DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................ii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ................................................................................iii
BIODATA MAHASISWA .................................................................................iv
ABSTRAK ...........................................................................................................v
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................vi
DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR .........................................................................................xi
DAFTAR TABEL...............................................................................................xii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN.......................................................................................xiii
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang ............................................................................. 1
1.2. Perumusan Masalah ...................................................................... 3
1.3. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ..................................................... 3
1.3.1. Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................. 3
1.3.2. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................ 3

BAB II. KAJIAN PUSTAKA

2.1. Landasan Teori ............................................................................. 4
2.1.1. Kelapa Sawit .................................................................... 4
2.1.2. Serat dan Cangkang........................................................... 6
2.1.3. Bahan Bakar....................................................................... 8
2.1.4. Proses Pembakaran (Combustion Process)........................ 10
2.1.5. Ketel uap............................................................................ 12
2.1.5.1. Bagian-bagian Ketel Uap...................................... 14
2.1.5.2. Jenis-jenis Ketel Uap............................................ 18
2.1.6. Air Umpan Ketel Uap ....................................................... 22
2.1.7. Pengolahan Air Umpan Ketel Uap..................................... 27
2.1.8. Proses Pembentukkan Uap................................................. 29

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 2.1.8.1. Uap Jenuh (Saturated Steam)................................ 34
2.1.8.2. Uap Panas Lanjut (Superheated Steam)................ 35
2.1.9. Efisiensi Ketel Uap............................................................ 36
2.1.10. Alat Pengaman Ketel Uap.................................................. 38
2.1.11. Rugi-rugi Ketel Uap........................................................... 41
2.2. Kajian Penelitian yang Relevan .................................................... 43
2.3. Kerangka Konseptual .................................................................... 47

BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN

3.1. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ....................................................... 48
3.2. Pengumpulan Data......................................................................... 48
3.2.1. Spesifikasi Alat.................................................................. 48
3.2.2. Metode Tinjauan Pustaka................................................... 49
3.2.3. Metode Observasi.............................................................. 49
3.3. Analisa Data................................................................................... 50
3.3.1. Menghitung Panas Pembakaran Serat dan Cangkang........ 50
3.3.2. Menghitung Kebutuhan Panas........................................... 50
3.3.3. Menghitung Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar................................ 50

BAB IV. DATA PENGAMATAN DAN PEMBAHASAN

4.1. Data Pengamatan ......................................................................... 51
4.2. Analisa Data ................................................................................. 55
4.2.1 Perhitungan Persentase Komposisi, Nilai Panas Atas
(HHV), Nilai Panas Bawah (LHV) Bahan Bakar Serat
dan Cangkang..................................................................... 55

4.2.2 Perhitungan Massa Air Umpan Ketel uap dan Panas yang
Dibutuhkan untuk Mengubah Air Menjadi Saturated
Steam.................................................................................. 56

4.2.2.1 Perhitungan Panas Sensibel ............................... 58

4.2.2.2 Perhitungan Panas Laten .................................... 59
4.2.2.3 Perhitungan Kebutuhan Panas untuk Mengubah
Air Umpan Menjadi Saturated Steam ................ 59

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 4.2.3 Perhitungan Panas yang dibutuhkan untuk Mengubah
Saturated Steam menjadi Superheated Steam.................... 60

4.2.4 Perhitungan Panas Total yang Dibutuhkan untuk

Mengubah Air menjadi Saturated Steam dan
Superheated Steam............................................................. 61

4.2.5 Perhitungan Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar Serat dan

Cangkang pada Unit Ketel Uap ........................................ 62

4.2.6 Perhitungan Kebutuhan Jumlah Panas pada Proses

Pengolahan TBS menjadi CPO ......................................... 63

4.2.6.1 Kebutuhan Jumlah Panas Pada Unit Steam

Turbine ................................................................ 63
4.2.6.1 Kebutuhan Jumlah Panas Pada Unit
Pengolahan .......................................................... 65

4.2.7 Optimasi Bahan Bakar Serat dan Cangkang pada proses

pengolahan TBS menjadi CPO ......................................... 66

4.3 Tabulasi Data ............................................................................... 68

4.4 Pembahasan ................................................................................. 69

BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.1. Kesimpulan .................................................................................. 70
5.2. Saran ............................................................................................ 70

DAFTAR PUSTAKA......................................................................................... 71
LAMPIRAN......................................................................................................... 73

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Halaman
1. Diagram Persentase Produksi Olahan PKS Sei Mangkei ...................... 5
2. Ketel Uap ............................................................................................... 13
3. Komponen Ketel Uap ............................................................................ 17
4. Ketel Uap Pipa Api Lancashire ............................................................. 19
5. Ketel Uap Pipa Api Scoth ...................................................................... 19
6. Ketel Uap Pipa Api Vertikal Tipe Exposed Tube .................................. 19
7. Ketel Uap Pipa Air Babcock Dan Ilcox ................................................. 20
8. Ketel Uap Pipa Air Arrow...................................................................... 21
9. Ketel Uap Pipa Air ................................................................................. 22
10. Skema Sederhana Sifat-sifat H2O pada Diagram T-S ............................ 31
11. Diagram Blok Siklus Rankine................................................................. 33
12. Diagram Proses Pembentukkan Uap ...................................................... 33
13. Diagram Neraca Energi dalam Penentuan Efisiensi Ketel uap............... 37
14. Safety Valve............................................................................................. 39
15. Blowdown................................................................................................ 40
16. Bagan Kerangka Konseptual.................................................................. 47
17. Diagram Alir Proses Air Umpan Menjadi Saturated Steam dan
Superheated Steam.................................................................................. 52
18. Grafik Perubahan Temperatur dan Fasa Air Umpan Menjadi Saturated
Steam dan Superheated Steam................................................................ 53
19. Bagan Aliran Proses Air Umpan Menjadi Saturated Steam di Steam
Drum....................................................................................................... 56
20. Bagan Aliran Proses Saturated Steam menjadi Superheated Steam di
Superheater............................................................................................. 60

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Halaman
1. Karakteristik Tipe Kelapa Sawit ........................................................ 4
2. Kriteria Kematangan TBS................................................................ 6
3. Komposisi Serat dan Cangkang....................................................... 7
4. Komposisi Bahan Bakar Padat dalam 1 kg Bahan Bakar................ 10
5. Kualitas Air Umpan Ketel Uap ....................................................... 23
6. Persyaratan Air Umpan Ketel Uap pada Berbagai Tekanan Kerja. . 24
7. Persyaratan Air Umpan Ketel Uap Tekanan Operasi 21-31 Bar..... 24
8. Macam-macam Kerak pada Ketel Uap ........................................... 26
9. Data Spesifikasi Ketel Uap ............................................................. 48
10. Data Steam Turbine ......................................................................... 49
11. Komposisi Serat dan Cangkang....................................................... 51
12. Data Kebutuhan Steam Pada Proses Pengolahan TBS menjadi
CPO.................................................................................................. 51
13. Data Kebutuhan Steam pada Steam Turbine ................................... 52
14. Data Proses Pemanasan Air Menghasilkan Saturated Steam dan
Superheated Steam pada Unit Ketel Uap ........................................ 52
15. Kapasitas Panas Air.......................................................................... 58
16. Entalpi Superheated Steam.............................................................. 60
17. Hasil Perhitungan Total Kebutuhan Jumlah Bahan Bakar,
Jumlah Steam Serta Jumlah Panas yang Dibutuhkan Pada
Proses Pengolahan TBS Menjadi CPO di PKS Sei Mangkei.......... 68

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 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Halaman
1. Diagram Alir PKS Sei Mangkei........................................................... 73
2. Characteristic Value Of Water............................................................. 74
3. Liquid Capacities (SI Units J, mol, K) (Continued).............................. 76
4. Saturation Temperature Table for Steam in SI Units........................... 77
5. Properties of Superheated Steam (SI Units) (Continued)..................... 78
6. Conversion Table.................................................................................. 79
7. Surat Keterangan Selesai PKL.............................................................. 80
8. Nilai PKL.............................................................................................. 81
9. Lembar Asistensi Karya Akhir............................................................. 82

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