IX.C.

Cross-Controlled Stalls_____________________________________________________
References:
1. AC 60-14 (Aviation Instructor’s Handbook)
2. FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook)
3. FAA-S-8081-1 (Private Pilots Practical Test Standards) pg. 1-23
4. FAA-S-8081-2 (Commercial Pilots Practical Test Standards) pg. 1-26
5. POH (Pilots Operating Handbook)

Objective To develop the students understanding of Crossed Control Stalls.

Elements 1. Aerodynamics of cross-controlled stalls.

2. Effects of crossed controls in gliding or reduced airspeed descending turns.
3. Hazards of crossed controls in a base leg to final approach turn.
4. Entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
5. Recognition of cross-controlled stalls
6. Flight situations where unintentional cross-controlled stalls may occur.
7. Recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

Schedule 1. Discuss Objectives 03

2. Review Material 02
3. Development 20
4. Conclusion 05

Equipment 1. White Board / Markers

2. Airplane Flying Handbook
3. Private/Commercial PTS
4. POH

IP’s Actions 1. Discuss lesson objectives

2. Present Lecture
3. Ask and Answer Questions

SP’s Actions 1. Participate in discussion

2. Take notes
3. Ask and respond to questions

Completion This lesson will be complete when the CFI student has understanding of cross-
Standards controlled stalls.

IX.C. Cross-Controlled Stalls

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Instructor’s Notes: Cross-Controlled Stalls__________________________________________
INTRODUCTION:
WHAT? – The cross-controlled stall occurs with the controls “crossed” - that is, aileron pressure applied in one
direction and rudder pressure in the opposite direction.
WHY? – The objective of this demonstration maneuver is to show the effect of improper control technique and to
emphasize the importance of using coordinated control pressures whenever making turns.
OVERVIEW - This lesson will cover the basic elements pertaining to Cross-Controlled Stalls, including:
1. Aerodynamics of cross-controlled stalls.
2. Effects of crossed controls in gliding or reduced airspeed descending turns.
3. Hazards of crossed controls in a base leg to final approach turn.
4. Entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
5. Recognition of cross-controlled stalls
6. Flight situations where unintentional cross-controlled stalls may occur.
7. Recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

DEVELOPMENT:
HOW?
1.) Aerodynamics of a stall
A.) A stall is a loss of lift and an increase in drag occurring when an aircraft is flown at angles of attack
greater than the angle for maximum lift - - exceeding the critical angle of attack.
B.) Critical angle of attack - When the angle of attack is increased to approximately 18 to 20 degrees, the air-
stream can no longer follow the upper curvature of the wing because of an excessive change in direction.
C.) A STALL CAN OCCURE AT ANY AIRSPEED, ATTITUDE, AND POWER SETTING!
D.) Airflow begins to separate as it is forced to flow straight back and swirls as it attempts to follow the
upper wing surface.
1. This causes a sudden increase in pressure on the upper wing surface causing a considerable loss of
lift.
E.) Most wings are designed to stall at the wing root first, then out to the wing tips.
1. because the wingtip has a lower angle of incidence that the wing root
F.) Normally, a cross control stall occurs during a skidding turn.
2.) EFFECTS OF CROSS-CONTROLS in gliding or reduced airspeed descending turns
A.) During a descending turn when a pilot attempts to maintain a constant bank while using rudder to
increase the rate of turn the airplane will be in a skid.
B.) During a skidding turn, the outside wing will speed up and produce more lift that the inside wing.
C.) This difference in lift causes the airplane to increase the bank, and the pilot will use opposite aileron to
prevent the increase in the bank angle.
D.) The down aileron on the lowered side (inside) wing produces more drag and reduces the lift more, thus
even more opposite aileron is required.
E.) The inside wing will reach the critical angle of attack before the outside wing
3.) Hazards of crossed-controls in a base leg to final approach turn & flight situations in which
unintentional crossed controlled stalls may occur….
A.) While turning base to final, pilot realizes he will overshoot the centerline.
B.) Inexperienced pilot apprehensive of steepening the turn
C.) Instead he will add more rudder pressure to align plane with centerline.
D.) This increases speed of outer wing and creates greater lift.
E.) Countered by applying opposite aileron.
F.) Added rudder causes nose down attitude.
G.) Pilot applies elevator backpressure.
H.) Result is cross-controls with elevator backpressure at low altitude.
I.) VERY DANGEROUS

4.) SIMULATING THE MANEUVER…

A.) Pre-maneuver check
B.) Clearing Turn
C.) Entry altitude - recover above 1,5000 AGL or manufacturer recommended.
IX.C. Cross-Controlled Stalls
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 D.)Reduce power to idle
E.)Configure aircraft - gear down, prop high
F.)Allow airspeed to decrease to Vx while holding altitude
G.)Upon reaching glide speed, establish medium bank stabilized turn.
H.)Next add excessive rudder in the same direction, the opposite aileron.
I.)Pitch to attitude that will induce a stall.
J.)Upon imminent stall, recover…………
1. Reduce angle of attack – allow wing to regain lift.
2. Neutralize control pressures.
3. Apply full power
4. Roll wings level.
5. Stop any rotation with opposite rudder
6. Slowly pitch to Vy attitude.
7. After positive rate of climb, retract gear.
8. Accelerate to Vy
9. Recover to cruise.
5.) RECOGNITION of Cross-Control Stalls.
A.) Airplane often stalls with little warning
B.) Nose may pitch down, inside wing may suddenly drop, and the airplane may continue to roll to an
inverted position.
C.) These events usually indicate the beginning of a spin.

COMMON ERRORS:
1. Failure to establish selected configuration prior to entry
2. Failure to establish a cross-control turn and stall condition that will adequately demonstrate the hazards of a
cross control stall
3. Improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition of and recovery from a cross-control stall.
4. Failure to present simulated student instruction that adequately emphasizes the hazards of a cross-control
condition in a gliding or reduced airspeed condition.

CONCLUSION

OVERVIEW
Discuss Elements, to include:
1. Aerodynamics of cross-controlled stalls.
2. Effects of crossed controls in gliding or reduced airspeed descending turns.
3. Hazards of crossed controls in a base leg to final approach turn.
4. Entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
5. Recognition of cross-controlled stalls
6. Flight situations where unintentional cross-controlled stalls may occur.
7. Recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

PRIVATE PTS
As Stated

COMMERCIAL PTS
As Stated

IX.C. Cross-Controlled Stalls

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