LIFE, WORKS &WRITINGS OF RIZAL

CHAPTER 7: EMERGING NATIONALISM

VOCABULARY WORD

 EPISCOPAL VISITATION – an official visit conducted by the bishop on a diocese t examine the
conditions of a congregation; often done once every three years.
 GARROTE – an apparatus used for capital punishment in which an iron collar is tightened around
the condemned person’s neck.
 POLO – a system of forced labor that required Filipino males from 16-60 years old to render
service for a period of 40 days.
 REGULAR CLERGY –priest who do not belong to religious orders and are engaged in pastoral
work.
 SECULAR CLERGY –a system of taxation imposed by the Spanish colonial government on the
Filipinos in order to generate resources for the maintenance of the colony.

CAVITY MUTINY

 On January 20, 1872, approximately 250 Filipino soldiers and worker rose in revolt at an arsenal
in Cavite.
 An oft-cited reason for the mutiny was a decree released by Governor-General Rafael de
Izquierdo.

The said decree stated that:

Arsenal worker would no longer exempt from the tributo and polo and the privileges they have
enjoyed in the past

 Official reports also claimed that the leaders of the mutiny had expected the support of close to
2,000 men from regiments based both in Cavite and in Manila.

SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT

The introduction and the strengthening of the Catholic faith were largely through the efforts of two
types of clergy: the secular and regular priests.

 THE REGULAR PRIEST –whose jurisdiction fell on their elected delegates, were better
prepared for missionary work because of their standards of discipline and asceticism. Their
job was to introduce the faith, covert the natives, and establish communities.

In the Philippines, five religious orders took on this task:

 The Augustinian, who arrived in 1565
 The Discalced Franciscans, who arrived in 1578
 The Jesuits, who arrived in 1581
 The Dominicans, who arrived in 1587
 The Augustinian Recollects, who arrived in 1606
 LIFE, WORKS &WRITINGS OF RIZAL

 THE SECULAR CLERGY – on the other hand, were priest who “lived in the world”. They were
under the authority of bishops and not a member of a religious order. Their primary task
was the management of religious communities and ideology, and the continuation of the
work already laid down by the regular clergy.

TASK
 THE REGULAR CLERGY – introduced the faith and established religious community.
 THE SECULAR CLERGY – management of the parishes.

EXECUTION OF GOMEZZ, BURGOS, AND ZAMORA.

 As a result of the revolt in Cavite, several priests and laymen were arrested on the orders of
Governor-General Izquierdo.
 Among the priests arrested in the succeeding days were Fathers Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora,
Mariano Gomez, Jose Guevara, Feliciano Gomez, Mariano Sevilla, Bartolome Serra, Miguel de
Laza, Justo Guazon, Vicente del Rozario, Pedro Dandan, and Anacleto Desiderio.

GOMBURZA
 Collective name of the three martyred priests.
 Tagged as the masterminds of the Cavite Mutiny.
 They were prominent Filipino priests charged with treason and sedition.
 The Spanish clergy connected the priests to the mutiny as part of a conspiracy to stifle the
movement of secular priests who desired to have their own parishes instead of being assistants
to the regular friars.

 Father Mariano Gomez

 An old man in his mid-’70, Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavite.
 He held the most senior position of the three as Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavity.
 He was truly nationalistic and accepted death penalty calmly as though it were his penance for
being pro-Filipinos.

 Father Jose Burgos

 Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was a parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and had
been known to be close to the liberal Governor-General de la Torre.
 He was 35 years old at that time and was active and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization
of the clergy.

 Father Jacinto Zamora

 37 years old, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines.
 He was the parish priest of Marikina and was known to be unfriendly to and would not
countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from Spain.