Basics of Piping

Introduction to Process Piping
Basics of Piping
Piping in a process plant is just like blood veins
in human body
National Institute of Design & Analysis, Lahore 1
Interaction Between Piping and Other Departments
Basics of piping
Broad Responsibilities of Piping Engineer
Receive / Study basic engineering package

Receive / Study equipment plan, P&ID, Specification
Prepare General Plot Plan of all facilities
Prepare Layouts of each individual Units
Prepare underground co—ordination plan
Basics of piping
Prepare Piping study Drawings
Prepare Piping Plans /Layouts
Prepare Piping Specifications
Prepare Piping design / stress Analysis / support systems.
Prepare M.T.O. (B.O.M.) for pipes / pipe fittings /Valves etc.
Prepare Piping ISO-Metrics
Piping Fundamentals
Let us first Discuss about WHAT IS PIPE!

It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc.
meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that
flows.
Basics of Piping
It is a very important component for any industrial
plant. And it’s engineering plays a major part in
overall engineering of a Plant.
In next few pages we shall try to familiarize about
pipe and it’s components.
Piping Fundamentals
In any plant various fluids flow through pipes
from one end to other.
Now let us start with a plant where we see
three tanks.
Tank-1, Tank-2 and Tank-3
We have to transfer the content of Tank no. 1
to the other two tanks.
Basics of Piping
We will need to connect pipes to transfer the
fluids from Tank-1 to Tank-2 and Tank-3
LET US BRING THE PIPES.
Piping Fundamentals
We have just brought the pipes,
To solve these now we need to solve some more
problems we need problems.
the pipe Pipes are all straight pieces.
components, which
are called
PIPE FITTINGS
Basics of Piping
We need
some branch
connections
We need some
bend connections
Piping Fundamentals
These are the pipe fittings,
There are various types of fittings for
various purposes, some common types are
-
Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches,
Reducers/Expanders, Couplings, Olets, etc.
Basics of Piping
Anyway, the pipes and
fittings are in place, but
the ends are yet to be
joined with the Tank
nozzles.
We now have to complete the

end connections.
These, in piping term, we call
TERMINAL
CONNECTIONS.
Piping Fundamentals
So far this is a nice arrangement.
But there is no control over the flow from
Tank-1 to other tanks.
We need some arrangement to stop
the flow if needed
Basics of piping
These are flanged joints
This is a welded joint
To control the flow in a pipe

line we need to fit a special
component.
That is called - VALVE
Piping Fundamentals
There are many types of valves, categorized
based on their construction and
functionality,
Those are - Gate, Globe, Check, Butterfly,
etc.
Basics of piping
Other than valves another
important line component of pipe
line is a filter, which cleans out
derbies from the flowing fluid.
This is called a STRAINER
Piping Fundamentals
Here we see a more or less functional
piping system, with valves and strainer
installed.
Let us now investigate some aspects of
pipe flexibility.
Basics of piping
If this tank
nozzle
expands, when
the tank is hot.
In such case we need to fit a

flexible pipe component at that
location, which is called an
EXPANSION JOINT
Piping Fundamentals
When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we

may also like know the parameters like,
pressure, temperature, flow rate etc. of
the fluid.
Basics of piping
To know these information we
need to install INSTRUMENTS
in the pipeline.
Piping Fundamentals
There are various types instruments to measure

Next we shall various parameters. Also there are specific criteria
look into how to for installation of various pipe line instruments.
SUPPORT the
pipe/and it’s
components.
Basics of piping
Piping Fundamentals
Here are some of the pipe supporting
arrangements. There can be numerous variants.
All depend on piping designer’s preference and
judgement.
Basics of piping
Let us see some OTHER types of supports
Piping Fundamentals
Basics of piping
Piping Fundamentals
Basics of piping
Piping Fundamentals
We have just completed a pipe line design.

We shall rewind and check how it is really done in practice.
Æ First the flow scheme is planned,
1) What, 2) From what point, 3) To which point
Æ Pipe sizes are selected, pipe material and pipe wall thickness are
Basics of piping
selected.
Æ Types of Valves are planned
Æ Also the types of instruments required are planned
We represent the whole thing in a drawing which is called Piping and
Instrumentation Drawing, in short P&ID
Piping Fundamentals
After the P&ID is ready we start the layout work.
Here we carryout pipe routing / layout in Virtual 3D environment.
We use 3D Modeling software to route piping in the Plant virtual 3D space.

We call this as piping modeling or physical design.
While development of piping layout we have to consider the following
Æ Piping from source to destination should be as short as possible with
Basics of piping
minimum change in direction.
Æ Should not hinder any normal passage way. Also should not encroach any
equipment maintenance space.
Not
Preferable
Preferable
Piping Fundamentals
While carrying out pipe routing we also need to consider the following
Æ Valves, strainers, instruments on the pipe should be easily accessible.
Æ If needed separate ACCESS PLATFORMS to be provided to facilitate these.
Æ Desired location and orientation of valves / instruments and other pipe
components are to be checked and maintained, like some valves or strainers
can only be installed in horizontal position.
Æ Specific requirements for instrument installation to be checked, like
Basics of piping
temperature gauge can not be installed in pipe which is less than 4 inch in size.
Æ Specific requirements of STRAIGHT LENGTH of pipe for some components to
be maintained, like for flow orifice we need to provide 15 times diameter straight
pipe length at upstream of orifice and 5 times diameter straight at down stream
of orifice.
Example of Straight length requirement for Flow

Orifice
Piping Fundamentals
For Pipeline which shall carry liquid, we have to make sure that all air is
allowed to vent out of the line when the line is filled with liquid.
To achieve this a VENT connection with Valve is provided at the top most
point of the pipeline.
Also arrangement is kept in the
pipeline so that liquid can be
drained out if required.
To achieve this a DRAIN
Basics of piping
connection with Valve is provided
at the lowest point of the pipeline
Pipes are also slopped towards
low points.
Let us look
into typical
Vent and
Drain
arrangeme
nt in a
pipeline
Piping system components
Pipe
Fittings ( elbows, reducers, flanges, etc)
Gaskets, bolts
Valves
Basics of piping
Pipe support
Special items ( e.g. expansion joints…)
Pipe
Pipe is a tube with round cross section

conforming to the dimensional
requirements of
– ASME B36.10M Welded and Seamless
Basics of piping
Wrought Steel Pipe
– ASME B36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe
Pipe Selection
How a pipe is selected?

Size
Material
Thickness
Basics of piping
Schedule
Pipe Calculation
Pipe Material Selection - to select appropriate pipe material based on flowing fluid property.
Find out Find out Check Pipe Select suitable Check Mat. YES Pipe
type of Fluid Fluid Temp. life Material per Listed in Material
flowing & Pressure Expectancy practice (Note- Design Code OK
1) NO
Note-1 : Material is selected per past experience with cost in
mind and per material listed in design code. If material See
is not listed in code we may select next suitable
Note-1
material listed.
Pipe Sizing Calculation - to select required pipe diameter based on velocity and pressure drop.
Basics of piping
Find out Check Calc. flow Calc. Press. Check Press. YES Pipe
Flow volume Velocity area required Drop for that Drop meets Size
per second Allowable per and Pipe size Pipe size Press. Budget OK
second
NO
Increase
Pipe Size
Pipe Thickness Selection - to select appropriate pipe thickness based on flowing fluid property.
Select Mat. Find out Decide on Calc. Pipe Add corrosion allowance &
& Diameter Fluid Temp. Corrosion Thickness per select pipe schedule having
as above & Pressure allowance Code thickness >required
Pipe Specification
Pipe Classification
– Iron pipe size ( approximate internal dia.)
– Manufacturer’s weight : NPS +
STD
XS
XXS
Basics of piping
o Schedule Number: NPS+
o 5,5S,10,10S,20,20S,30,40,40S,60,80,80S,100,120,140,
160
o API Designation
o A25,A,B,X42,X46,X52,X60,X65,X70
Pipe Specification
Pipe:
– NPS:
• 1/8”,1/4”,3/8”,1/2”,3/4”,1”,1½”,2”,3”,4”,6”,8”,10”,
12”,14”,16”,18”,20”,24”,30”,32”,36”,40”,44”,48”,
52”,56”,60”
Basics of piping
– NPS 1 ¼”,2 ½” 3 ½”,5” are not used.
– Pipe is supplied in
• Random length ( 17 to 25 ft)
• Double random length (38 to 48 ft)
– Pipe End:
• BE (bevel end)
• PE ( Plain end)
• Thrd ( Threaded end)
Common Material Standards
ASTM A53- Carbon Steel Pipe

ASTM A106- Seamless carbon steel
ASTM A312- Stainless Steel Pipe
API 5L- Line Pipes
Basics of piping
ASTM A333- Low Temp Carbon Steel.
Fittings
Produce change in geometry

– Modify flow direction
– Bring pipes together
– Alter pipe diameter
– Terminate pipe
Common Fittings include:
Elbow
Fittings
Tee
O-Let
– Weld-O-Let
– Socket-O-Let
– Thread-O-Let
Flanges
Gasket
Special Items
Elbows
Elbow:
Used to change direction of pipe.
Types
Forged Elbows :
– 90 Elbow socket weld
Fittings
– 90 Elbows threaded
– 45 Elbow threaded
– 45 Elbows socket weld
Elbow
Welded Elbows :
– 90 Elbows long
– 45 Elbow long
– 90 Elbows short
– 45 Elbows short
Fitting
Elbow Specification
Size:
Same size as that of Pipe
Thickness:
Same schedule as that of pipe for welded elbow
For forged elbow , available ratings are as
2000,3000,6000,9000.
Fittings
Note: forged elbows are used for NPS<2”
Branch Connection
Branch connection can be obtained by using

Tee
– Tee Straight
– Tee Reducing
O-Let
– Weld-O-Let
– Socket-O-Let
Fittings
– Thread-O-Let
Branch standard connection
Fittings
Tee
Tee Straight
Used when branch size is equal to header size
Tee Reducing:
Used when branch size is smaller than that of header.
Forged tee
– Socket welded tee
Fitting
– Threaded tee
Welded tee
Specification of tee
Specification of tee are same as that of Elbow.

Size of tee is same as that of pipes connected to it
Schedule and rating are selected on basis of pipe schedule.
Fitting
O-Lets
Used when branch size is much smaller compared to header

size.
Weld-O-Let:
Fittings
Used when branch connection is butt welded to header.
Normally branch NPS ≥ 2”
Socket-O-Let & Thread-O-Let
Used when branch size is much smaller compared to

header size.
Used when branch connection is Threaded or socket welded
to header.
Normally branch NPS < 2”
Fitting
Reducers
Changes the diameter of Pipe.

Types
– Concentric Reducer
– Eccentric reducer
Specification of Reducer
Size (NPS of Larger end x NPS of Smaller end)

Schedule
Material
Fittings
Caps
Used to closed the pipe.

– Welded
– Forged
Fittings
Flange
A Flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other

equipment to form a piping system. It also provides easy access for
cleaning, inspection or modification.
Flanges are usually welded or screwed into such systems and then
joined with bolts.
Types of Flange
Weld neck flange
Socket Weld flange
Threaded flange
Slip On
Flange
Blind
Lap joint
Ring type joint
Flange rating
flange
Gasket
Resilient material
Inserted between flanges
Compressed by bolts to create seal
Commonly used types
Fittings
– Sheet
– Spiral wound
– Solid metal ring
Material Specification List
Material
Valves
Functions
– Block flow
– Throttle flow
– Prevent flow reversal
– Controlling process &
Valves
Utility service
Valves Classification
Valves are classified according to function:

– Block Flow (on/off)
– Regulating ( throttle flow)
– Checking ( prevent flow reversal)
– Switching
– Discharging
Classification according to operating device:
Valves
– Manual
– Hydraulic
– Motor
– solenoid
Valves
Ball Valve
Gate Valve
Glove valve
Check Valve
Plug Valve
Valves
Butterfly Valve
Needle Valve
Relief Valve
Ball Valve
Used for On/Off purpose.

Advantages:
– Low pressure drop, fast operating, bubble-tight shut off.
Disadvantages:
– Expensive, heavy, poor throttling
Valve
Globe Valve
valves
Globe Valve
Most economic for throttling flow

Can be hand-controlled
Provides “tight” shutoff
Too costly for on/off block operations
Disadvantage: Large pressure drop.
Valves
Gate Valve
Valves
Gate Valve
About 75% of all valves in process plant

An optimum engineering and economic choice for
on/off service. ( isolation valve)
Advantage
– Small pressure drop across valve
Valves
Disadvantage
– Poor throttling characteristics
Check Valve
Prevent flow reversal

Doest not completely shut off reverse flow
Available in all sizes, rating, materials
Valve type selection determined by
– Size limitations
Valves
– Cost
– Availability
– service
Types of check valve
Swing check valve
valves
Types of Check Valves
Ball check valve
Valves
Types of Check Valves
Lift check valve
Valves
Plug Valve
Used for on/off purpose

Required 90Deg turn to operate.
Valves
Butterfly Valve
Valves
Butterfly Valve
Used as cutout/isolation valves

Advantage:
– Quick acting
– Low pressure drop
Disadvantage
– Can be used only for low press/ low temp systems due to force
involved in valve operation.
Valve
Needle Valve
Valve
Relief Valve
Valves
Relief Valve
Special type of valve designed to operate automatically (

Self-actuating) in a system overpressure condition.
Also called safety valve
valves
Pipe Supports and restraints
Function of supports and restraints

– Transfer load of piping to structure and then ground
– To ensure that material is not stressed beyond a safe limit
– Prevent pipe sagging
– To permit thermal expansion
– To minimize load on equipment nozzles
Pipe Supports
Support Selection
Support and restraints selection factors are:

– Weight
– Available attachment clearance
– Availability of structure steel
– Direction of loads and/or movement
– Design temperature
Pipe Supports
– Vertical thermal movement at support
Common support types
Anchor
Guide
Stopper
Vertical support
Pipe Supports
Common support types
Piping Supports
Pipe Rack
Pipe Supports
Piping SPEC
It is final guide line for piping engineer

All piping component material & type enlisted in it
Process data range is given
Welding type mentioned.
Piping SPEC
Piping SPEC
Piping SPEC
Piping SPEC
Piping SPEC
Piping Drawing
Piping Drawing
Piping Drawing
The main purpose of drawing is to

communicate information in a simple way
for construction apart from specification
Three type of drawing are developed from
schematic (block flow diagram)
– Process flow diagram (PFD)
– Piping & instrumentation diagram (P&ID)
– Piping Drawing
Piping Drawings
Block Flow Diagram

– A BFD is a schematic illustration of major
process. Block used, represent a unit
operation.
BFD
Process flow diagram
PFD
Process flow diagram

Process Flow Diagram
PFD
Piping & Instrumentation diagram
P&ID
Piping Drawings
Piping Drawings
Piping Drawing
Piping Drawings
Piping Drawings
Piping Drawings
Design
Design
ASME B31.3
Fluid Service
ASME B31.3
ASME B31.3
ASME B31.3
Material
ASME B31.3
Strength & Temp

ASME B31.3
Fatigue
ASME B31.3
Fluid Service
ASME B31.3
Fluid Service
ASME B31.3
Fluid Service
ASME B31.3
Fluid Service
ASME B31.3
Operating condition
ASME B31.3
Load types
ASME B31.3
Load types
ASME B31.3
Load types
ASME B31.3
Stress categorization
ASME B31.3
Stress categorization
ASME B31.3
Allowable stress
ASME B31.3
Wall thickness correction factor

ASME B31.3
Design Pressure
ASME B31.3
Design Pressure

Basics of Piping

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Introduction to Process Piping

Receive / Study basic engineering package

Let us first Discuss about WHAT IS PIPE!

We now have to complete the

This is a welded joint

To control the flow in a pipe

In such case we need to fit a

When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we

There are various types instruments to measure

We have just completed a pipe line design.

We use 3D Modeling software to route piping in the Plant virtual 3D space.

Example of Straight length requirement for Flow

Pipe is a tube with round cross section

How a pipe is selected?

ASTM A53- Carbon Steel Pipe

Produce change in geometry

Branch connection can be obtained by using

Specification of tee are same as that of Elbow.

Used when branch size is much smaller compared to header

Used when branch size is much smaller compared to

Changes the diameter of Pipe.

Size (NPS of Larger end x NPS of Smaller end)

Used to closed the pipe.

A Flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other

Weld neck flange

Socket Weld flange

Ring type joint

Valves are classified according to function:

Used for On/Off purpose.

Most economic for throttling flow

About 75% of all valves in process plant

Prevent flow reversal

Swing check valve

Ball check valve

Lift check valve

Used for on/off purpose

Used as cutout/isolation valves

Special type of valve designed to operate automatically (

Function of supports and restraints

Support and restraints selection factors are:

It is final guide line for piping engineer

The main purpose of drawing is to

Block Flow Diagram

Process flow diagram

Strength & Temp

Wall thickness correction factor

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