. Fuzzy logic was now introduced
to the world.
 Although, the technology was introduced in the United
States, the scientist and researchers there, ignored it
mainly because of its unconventional name. They
refused to take something which sounded so child-like
seriously. Some mathematicians argued that fuzzy logic
was merely probability in disguise. Only stubborn
scientists or ones who worked in discrete continued
researching it.
 While the US and certain parts of Europe ignored it,
fuzzy logic was excepted with open arms in Japan, China
and most Oriental countries. It may be suprising to
some that the world's largest number of fuzzy researchers
are in China with over 10,000 scientists. Japan, though
currently positioned at the leading edge of fuzzy studies
falls second in manpower, followed by Europe and the
USA.
 Hence, it can be said that the popularity of fuzzy logic in
the Orient reflects the fact that Oriental thinking more
easily accepts the concept of "fuzziness". And because of
this, the US, by some estimates, trail Japan by at least ten
years in this forefront of modern technology.
WHAT DO YOU MEAN,FUZZY??
 FUZZY LOGIC is a superset of the Boolean
Logic that has been extended to handle the
concept of partial truth- truth values between
"completely true" and "completely false". As its
name suggests, it is the logic underlying modes
of reasoning which are approximate rather than
exact. The importance of fuzzy logic derives
from the fact that most modes of human
reasoning and especially common sense
reasoning are approximate in nature.
The essential characteristics of fuzzy logic as founded
by Zadeh Lotfi are as follows.
 In fuzzy logic, exact reasoning is viewed as a limiting
case of approximate reasoning.
 In fuzzy logic everything is a matter of degree.
 Any logical system can be fuzzified
 In fuzzy logic, knowledge is interpreted as a
collection of elastic or, equivalently , fuzzy constraint
on a collection of variables
 Inference is viewed as a process of propagation of
elastic constraints.
The third statement hence, define Boolean logic as a
subset of Fuzzy logic.
FUZZY SET
Before we move on to understanding the Fuzzy Set
Theory, we should first brush up our concept of
the CRISP THEORY
 CRISP THEORY is the name given to the
traditional boolean set theory, which has its
concepts limited to 0 and 1. That is,
mathematically it dealt with only two values,
TRUE or FALSE.
 The Crisp Theory or the Bivalent Theory has its
limitations when we wish to describe the
„Humanistic” problems…
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRISP AND
FUZZY
AN EXAMPLE
 The whole concept can be illustrated with this example Let's
talk about people and "youthness". In this case the set S (the
universe of discourse) is the set of people. A fuzzy subset
YOUNG is also defined, which answers the question "to
what degree is a person “x” is young?" To each person in the
universe of discourse, we have to assign a degree of
membership in the fuzzy subset YOUNG. The easiest way to
do this is with a membership function based on the person's
age.
young(x) = { 1, if age(x) <= 20,

(30-age(x))/10, if 20 < age(x) <= 30,

0, if age(x) > 30 }
THE GRAPH OF THIS EXAMPLE :
Given this definition, here are some example values:

Person Age degree of youth

 --------------------------------------

 Srejan 10 1.00
 Shreya 21 0.90
 Pratibha 25 0.50
 Ashish 26 0.40
 Mohit 28 0.20
 Amrita 83 0.00

So given this definition, we'd say that the degree of truth

of the statement “Pratibha is YOUNG" is 0.50.
FUZZY SET OPERATIONS
 Union
 The membership function of
the Union of two fuzzy sets
A and B with membership
functions and respectively is
defined as the maximum of
the two individual
membership functions. This
is called the maximum
criterion.

The Union operation in Fuzzy set theory is the

equivalent of the OR operation in Boolean algebra
 Intersection
The membership function
of the Intersection of two
fuzzy sets A and B with
membership functions
and respectively is
defined as the minimum
of the two individual
membership functions.
This is called the
minimum criterion.

The Intersection operation in Fuzzy set theory is the

equivalent of the AND operation in Boolean algebra.

. Complement
The membership function
of the Complement of a
Fuzzy set A with
membership function is
defined as the negation of
the specified membership
function. This is caleed
the negation criterion.

The Complement operation in Fuzzy set theory is the

equivalent of the NOT operation in Boolean algebra
FUZZY SET PROPERTIES
 De Morgans law

 Associativity
 Commutativity

 Distributivity
GLOSSARY

 Universe of Discourse
The Universe of Discourse is the range of all possible values for
an input to a fuzzy system.
 Fuzzy Set
A Fuzzy Set is any set that allows its members to have different
grades of membership (membership function) in the interval [0,1].
 Support
The Support of a fuzzy set F is the crisp set of all points in the
Universe of Discourse U such that the membership function of F
is non-zero.
 Crossover point
The Crossover point of a fuzzy set is the element in U at which its
membership function is 0.5.
 Fuzzy Singleton
A Fuzzy singleton is a fuzzy set whose support is a single point in
U with a membership function of one.
FUZZY CONTROL
 Fuzzy control, which directly uses fuzzy rules is the most important
application in fuzzy theory. Using a procedure originated by
Ebrahim Mamdani in the late 70s, three steps are taken to create a
fuzzy controlled machine:
 1) Fuzzification (Using membership functions to graphically
describe a situation)

 2)Rule evaluation (Application of fuzzy rules)

 3) Defuzzification (Obtaining the crisp or actual results)

As a simple example on how fuzzy controls are constructed,
consider the following classic situation: the inverted pendulum.
Here, the problem is to balance a pole on a mobile platform that can
move in only two directions, to the left or to the right. The angle
between the platform and the pendulum and the angular velocity of
this angle are chosen as the inputs of the system. The speed of the
platform hence, is chosen as the corresponding output
FUZZY-INFERENCE:
- “IF-THEN”-RULES -

Computation of the “IF-THEN”-Rules:

#1: IF Analytical power = Poor OR Communication Skill =
Good THEN Chance Of Selection = Good
#2: IF Analytical Power = Medium OR Communication
Skill = Good THEN Chance Of Selection = Good
#3: IF Analytical Power = Good OR Communication Skill =
Medium THEN Chance Of Selection = Good

 Aggregation: Computing the “IF”-Part

 Composition: Computing the “THEN”-Part

The Rules of the Fuzzy Logic Systems

Are the “Laws” It Executes !
 FUZZY-INFERENCE:
- AGGREGATION -

Boolean Logic Only Fuzzy Logic Delivers

Defines Operators for 0/1: a Continuous Extension:
A B AvB  AND: µAvB = min{ µA; µB }
0 0 0
 OR: µA+B = max{ µA; µB }
0 1 0
1 0 0  NOT: µ-A = 1 - µA
1 1 1

Aggregation of the “IF”-Part:

#1: max{ 0.2, 0.8 } = 0.8 Aggregation Computes How
#2: max{ 0.4, 0.7 } = 0.7 “Appropriate” Each Rule Is for the
Current Situation !
#3: max{ 0.9, 0.3 } = 0.9
FUZZY-INFERENCE:
COMPOSITION

Result for the Linguistic Variable “Chance Of Selection":

Good with good communication skill

Good with good communication skill

Good with good analytical skill

Composition Computes How Each Rule

Influences the Output Variables !
STATISTICAL METHODS TO DETERMINE
VARIABLES BASED ON FUZZY DATA
 Regression analysis is a statistical technique to arrive at the best
mathematical expression that can correctly determine the
relationship between independent variables depending upon a
response. The parameters of the regression are determined by
minimizing the difference between the real value and observed data,
which may have errors. As observations are dependent on human
appraisal besides other physical conditions, these always contain the
possibility of errors and the regression analysis is used to estimate
the value of these errors in order to reach a correct value.
 Fuzzy regression analysis for fuzzy data may be done with three
categories of dependent variables. The first is where both the input
and the resultant output are clear numbers. The second case may be
where in spite of the input data being non-fuzzy and clear, the output
obtained is of a fuzzy nature. The third and most likely case is where
both input and output data are fuzzy and dependent on certain
conditions for their values.
 In such fuzzy regression analysis for fuzzy data, it is quite
likely that the greater the value of the independent variables,
the greater will be the width of the dependent variables in
determining the value of the center point for the correct
regression, which may be vague.
 Fuzzy logic is just a different way of determining the
probability of an event or value. In fuzzy logic, the value of a
variable is determined by logic that governs the variable and
is, therefore, determined by the IF and THEN equation that
governs it. Probability theory, on the other hand, is based on
determining the value based on its probable correctness in a
given situation. While fuzzy logic determines values based on
possibilities, the probability theory decides these values based
on the application to a particular problem.
 Regression analysis is a widely used tool to determine the
relationship between variables based on certain values that are
observed during set conditions. While making these
observations, the researcher may find that the values are
dependent on other parameters which they include in their
observations and thus render the observed data as fuzzy or
determinable only by certain conditions. The regression
analysis then turns into fuzzy regression analysis for fuzzy
data. The regression or curve fitting can then be completed
based on estimations through linear programming or using the
least squares method using the fuzzy data. Vaguely specified
data, which is present in almost all applications where human
judgments are utilized, is suitable for fuzzy regression
analysis.
 It has been found that using the least squares regression
analysis for fuzzy data is more likely to give the correct curve
than any analysis using the linear method. Software to
determine the least squares is widely available today.
 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL FOR BUSINESS,
FINANCE, AND MANAGEMENT
FUZZY logic control methodology has been developed mainly for the
needs of industrial engineering. It introduces the basic ar-
chitecture of fuzzy logic control for the needs of business, finance, and
management. It will show how decisions can be made by using and
aggregating if : : : then inferential rules. Instead of trying to build con-
ventional mathematical Application is made to a client financial
risk tolerance ability model. models, a task almost impossible when complex
phenomena are under study, the presented methodology creates fuzzy
logic models reflecting a given situation in reality and provides solution
leading to suggestion for action.
CONTD..
Complex systems involve various types of fuzziness and undoubtedly
represent an enormous challenge to the modelers.

The classical control methodologies developed mainly for engineer-

ing are usually based on mathematical models of the objects to be con-
trolled. Mathematical models simplify and conceptualize events in nature
and human activities by employing various types of equations which
must be solved. However, the use of mathematical models gives rise to
the question how accurate they reflect reality. In complicated cases the
construction of such models might be impossible. This is especially true
for business, financial, and managerial systems which involve a great
number of interacting factors, some of socio-psychological nature.

Fuzzy logic models employ fuzzy sets to handle and describe im-
precise and complex phenomena and uses logic operations to arrive to
conclusion.
CONTD..
Fuzzy sets (in particular fuzzy numbers) and fuzzy logic applied to
control problems form a field of knowledge called fuzzy logic control
(FLC).1 It deals with control problems in an environment of uncer-
tainty and imprecision; it is very effective when high precision is not
required and the control object has variables available for measurement
or estimation.
Imitating human judgment in common sense reasoning FLC uses
linguistic values framed in if : : : then rules. For instance: if client's
annual income is low and total networth is high, then client's risk toler-
ance is moderate. Here the linguistic variables annual income and total
networth are inputs; the linguistic variable risk tolerance is output; low,
high, and moderate are values (terms or labels) of linguistic variables.
The implementation of FLC requires the development of a knowledge
base which would make possible the stipulation of if : : : then rules by
using fuzzy sets. Important role here plays the experience and knowl-
edge of human experts. They should be able to state the objective of
the system to be controlled.
CASE STUDY : FUZZY TRAFFIC LIGHT
CONTROLLER
 Let us now describe the design procedures of a real life
application of fuzzy logic: A Smart Traffic Light Controller.
The controller is suppose to change the cycle time depending
upon the densities of cars behind green and red lights and the
current cycle time.
 Background
In a conventional traffic light controller, the lights change at
constant cycle time, which is clearly not the optimal solution. It
would be more feasible to pass more cars at the green interval
if there are fewer cars waiting behind the red lights. Obviously,
a mathematical model for this decision is enormously difficult
to find. However, with fuzzy logic, it is relatively much easier.
 Fuzzy Design
First, eight incremental sensors are put in specific
positions as seen in the diagram below.
 The first sensor behind each traffic light counts the number
cars coming to the intersection and the second counts the cars
passing the traffic lights. The amount of cars between the
traffic lights is determined by the difference of the reading of
the two sensors. For example, the number of cars behind traffic
light North is s7-s8.
The distance D, chosen to be 200ft., is used to determine the
maximum density of cars allowed to wait in a very crowded
situation. This is done by adding the number of cars between to
paths and dividing it by the total distance. For instance, the
number of cars between the East and West street is (s1-s2)+(s5-
s6)/400.