Birgitta Malmfors
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Uppsala
Contents
Margins, Language, Spelling................................................................................................................... 1
Save ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Style sheet ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Content list .............................................................................................................................................. 2
Bullet list ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
Figures..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Equations................................................................................................................................................. 6
Reference list........................................................................................................................................... 7
Page numbers .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Print preview ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Track changes.......................................................................................................................................... 8
Shortcut buttons and keyboard shortcuts................................................................................................. 8
Help ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
This MS Word guide focuses on items which are useful when writing a scientific paper, report or
monograph, e.g. a BSc, MSc or PhD thesis. The advice given is based on the author’s own experience
of using the software. The versions referred to are MS Word 2002 and 2003, but much of what is
described might be applicable also for earlier versions. The user of this guide is expected to have some
basic experience of using MS Word.
Main Menus
Toolbar Click down arrow
for more buttons
Style box
Shortcut buttons (icons)
Drawing toolbar
Save
Save your file frequently! Otherwise there is a risk that you might loose your text. To save the file for
the first time: File menu – Save as – Name your file (in the “File name” box) – Save.
To save the file thereafter: Do as above, or make it even simpler: File menu – Save; or click the Save
icon []. Alternatively, make Save by using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+S (i.e.press the keys Ctrl and
S simultaneously).
Style sheet
Making a “Style Sheet” means that you in your document define formatting of different items, e.g.
headings at different levels, regular text, table text, table and figure captions, references. Once this is
done, you simply connect to the style sheet when writing a heading at level 1, for example. When
using a style sheet, you can easily change the appearance of headings etc. You just make the changes
in the style sheet, e.g. change the font type and size of heading level 1, and all headings defined as
level 1 will change throughout your document.
Another advantage is that when heading levels are defined in a style sheet you can easily generate a
content list for the document (see section “Content list”). This is useful also if you will produce a pdf-
file from your Word document; headings that are defined in the style sheet are shown also as clickable
“Bookmarks” in the pdf-file. It might seem a little laborious to make a style sheet, but remember that
you just do it once for the whole document, and you quickly get used to making style sheets.
Furthermore, it saves time when you do the writing.
If you choose not to write in a style sheet, then you must select font type, size, points before/after etc,
every time you write a heading, and again when you go back to writing regular text (and remember
what settings to make). You can then no longer generate a content list automatically; you have to write
it yourself.
Content list
As mentioned already, a content list can be generated “automatically” when headings in your
document have been defined in a Style Sheet. Write the word Contents (or Content list) just above
where you will to insert the content list; do NOT use the Style Sheet when you do this, just write the
word Contents in the same font type and size, etc as your other level 1 headings. This is to avoid that
the word Contents will be listed within the content list.
To insert a Content list:
a. Place the marker under the Contents heading that you wrote. Click Insert menu – Reference –
Index and Tables – Table of Contents.
b. Indicate in the box “Show levels” how many levels of headings you want to appear in your content
list. The headings shown in the list should clearly reflect the contents of the document, but not to
the level where the overview is lost.
c. Click the “Modify” button if you want to change the pre-set font type or size and/or spacing for the
content list. A Style window opens (TOC1 = heading level 1; TOC2 = heading level 2, etc); Click
“Modify” and make the desired changes of formatting. The content list might be easier to read if
you add some space between the rows of the list (Modify Style window: Format – Paragraph).
d. To make changes in the content list after that it has been inserted: Mark the list – go to Insert menu
– Reference – Index and Tables – Table of Contents. Thereafter, follow the instructions in bullets
b (levels shown) and c (formatting). Click OK to replace the list you marked.
Bullet list
A listing in the text might be easier to read if it is written in bullets. To write a bullet list:
• Format menu – Bullets and Numbering – choose Bullet Type (or Numbering/ Lettering).
• Define what spacing you want between the bullets (Format menu – Paragraph – Spacing –
Before/After); bullets are easier to read if there is some space between the bullets A suitable
spacing between bullets might be about 3-6 points. If there is a lot of text in each bullet even a
little longer space might be better. You can define formatting for bullet lists in your style sheet, but
you might still need to adjust spacing and alignment for bullet lists individually.
• Write the text for the first bullet, press Enter, etc. To end the list, press the backspace key to
eliminate the bullet that appeared after the last Enter (or click the Bullet icon in the Format
toolbar). Adjust the space between bullets if needed.
• If long spaces appear between words in the individual bullets, then it is better to “Left Align” the
text in the bullet list. However, if there is a lot of text in each bullet, then it might look nicer to
“Justify” the bullet text (assuming the rest of the body text in the document is justified).
Tables
Tables are done usually by use of the Table feature in MS Word. Note that tables normally should
have horizontal lines only (at top and bottom of the table, and in the table head). There are many
Auto-Formats for tables available in Word, but usually none of those fits the format required in a
scientific text. In the following, therefore, a general procedure for making a table is described. Assume
you are going to make a table that looks like this:
Breed A Breed B
Trait Feed 1 Feed 2 Feed 1 Feed 2
Growth rate, g/day 600 800 700 850
Chest girth, cm 170 180 178 190
1
You can mark the whole table by clicking the little square that appears when you place the marker just outside
the upper left corner of the table.
Trait
Growth rate, Chest girth, The table inserted here was 4 columns and 6
Breed Feed g/day cm rows. In the first two columns the cells in
A 1 600 170 rows 1 & 2 were merged; so were also the two
last columns in row 1. Some spacing was
2 800 180
added everywhere, but in the first row for
B 1 700 178 Breed B spacing “Before” was increased a
2 850 190 little more to separate the breeds.
In this example text is written next to the table. To be able to do that you need to make a setting for
“Text Wrapping”: Mark the table – Table menu – Table Properties – tab Table – select text wrapping
“Around” – click Positioning button – set Distance from surrounding text. The distance between the
table above and the text to the right of it was set to 0.5 cm
2
Text Box and Autoshapes buttons are found in the Drawing Toolbar (if you don’t find it, click: View –
Toolbars – Drawing). If you have a problem to handle text boxes in MS Word XP/2003, go to Tools menu –
Options – General – Delete ticking of ”Automatically create drawing canvas when inserting autoshapes”.
Figure caption. Each figure in a scientific paper/report should have a figure caption (including the
figure number and a sentence telling what the figure illustrates). The caption can be written under the
figure as a regular text line. However, it is sometimes easier to write the figure caption in a Text Box
(see footnote 1) and group the box with the figure (especially if you have body text next to the figure).
Equations
You can write symbols (such as μ, σ, λ, ∑, ±, ×, ≥, ≤ ) in MS Word. Go to Insert menu – Symbol –
select font Symbol – mark the desired symbol – click Insert button. You can also use superscript to
write h2, for example, and subscript to write rg. You find superscript and subscript as tick alternatives
in Format menu – Font. You can also insert superscript and subscript shortcut buttons in the Format
toolbar (see section “Shortcut buttons and keyboard shortcuts”).
To write equations and formulas, however, you usually need an Equation Editor. Such a tool is
available in MS Word; to find it you can try the following:
Alt 1. Check if you find the icon α for Equation Editor in the toolbars shown on the screen; Click
the icon. If you don’t find the icon you can insert it in a toolbar yourself (see section “Shortcut buttons
and keyboard shortcuts”).
Alt 2. Insert menu – Object – Create New – click Microsoft Equation 3.0 in Object Type box – OK.
The Equation toolbar should appear when you click the Equation icon (Alt 1) or perform alternative 2.
If the toolbar does not appear the Equation feature might not have been installed when MS Word was
installed, and you may need to get the feature installed.
Reference list
Each reference in the reference list is often written with an indent after the first line of the reference;
this is called “hanging”. To do the hanging: Format menu – Paragraph – tab Indents and Spacing –
click the down arrow in box Special – select “Hanging” and set the indent desired.
The references are easier to read if there is some space (e.g. 6 points) between the references. Go to
Format menu – Paragraph – Spacing Before (or After).
It is often the best to Left Align the reference list. Otherwise there might be long spaces between the
words in some rows. You might define the settings for the reference list in your Style Sheet.
Page numbers
Alt 1. Page numbering starts from the first page of the document
To insert page numbers: Insert menu – Page numbers – choose Position and Alignment for page
numbers.
Decide whether the page number should be shown on the first page or not. Click the Format button in
the Page numbers window if you want to change the number format. For example, if the first page is a
title page and the body text or your document starts in the second page you can format the numbering
to start at zero and not be shown in the first page. The second page will then get number 1.
Alt 2. Page numbering starts at the earliest from the third page of the document
If the first page of your document is a title page and the second page is a content list, you might want
page numbering to start at the third page (if that’s where the body text starts). In that case you need to
section the document before inserting page numbering. You then can do like this (click OK to apply
settings you make in a window):
a. Place the marker at the bottom of the last page of section 1 (e.g. the page with the content list).
b. Insert menu – Break – tick Next Page.
(If you want to delete a section break: Click View menu – Normal – find the section break line on
the page, mark it and press delete).
c. Place the marker at the top of the first page of section 2.
d. View menu – Header and Footer – Header and Footer toolbar appears on the screen.
Click the icon “Switch between header and footer” to get to the footer (assuming page numbering
is to be at the bottom of the page).
Click the icon with two parallel pages (named “Same as previous”) to delete the link to the footer
in section 1. Close the Header and Footer toolbar.
e. Place the marker in the first page of section 2.
f. Insert menu – Page numbers – choose Position and Alignment for the page numbers.
g. Click Format button – tick Start at 1. If this wouldn’t work, try doing ”Insert page number” when
the marker is placed in the footer (bullet d)
In case you would want a section with page numbering i, ii, iii etc: Place the marker in the first page of
that section – Insert menu – Page numbers – choose Position and Alignment – click Format button –
select Number format i, ii, iii – tick Start at ”i”.
Track changes
When someone else is going to read and suggest changes in your document it is useful to use “Track
Changes”. With the Track Changes feature turned on, each insertion, deletion, or formatting change
made in the document is tracked, i.e. you will see what has been done and can decide what changes
you want to accept or reject. The other person can see what changes you did, etc. Note that Track
Changes must be turned on during the whole reviewing process for changes to be shown.
To turn on the Track Changes feature: either go to the Tools menu and select Track Changes,
or click the Track Changes icon in the Reviewing toolbar.
If the icon is not shown, go to View menu – Toolbars – click Reviewing.
Comments can also be entered through the Reviewing toolbar. The comments appear in the margin of
the document. Place the marker in the text, table, object etc, that the comment should refer to and click
the “New Comment” icon.
For some commands the keyboard shortcut is repeated to get out of the command. For example, to
make some words italic press Ctrl+I, write the words and thereafter press the command again to return
to regular text. Do in the same way to switch between superscript, subscript and regular text.
?
Help
There are numerous possibilities and features in MS Word. You can get much help and learn a lot by
using the Help feature.
To access Help: Click Help menu – Microsoft Word Help; or click the Help icon [?]; or press F1;
You can search for a specific item by writing search words. You can also view all contents in MS
Word, and get into specific items from there.