31-Dec-2009
Chapter 1
Introduction
King Solomon’s Temple has been the subject of interest to many, especially
the Freemasons as it forms an important ritual part of the “Blue Lodge.”1 This
work draws upon sources[New28] including Sir Isaac Newton among several oth-
ers to present as much information as is known about this structure. This work
is intented for anyone who may be interested in King Solomon’s Temple or an-
cient Jewish or Semitic archaeological sites. Some information presented may
be exclusively interesting to Freemasons.
There is mystic belief that the numbers encoded in the architectural draft
of the temple constitute an encoded message. This work intends to provide in-
formation, diagrams, cite and highlight differences existing among the sources.
The reader may use this information to interpret the Temple as an exemplary
edifice or an allegory or a hidden message or a combination of all.
The Temple was located in Jerusalem built upon what is termed the Temple
mount. Biblical accounts exclusively state that the Temple was constructed by
King Solomon, the third King of Israel, son of King David. There is no historic
or archaeologic record confirming the life of any of the early monarchs of Israel
as described in the Bible. Scholars attribute this to lexical drift resulting in
changes of names, titles and dates in historic accounts.
The Temple which was built by King Solomon as a house of the God and the
sanctuary of the Ark of the Tabernacle is referred to as The First Temple. Upon
return of the Israelites from Babylonian exile, the edifice that was restored as
part of the reconstruction of Jerusalem is referred to as The Second Temple.
Later work in renovating and expanding the temple under Herod, the Great,
under the Roman Empire is referred to as The Renovated Temple. All references
to the structure excavated and explored by archaeologists from the time of the
Knights Templar to the present day refer to the site of the construction as The
Temple Mount. This terminology is to avoid confusion. The structure referred
to in all periods is King Solomon’s Temple, the subject of this book.
The years used for chronology are from the revised Gregorian Calendar in
1 The Craft Lodge
1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 2
use in the present day. Years are designated BCE (Before Common Era) and
CE (in the Common Era) synonymous to BC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno
Domini) or the Year of the Lord. I have referred to the Dome of Rock as The
Temple Mount in most part of this text. I have specified references to the
Al-Aqsa mosque explicitly when necessary to distinguish it from the Temple
Mount. There are references to the existence of ruins of a Jebusite structure at
or near the place of the Temple when it was first constructed. These ruins are
referred to as The Temple of Enoch. This may not be a reference to the Biblical
Enoch and has almost no supporting archaeologic evidence. I have excluded
discussions on such structures which have too few references and no archaelogic
record.
Chapter 2
Brief Chronology
3
CHAPTER 2. BRIEF CHRONOLOGY 4
The Knights Templar Legend has it that the ruins of this structure were
discovered by the Knights Templar (lit. the Knights of the Temple) or the
Order of the Poor Knights of Christ during the First Crusade1 . The Knights
Templar are believed to have conducted the only known extensive excavation
attempt at this time. This excavation was not thoroughly documented nor is
the result of the excavation published in any form. The Knights Templar were
thought to have taken hidden secrets of ancient Knowledge and Treasures from
the excavation site back to Europe. Some believe that the Knights Templar
had discovered the biblical Ark of the Covenant or a like priceless treasure or
artefact. Most of this speculation is owing to the lack of public documentation
of their excavations.
The Al-Aqsa Mosque was used as a palace by the Knights Templar during
their excavation near the sacred Dome of Rock. The excavation itself is also
undocumented. The Excavations were permitted by King Baldwin II and later
by Salahedine Ayubi 2 . The Templar Knights were consecrated in 1119 CE. It is
known that by 1129 CE The Templar Knights were offered special rights under
Omne Datum Optimum, a Papal Bull3 which was issued by Pope Innocent II.
This allowed them to become what could officially be designated the world’s
first multinational corporation. They were permitted to establish offices in dif-
ferent states without having to pay taxes for passage between them. They also
improvised and provided banking services. King Philip IV of France is said to
have relied heavily on the Knights Templar for Financial and Banking services.
This elevation of the order itself raised many eyebrows and hinted that they had
possessed something from Jerusalem that was highly valued by the Church. On
Friday, 13th October 1304 CE a Papal Bull condemning the Knights Tem-
plar as enemies of the Church resulted in the execution of most members of the
order. The organization ceased to exist after this infamous event. After the
dissolution of the order in 1312 CE, the Shroud of Turin was revealed in the
possession of the surviving descendants of the Knights Templar (Geoffroy de
Charny).
The House was built of stone made ready2 beforehand. No hammer or axe or
iron tool was used for construction of the edifice. The door of the middle storey
was in the right side of the house. This door went up with winding stairs into
the middle storey and (the stairs led) out of the middle storey into the third.
The House was covered with beams and rows of cedar. He built the side-stories
on all the house, five(5) cubits high. They rested on the House with timbers of
cedar.
The inner walls of the House were built with boards of cedar from the floor
unto the ceiling. The inside was covered with wood and the floor of the House
was made of planks of fir. King Solomon built twenty(20) cubits on the sides of
the House, both on the floor and the walls with boards of cedar. He even built
them for it inside for the sanctuary for the Holy of Holies. The House, with the
Temple before it was forty(40) cubits. The cedar of the house was carved with
gourds and open flowers. The cedar covered all the stone on the inside. The
1 inner section, also story, not “overlaid floor” or level as in modern use
2 cut for fitment
6
CHAPTER 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE 7
Holy of Holies was inside the House to set the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord.
The Holy of Holies in the front part was twenty(20) cubits in length, breadth
and height. It was overlaid with pure gold. The altar was covered with cedar.
The inside of the House was overlaid with gold. Inside the Holy of Holies he
made two cherubs of olive wood, each ten(10) cubits high. He overlaid all the
House with gold until he had completed his work on the House. Each wing of
a cherub was five(5) cubits giving a ten(10) cubit wingspan. The cherubs were
set inside in the inner House with their wingspans set from wall to wall, their
wings touching in the middle of the House. The cherubs too were overlaid with
gold.
He carved all the walls of the House with figures of cherubs, palm trees and
open flowers on the inside and the outside. The floor of the house was overlaid
with gold inside and outside. The doors to the Holy place were made of olive
wood. The lintel and side posts were a fifth? part. The two(2) doors were of
olive wood with similar carvings of cherubs, palm trees and open flowers. They
were overlaid with gold. There were side posts for the entrance to the temple
from the doors of olive, a fourth? part. The two side-posts to the door were of
fir tree. The two leaves of each door were folding, both carved with cherubs,
palm trees and open bowers further covered with gold fitted on carved work.
The inner court was built with three rows of cut stone and a row of cedar
beams. The foundation of the House of the Lord was laid in the month of Zif
of the fourth(4th ) year. The House was completed in the month of Bul of the
eleventh(11th ) year according to all its plans. It took Seven(7) years in building
the House.
A description of the palace and house of King Solomon that was constructed
in thirteen years made of hewn stone cut by metal mentioned in the book of
Kings has been omitted from this text. Like King Solomon’s Temple, there is no
archaeological evidence yet of such a palace or house.
The man sent by King Hiram of Tyre is (also) referred to as Hiram. This
reference is omitted in this text, but the role of the Bronze artificer is exclusively
CHAPTER 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE 8
When the pillars had been completed, he made a molten sea with a diameter
of ten(10) cubits from brim to brim. It was five(5) cubits high with a circum-
ference (or line of) thirty(30) cubits. Under the brim were gourds around it,
ten(10) to each cubit. The gourds were cast in two rows. The molten sea stood
on twelve(12) oxen, three facing each direction (North, East, West and South.)
The sea atop was but a hand-breadth thick with the brim fashioned like that of
a cup with the bud of a lily. It contained a thousand baths.
Ten(10) bases of bronz, four(4) cubits long and four(4) cubits broad at one
base, three(3) cubits high. The work of the bases had borders between the stays.
On the borders between the ledges3 were lions, oxen and cherubs. A pedestal
was above the stays. Beneath the lion and oxen were wreaths of hanging work.
The base had four(4) bronze wheels and axles of bronze.
Underneath the basin4 were casted supports with wreaths at each side. The
mouth within and above the capital was one(1) cubit. Its mouth was rounded
like the pedestal, a cubit and a half (1.5) in diameter. On the mouth were
carvings and the borders were square, not round. There were four(4) wheels
under the border. The axles of the wheels were in the base. The height of each
wheel was a cubit and a half (1.5). The work of the wheels resembled a chariot
wheel in its likeness of axle-rods5 , rims, hubs and spokes. Four(4) supports were
provided to the four(4) corners of each base.
At the top of the base sat a round compass, half a cubit(0.5) high. He
engraved cherubs, lions and palm trees on the plates of its sides and its borders.
There were ten(10) bases made with one casting and one measure making them
uniform. Five(5) bases were placed on the right of the house and five(5) on the
left. The sea was set at the right of the House, placed in the South-East corner
of the House. He made the basins, shovels and bowls of bronze thus finishing
all the work in his due for king Solomon for the House of the Lord.
3.1.3 Vessels
King Solomon placed all the vessels in the House of the Lord, the altar of gold
and the table of gold on which was the Bread of the Presence9 . The lampstands
were of pure gold, five(5) on the right and five(5) on the left. These were placed
in front of the Holy of Holies with the flowers, lamps and tongs of gold. The
bowls, snuffers, basins, spoons, fire-pans of pure gold and hinges of gold for the
doors of the inner House were made as such. All work that King Solomon made
for the House of the Lord was completed. King Solomon brought in the things
whichhis father king David dedicated: the silver, gold and vessels were put into
the treasuries of the House of the Lord.
3.1.4 Consecration
King Solomon gathered the elders of Israel and the heads of all the tribes, the
chief of the fathers of the sons of Israel to king Solomon in Jerusalem to bring
the Ark of the Covenant out of the city of David which is Zion. The men of
Israel gathered to King Solomon at the feast during the holy month of Ethanim
which is the seventh(7th ) month. The elders of Israel came in and the priests
took up the Ark. They brought the Ark up unto the Lord and the Tabernacle
of the congregation with the holy vessels which were in the tabernacle; and even
those that the priests10 and the Levites brought.
The Ark of the convenant was placed in the holy place into the Holy of
Holies, under the wings of the Cherubs. The Cherubs covered the Ark at front.
Staves covered the Ark above. They drew out the staves such that the ends of
the staves were visible in the holy place . They were not seen outside the Holy of
Holies. There was nothing within the Ark excepting the two(2) Tablets of stone
placed inside by Moses at Horeb. As the Ark was set and the priests came out
of the Holy of Holies, a cloud filled the House of the Lord. The priests could not
stand to minister because of the thick cloud. The glory of the Lord had filled
the House.
The biblical units described were slightly different from the con-
ventional units of the same name. Because of their relativistic
nature and variation based on role (normal, royal) they do not
correspond exactly to a measure in the modern System Inter-
nationale units.
• The cubit is 48 - 57.6 cm; the variation comes from the deployment as
distance or as solid measure.
• The bath is 24.88 - 43.2 L, the larger volume being the Royal “Bat”.
9 Showbread
10 Kohanim
CHAPTER 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE 10
On either side of this area were three(3) posts, each six(6) cubits square and
twenty(20) cubits high with arches five(5) cubits wide between them. The posts
and arches filled the twenty-eight(28) cubits in length between the thresholds.
Their breadth being added to the thirteen(13) cubits made the whole breadth
of the gates twenty-five(25) cubits. These posts were hollow and had rooms in
them with narrow windows for the porters and a step before them which was
one(1) cubit broad. The walls of the porches were six(6) cubits thick and was
hollow13 for several uses.
The east gate of the Peoples Court was called the King’s gate. At this
(east) gate were six(6) porters. At the north gate were four(4) porters and a
like four(4) in the south gate. The people went in and out through the north
and south gates. The east gate was opened only for the King and in this gate
he ate the Sacrifices.
There were also four(4) gates or doors in the western wall of the Mountain
of the House. Of these the one which was closer north was called Shallecheth or
the gate of the causey which led to the King’s palace. The valley between was
filled up with a causey. The next gate called Parbar led to the suburbs Millo.
The third and fourth gates were both called Asuppim, one led to Millo and the
other to the city of Jerusalem. The steps went down the valley and extended up
into the city. At the gate Shallecheth were four(4) porters. At the other three
gates were six(6) porters, two(2) at each gate. The house of the porters who
had charge of the north gate of the People’s Court also had charge of the gates
Shallechet and Parbar. The house of the porters who had charge of the south
gate of the People’s Court had also the charge of the two gates called Asuppim.
The Altar referred here is a sacrificial altar whose purpose is to receive the
sacrifices of the People.
13 indicative of a repository
CHAPTER 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE 12
Figure 3.1: King Solomon’s Temple, Structural Plan, Drawing I, Sir Isaac
Newton
The legend to this plan is taken verbatim from the account of Sir Isaac
Newton.
opqrst. The Buildings over the Cloysters for the Priests, viz six large
Chambers (subdivided) in each Story, whereof o and p were for the High
Priest and Sagan, q for the Overseers of the Sanctuary and Treasury, r for the
Overseers of the Altar and Sacrifice and s and t for the Princes of the
twenty-four Courses of Priests.
uu. Two Courts in which were Stair Cases and Kitchins for the Priests.
x. The House or Temple which (together with the Treasure Chambers y, and
Buildings zz on each side of the Separate Place) is more particularly describ’d
on the second Plate.
The gates and buildings of both Courts were alike and faced their Courts.
The Cloysters of all the builidngs and the porches of all the gates faced the Al-
tar. The row of pillars behind the cloysters adhered to the marble walls14 which
bounded the cloysters and supported the buildings. These buildings were three
storeys15 high above the cloysters. A row of cedar beams or pillars of cedar
standing above the middle row of the marble pillars were the primary support
for these buildings.
For strengthening16 the building the space between the axes of these two
pillars was filled up with a marble column which was four-and-a-half(4 12 ) cubits
square. The two pillars stood half out on either side of the square column.
At the ends of these buildings in the four corners of the Peoples Court were
little courts fifty(50) cubits square on the outside of their walls and forty(40)
cubits square on the inside thereof for the stair-cases of the buildings and the
kitchens17 to bake and boil the Sacrifices for the People.
Each kitchen was thirty(30) cubits broad and the stair-case ten(10) cubits
broad. The buildings on either side o fthe gates of the Priests Court were also
37 12 cubits long and contained within each of them a great chamber in a storey
subdivided into smaller rooms for the Great Officers of the Temple and Princes
of the Priests. In the South-East and North-East corners of this court, at the
ends of the buildings were kitchens and stair-cases for the Great Officers; and
perhaps rooms for laying up wood for the Altar.
Figure 3.3: King Solomon’s Temple, Plan, Drawing II, Sir Isaac Newton
The High Priest is not counted among the seventy Elders of the Sanhedrim
which makes the council seventy-one.
them to the High-officers after service hours. There was an Officer of the night-
watch. There was an Officer by a Cymbal who called the Levites to their station
for singing. There was an Officer who appointed the Hymns and set the Tune.
Another Officer took care of the Showbread. There were Officers who took care
of the Perfume, the Veil and the Wardrobe of the Priests.
Figure 3.4: Gates of the Peoples Court with part of the adjoining Cloyster,
Drawing III, Sir Isaac Newton
uw. The inner margin of the Pavement compassing three sides of the Peoples
Court.
CHAPTER 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE 20
xxx. &c. The Pillars of the Cloyster supporting the Buildings for the People.
yyyy. Double Pillars where two Exhedræ joyned, and whose interstices in the
front zz were filled up with a square Column of Marble.
house. 10 And the gate rooms eastward were three from here,
and three from there; one measure to the three of them; and one
measure was to the pillars from here and from there. 11 And
he measured the breadth of the gate-opening, ten cubits. The
length of the gate was thirteen cubits. 12 And the border in
front of the rooms was one cubit from here, and the space was
one cubit from there. And the room was six cubits from here and
six cubits from there. 13 And he measured the gate of the room
from the roof to roof, twenty-five cubits wide, door to door. 14
He also made the pillars, sixty cubits, even to the court-pillar,
from the gate all around. 15 And on the face of the entrance
gate to the face of the porch of the inner gate was fifty cubits;
16
and latticed windows were to the rooms and to their pillars
inside the gate all around. And so for the porches; and windows
were all around inside; and to each pillar were palm trees. 17
And he brought me into the outer court, and lo, chambers, and
a pavement made for the court all around. Thirty rooms were
on the pavement. 18 And the pavement by the side of the gates
to equal the length of the gates was the lower pavement. 19 And
he measured the breadth from the front of the lower gate to the
front of the inner court on the outside, a hundred cubits eastward
and northward. 20 And the gate which faces the way of the north
of the outer court, he measured its length and its breadth. 21
And its rooms were three from here and three from there. And
its pillars and its porches were according to the first measure.
Its length was fifty cubits, and its breadth, twenty-five cubits. 22
And their windows, and their porches, and their palm trees, were
according to the measure of the gate facing the east. And they
went up to it by seven steps; and its porches were before them. 23
And the gate of the inner court was across from the gate toward
the north and toward the east. And he measured from gate to
gate, a hundred cubits. 24 And he led me southward, and behold
a gate southward. And he measured its pillars and its porches
according to these measures. 25 And there were windows in it
and in its porches all around, like those windows. The length was
fifty cubits, and the breadth, twenty-five cubits. 26 And seven
steps were going up to it, and its porches were before them. And
it had palm trees, one from here and another from there, on its
pillars.
27
And there was a gate in the inner court southward. And he
measured from gate to gate southward, a hundred cubits. 28
And he brought me to the inner court by the south gate. And he
measured the south gate according to these measures, 29 and its
rooms and its pillars and its porches according to these measures.
And there were windows in it and in its porches all around. It
was fifty cubits long and twenty-five cubits wide. 30 And the
porches all around were twenty-five cubits long and five cubits
wide. 31 And its porches were toward the outer court; and palm
trees on its pillars. And its stairway had eight steps. 32 And
CHAPTER 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE 22
1
And he brought me to the temple and measured the pillars, six
cubits wide from here and six cubits wide from there, which was
the breadth of the tabernacle. 2 And the breadth of the door
was ten cubits; and the sides of the door, five cubits from here,
and five cubits from there. And he measured its length, forty
cubits, and the breadth, twenty cubits. 3 And he went inside
and measured the pillar of the door, two cubits; and the door
was six cubits; and the breadth of the door, seven cubits. 4 And
he measured its length, twenty cubits; and the breadth, twenty
cubits, before the temple. And he said to me, This is the Holy of
Holies. 5 And he measured the wall of the house, six cubits; and
the width of each side room was four cubits, all around the house
on every side. 6 And the side chambers were a side chamber over
a side chamber, three stories, and thirty times. And they entered
the wall of the house for the side chambers all around, that they
might be fastened, for they were not fastened to the wall of the
house. 7 And there was a widening, and a winding upwards
and upwards to the side chambers. For the winding around of
the house went upward and upward, all around the house. On
account of this the width of the house went upward, and so from
the lowest it went up to the highest by the middle story. 8 I also
saw the height of the house all around. The foundations of the
side rooms were a full reed, six large cubits by joining. 9 The
width of the wall, which was for the side chamber to the outside,
was five cubits, and what was left between the side chambers
that were of the house. 10 And between the chambers was the
width of twenty cubits, circling the house all around. 11 And the
door of the side chamber was toward the open space, one door
northward and one door southward. And the width of the place
of the open space was five cubits all around.
12
And the building that was before the separate place at the end
of the way of the west was seventy cubits wide. And the wall
of the building was five cubits wide all around, and its length,
ninety cubits. 13 And he measured the house, a hundred cubits
long. And the separate place, and the building, and its wall,
were a hundred cubits long. 14 And the width of the front of the
house and of the separate place eastward was a hundred cubits.
15
And he measured the length of the building to the front of
the separate place which was behind it; and its gallery from here
and from there, a hundred cubits, with the inner temple and the
porches of the court, 16 the thresholds, and the latticed narrow
windows, and the galleries all around, their three stories across
from the threshold, with wood panelings all around, and from
the ground up to the windows; and the windows were covered;
17
to that above the door, even to the inner house, and outside,
and by all the wall around inside and outside, by measure. 18
And it was made with cherubs and palm trees, and a palm tree
was between cherub and cherub. And each cherub had two faces,
19
the face of a man was toward the palm tree from here, and
CHAPTER 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEMPLE 24
the face of a young lion toward the palm tree from there. It was
made through all the house all around. 20 From the ground to
above the door were cherubs and palm trees made, and on the
wall of the temple. 21 The temple doorposts were squared, and
the face of the sanctuary. The looks of the one was like the looks
of the other. 22 The altar of wood was three cubits high, and its
length two cubits. And its corners, and its length, and its walls,
were of wood. And he said to me, This is the table that is before
the LORD. 23 And the temple and the sanctuary had two doors.
24
And two doors leaves were to each of the doors, two turning
doors, two for the one door, and two for the other door. 25 And
on them, on the temple doors, were made cherubs and palm trees
like those made on the walls, and thick wood on the face of the
porch outside. 26 And latticed windows, and palm trees, were
from here and from there, on the sides of the porch, and on the
side chambers of the house, and wooden canopies.
where the priests shall eat, those who approach to the LORD
shall eat the most holy things. There they shall lay the most
holy things, and the food offering, and the sin offering, and the
guilt offering. For the place is holy. 14 When the priests enter,
then they shall not go out of the holy place into the outer court,
but they shall lay their clothes there by which they minister in
them, for they are holy. And they shall put on other clothes, and
shall approach that which is for the people.
15
And he finished measuring the inner house; he brought me out
the way of the gate whose view is eastward, and measured all
around. 16 He measured the east side with the measuring reed,
five hundred reeds with the measuring reed, all around. 17 He
measured the north side, five hundred reeds with the measuring
reed all around. 18 He measured the south side, five hundred
reeds with the measuring reed. 19 He turned to the west side,
measuring five hundred reeds with the measuring reed. 20 He
measured it by the four sides. It had a wall all around, five hun-
dred long, and five hundred wide, to make a separation between
the holy place and the common place.
Herod the Great is listed to contrast him from the Hasmonean Monarchs for
his acknowledged megalopsychia or great-spritedness. He was a client-king to
Rome officially but managed his affairs independently with little Roman
interference. It was during the reign of his sons that Roman interference in
Judaea and the eastern territories increased under Augustus, Germanicus and
later Tiberius Caesar.
27
CHAPTER 4. THE SECOND TEMPLE UNDER HEROD THE GREAT 28
kings. It shed light on the some of the methods and techniques used in build-
ing the Temple. The latter had been previously unknown and undocumented
for a long while until Tom Mueller published “Herod, The Holy Land’s Vision-
ary Builder” in the December 2008 issue of National Geographic[Mue08]. This
article was made possibile by the work of Archaeologist Ehud Netzer and His
team who unearthed structures previously undiscovered that shed light on the
massive architectural feat accomplished by Herod the Great.
Herod the Great is innocent of the “massacre of the innocents” for which he
is cited (oft as a villain) in the Christian gospel works. If such an event ever
occurred it was never documented by early Jewish Historians including Flavius
Josephus. Such an event is historically unlikely because of the thin population
in Bethlehem at that time. There are no parallel accounts of such a grievous
massacre. Herod the Great was the father of the Herodian dynasty which begat
three more kings Herod Philip, Herod Archelaus and Herod Antipas. Herod
Antipas is the son of Herod referred to in the trial of Jesus in the Gospel who
began his reign in 4 BCE. In this chapter, Herod the Great, the patron of the
short-lived Herodian dynasty is referred to in short as Herod or King Herod.
His reign is officially recorded from 20 BCE till 4 BCE ending with his death.
However there are records which indicate that he assumed leadership in the
year 37 BCE during an early conflict with the Parthians who conspired with the
Hasmonean theocracy and allegedly murdered Herod’s Father. Herod fought
against them and later built Herodium to commemorate this victory. He also
avenged the death of his father which he blamed on Aristobulus III of the Has-
monean dynasty.
The short-lived Herodian dynasty is llisted here only for reference. None of
the Kings following Herod are attributed with architectural feats that match
their patriarch Herod the Great. They were a tetrarchy and did not survive
beyond one generation terminating the Herodian dynasty in a relatively short
period in comparison to other dynasties, regents and governors who presided
over Judaea and Palestine.
upon this structure. The foundation stones of the western wall are considered
to weigh no less than 600 tonnes and the stones resting above at least 40 tonnes
in weight. It is believed that the entire Temple was constructed with the help
of such enormous stones with an employment of a work-force of no less than
1000 priests. Herod is credited with a number of works including the artifi-
cial harbour at Caesarea, a Temple to Augustus Caesar and many more forts,
Masada being better-known. It is only right that he is referred to in the annals
of history as Herod the Architect for the numerous constructions and building
work attributed to him. He is also partially credited with restoring the water
pumping system which pushes water upward into the hilly city of Jerusalem.
30