DAFTAR ISI

Sampul ………………………………………………………………………….i
Lembar Pengesahan …………………………………………………………….ii
DAFTAR ISI……………………………………………………………………iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR…………………………………………………………...vii
DAFTAR TABEL………….....………………………………………………...viii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang ………………………………….......…….........................1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ……..........…………………………………………….7

1.3 Tujuan ………………………………………………………………….....7

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ……………………………………………………......8

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Tinjauan Umum Tentang Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.).…....…………...…9

2.1.1 Klasifikasi Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.)............................………...…9

2.1.2 Morfologi dan Karakteristik Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.)...................9

2.1.3 Manfaat dan Kandungan Kimia Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.)............10

2.2 Propolis.................………………………………………………………12

2.2.1 Pengertian propolis........................................................................12

2.2.2 Komposisi Propolis........................................................................14
2.3 Streptococcus................................………………………………………15

2.3.1 Morfologi dan Identifikasi.........................……………………......16

2.3.2 Klasifikasi Streptococcus ………………………………………….17

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 2.3.3 Streptococcus mutans.......................................................................19

2.4 Daya Anti Bakteri.....……........………………………………………….22

2.5 Metode Pengujian Agen Antimikroba …........…………………………..23

2.6 Pasta gigi....................................................................................................26

2.6.1 Pengertian pasta gigi.........................................................................26

2.6.2 Fungsi pasta gigi...............................................................................28

2.6.2 Kandungan pasta gigi........................................................................28

2.7 Gigi............................................................................................................31

2.8 Ekstraksi....................................................................................................32

2.9 Morfologi dan Deskripsi...........................................................................29

2.10 Kegunaaan di Masyarakat.......................................................................30

2.11 Kandungan Kimia......... ..........................................................................31

2.12 Ekstraksi..................................................................................................32

BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS

3.1 Kerangka Konseptual.....................................................................................34

3.1.1 Bagan Kerangka Konseptual...........................................................34

3.1.2 Uraian Kerangka Konseptual..........................................................35

3.2 Hipotesis........................................................................................................36

BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN

4.1 Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian......................................................................37

4.2 Waktu dan Tempat Pelaksanaan Penelitian....................................................37

4.3 Populasi dan Sampel........................................................................................37

4.4 Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Operasional.................................................37

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 4.4.1 Variabel Penelitian...........................................................................37

4.4.2 Definisi Operasional........................................................................38

4.5 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian...............................................................................38

4.5.1 Bahan................................................................................................38

4.5.2 Alat...................................................................................................38

4.6 Tahapan Penelitian..........................................................................................39

4.6.1 Determinasi dan Penyiapan

Simplisia..................................................39

4.6.2 Pembuatan Ekstrak..........................................................................39

4.6.3 Formulasi Pasta Gigi dengan Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Sirih dan
Propolis.............................................................................................39

4.6.4 Pembuatan Formula Pasta Gigi Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Sirih dan
Propolis.............................................................................................40

4.6.5 Evaluasi Karakteristik Fisika dan Kimia Formula............................40

4.6.6 Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Pasta Gigi Kombinasi Ekstrak

Daun Sirih dan Propolis dengan Metode Disc Diffusion............................42

4.6.6.1 Sterilisasi Alat dan Bahan..................................................42

4.6.6.2 Pembuatan Media BHIA (Brain Heart Infusion Agar).....42
4.6.6.3 Pembuatan Media BHIB (Brain Heart Infusion Broth).....42
4.6.6.4 Peremajaan Bakteri Streptoccocus mutans........................43
4.6.6.5 Pembuatan Inokulum Streptococcus mutans.....................43
4.6.6.6 Pembuatan Suspensi Streptococcus mutans.....................43
4.6.6.7 Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri dan KHM..................................43
4.7 Analisa Data…………………………………………….……….……….......44

DAFTAR PUSTAKA...………………………………………….……….……..45

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Daun sirih.………………………….….….…....….................…….12

Gambar 2. Struktur kimia propolis ……................................................…........15

Gambar 3. Bagian-bagian gigi............................................................................31

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Table 1. Komposisi propolis ….………………………...........……………….14

Tabel 2. Klasifikasi Respon Hambatan Pertumbuhan Bakteri...........................24
Tabel 3. Syarat mutu pasta gigi..........................................................................26

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