Aptitude of Mathematics

By
Prabu Krishna
Chapter 1:

1. GENERAL NUMBERS

Concepts
Concept 1:-
Place value or local value of a digit in numeral.
In the numeral 68974532, we have
Place value of 2 is 2 units = 2
Place value of 3is 3 tens = 30
Place value of 4 is 4 thousands = 4000
Place value of 7 is 7 ten thousands = 70000
Concept 2:-
The face value of a digit in a numerical is the value if the digit
itself at whatever place it may be.
In the above numeral, the face value of 2 is 2. And the face
value of 3 is 3 and so on
Concept 3:-
Prime number
A number which is divisible by 1 and itself.
Prime numbers less than 100 are
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,61,71,73,79,83,
89,97.
Prime numbers larger than 100
Test
Let P be a given number. Find a whole number nearly greater
than the square root of P.

Let k>√P
Test whether P is divisible by any prime number less than K. if
yes, then P is not prime otherwise P is Prime.
For Eg.

i) Clearly 14>√191
Prime numbers less than 14 are 2,3,5,7,9,11.
191 is not divisible by any of them.
So, 191 is a prime number.

ii) 20√391
Prime numbers less than 20 are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19.
 We find that 391 is divisible by 17.
So 391 is not a prime number.

Concept 4:-
Co-prime:-
The numbers are said to be co-prime if their H.C.F is 1.
Eg:- (2,3),(4,5),(7,9),(8,11) etc are co-prime.

Concept 5:-
Formulae:
1. (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2. (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏)2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
3. (𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2 ) − (𝑎𝑎 2 − 𝑏𝑏2 ) = 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
4. (𝑎𝑎 2 − 𝑏𝑏2 ) = (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)(𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏)
5. (𝑎𝑎 3 + 𝑏𝑏3 ) = (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)(𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝑏𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
6. (𝑎𝑎 3 + 𝑏𝑏3 ) = (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏)(𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
7. (𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝑏𝑏2 ) − (𝑎𝑎 2 − 𝑏𝑏2 ) = 2(𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝑏𝑏2 )
8. 𝑎𝑎(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Distributive law
9. 𝑎𝑎(𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Concept 6:-
If we divide a given number by another number then
Divideend= (divisor × quotient) + Remainder

Concept 7:-
Progression
A succession of numbers formed and arranged in a definite
order according to certain definite rule is called a progression.

A.P:- (Arithmetic Progression (A.P))

If each term of a progression doffers from its proceeding term
by a constant, then such a progression is called an arithmetical
progression is called the common difference of the A.P.
An A.P. with first term a and common difference d is given by
A, a+d,a+2d,a+3d,………

𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ term = t n = a+(n-1)d.

The sum of n terms of this A.P
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
Sn= 2 [2a+(n-1)d]= 2 [a+l]

Where
a= first term
l= last term
Concept 8:-
𝑛𝑛 (𝑛𝑛+1)
i. 1+2+3+………….+.n= 2
𝑛𝑛 (𝑛𝑛+1)(2𝑛𝑛 +1)
ii. (12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ … … … + 𝑛𝑛2 )= 6
𝑛𝑛 2 (n+1)2
iii. (13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … … + 𝑛𝑛3 )= 4

Concept 9:-
A progression of number in which every term bears a constant
ratio with its proceeding term is called a geometrical
progression.
The constant ratio is called the common ratio of the G.P.
A G.P with first term ‘a’ and common ratio ‘r’ is a, ar,
a𝑟𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 3 ……….
𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛=𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛 −1

𝑎𝑎(1−𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛 )
Sum of the n terms Sn= 1−𝑟𝑟
.