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Terms Definitions

nasal cavity Contains nasal septum, turbinates, and cilia.

nasal
Divides nasal cavities into right and left sides.
septum

Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase

turbinates surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the
mucous membrane.

cilia Nose hairs, trap larger dirt particles.

Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal

sinuses cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and
moisten the air. Give resonance to voice.

types of
Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid.
sinuses

pharynx Throat. Common passageway for air and food. 5" long.

When food is swallowed, this closes over the opening to

epiglottis
the larnyx, preventing food from entering the lungs.

Voice box. Triangular chamber below pharynx. "Adam's

larynx
Apple".

glottis Vocal cords within the larynx.

Windpipe. 4.5" long. Walls are alternate bands of

membrane and c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to
trachea keep it open. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane.
Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden
mucous.

Similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and

bronchi hyaline cartilage. Lower end of trachea divides into right
and left this.
 bronchial Cartilaginous plates (instead of c-shaped rings of
tubes trachea).

Thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated

bronchioles epithelium. Subdivision of bronci. At the end, alveolar
duct and cluster of alveoli.

Composed of single layer of epithelial tissue. Inner

surfaces covered with surfactant to keep from
alveoli collapsing. Each surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen and
carbon dioxide exchange takes place between these and
capillaries.

Fill thoracic cavity. Tissue is porous and spongy- it

lungs
floats.

apex Upper part of lung.

base Lower part of lung.

Larger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three

right lung
lobes.

left lung Smaller (displaced by heart) and has two lobes.

Thin, moist, slippery membrane that covers lungs.

pleura Double-walled sac. Space is pleural cavity- filled with
pleural fluid to prevent friciton.

Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production

functions of
of sound (vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation. Inspiration
the
(intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and
respiratory
the diaphragm contracts and moves downward- this
system
increases the volume of the lungs and the air rushes in).

pulmonary
Breathing.
venilation

1 inspiration and 1 expiration= 1 respiration. Normal

adult= 14-20 respirations per minute. Increases with
respiratory
exercise, body temperature, and certain diseases. Age
movement
(newborn= 40-60 per minute). Sleep= respirations go
down. Emotion can bring respirations up or down.
 Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air to
coughing
clean lower respiratory tract.

Spasm of diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the

hiccups
glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

sneezing Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract.

Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases

yawning
oxygen within the blood.

neural
Respiratory center located in medulla oblongata (in the
factors of
brain). Increase in CO2 and decrease in O2 in the blood
breathing
will trigger respiratory center.
control

phrenic
Stimulates the diaphragm.
nerve

chemical
Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood.
factors of
Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to
breathing
the amount of blood oxygen.
control