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Introduction to the Algae

Oleh:
Dr.Sc. Widiastuti

Referensi: Graham, L. E., & Wilcox, L. W. (2000). Algae.–640 pp.

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Awal Atmosfer bumi :

Tidak ada oksigen

Tinggi CO2, Metana, uap air, Hidrogen

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Ø Cyanobacteria & fotosintesis yang

menghasilkan oksigen
≈ 3 milyar tahun lalu.
Ø Air adalah donor elektron.
CO2 + H2 O à CH2 O + O2

Modern Stromatolite Fosil Stromatolite (2.5

milyar tahun)
Lapisan Fe yang terbentuk

Ø Oksigen merupakan racun pada awal

pembentukan kehidupan di bumi.
Ø Dibutuhkan ~ 1 milyar tahun sebelum
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atmosfer & laut sepenuhnya Copyright@WidiastutiKarim2020
mendapatkan oksigen

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1500 Ma

60 Ma

Evolusi ordo alga modern

Oksigen di udara memfasilitasi evolusi Eucaryote & respirasi aerob,
Akhirnya membentuk kehidupan di bumi seperti sekarang.
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Bumi bola salju

1st - 2200 juta
tahun
2nd – 850 juta
tahun
600 juta
tahun lalu
s/d
sekarang –
evolusi
kerajaan
(kingdom)
hewan

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50 juta tahun Diatom & rumput mengurangi karbondioksida ke level yang sangat rendah

Diatom rumput
Lempeng tektonik menyediakan suplai karbondioksida ke atmosfer

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Evolusi & dampak alga terhadap atmosfer terus berlanjut sampai sekarang …
Defining the algae
• Algae: a heterogenous assemblage of
organisms range in size & that belong to
diverse evolutionary lineages
• Algae: mostly Photosynthetic Protista &
Prokaryotic Cyanobacteria
• photosynthetic organisms
• Habitat: aquatic
• Lack the body & reproductive features of the
land plants

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Algal Body Types Algal Body Types: microalgae

• Microalgae: the so small algal • Macroalgae: algal bodies that a. Solitary cell (unicell): coccoid

bodies that a microscope are large enough to be seen with b. Colonies: several to many cells arranged loosely or
in a highly organized way
needed to observe the unaided eye c. Coenobia: colonies feature a genetically defined
number & pattern of cells
d. Flagellates: unicellular & colonial algae are
propelled by flagella
e. Filament: a linear array of cells joined end to end,
often sharing a common wall
f. Branched filaments: dividing in a direction
perpendicular to the main filament axis
• Uniseriate filaments: filaments that are
composed of a single row of cells
• Biseriate/pluriseriate filaments: filaments that
are composed of two/more rows of cells
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Algal Body Types: microalgae Algal Body Types: macroalgae

• Periphyton: branched filamentous algae
attached at rocks/other substrates in
shallow waters
• Phytoplankton: microalgae that swin/float in g. Coenocytic bodies/siphonous bodies: • Pseudoparenchymatous body:
composed of a very large multinucleate cell,
the water lack internal cell wall except when formed by branched filaments that
reproductive structure are produced. may closely adhere

h. Parenchymatous bodies: composed of tissues

(3 dimensional array of cells) that are often
interconnected by intercellular connections
(plasmodesmata)

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Algal Reproductive Types Asexual Reproduction: Asexual

• Asexual: does not involve the fusion of gametes (meiosis) a– c : cellular bisection
• Rapid population growth d : zoospore
e : aplanospore
• Sexual: involve the fusion of gametes (meiosis) f : autospore
• Increase genetic variability g : autocolony
• Fostering the ability to respond to environmental change h : fragmentation
i : akinete

Ø Population of many unicellular microalgae by simple longitudinal/tranverse cell division

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Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

a. Zygotic meiosis b. Gametic meiosis

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Algal Diversity
Sexual Reproduction
C. Sporic meiosis

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Algal Diversity:
Cyanobacteria/Cyanophyte/blue green algae
• Prokariotic
• Sexual repro is lacking
• All have chlorophyll
• Body types: unicellular, filaments,
unbranched filamentous, branched
filamentous
• Common & diverse in marine,
freshwater habitats, terrestrial
ecosystems, symbiont with marine
invertebrates, fungi (to form
lichens), land plants
• Bloom formers, can produce toxins

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Algal Diversity: Glaucophytes Algal Diversity: Clorarachniophytes

• Unicellular, colonial • Unicellular
• Plastid: Blue green (phycobilin) • Marine species
• Sexual reproduction is not • Important in the study of
known endosymbiosis & the origin of
• Importance in studies the origin plastids
of plastid, more resemble • Sexual reproduction: some
cyanobacteria members

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Algal Diversity: Euglenoids Algal Diversity:

Cryptomonads/Cryptophytes
• Unicellular flagellates • Unicellular flagellates
• Some plastids similar to green • Freshwater, marine
algae, many are heterotrophic • Most plastids: red, blue green,
• Most in freshwater, some are olove/brown
marine organisms • Nutritious food for aquatic
• Role in wetland ecosytems animals, important in
• Sexual reproduction is unknown evolutionary studies
• Sexual reproduction: some

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Algal Diversity: Algal Diversity: Dinoflagellates

Haptophytes/Prymnesiophytes
• Unicellular flagellates, • Unicellular flagellates w/ 2
nonflagellate unicells, colonies different type flagella
• plastid: golden • Half genera are heterotroph,
others are photosynthetic
• Most in marine, some in
• Plastid: golden-brown
freshwater
• Coccolithophorids: produces • Mostly marine, others freshwater
carbonate influence climate, the • Bloom formers, can produce toxins,
deposit rich in petroleum coral’s symbiont & other marine
invertebrates
• Sexual reproduction: common
• Sexual reproduction: some species
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Algal Diversity: Algal Diversity:

Photosynthetic Stramenopiles/photosynthetic / Heterokonts /
Chromophytes / Ochrophytes Red algae/Rhodophytes
• Plastid: golden brown (major), • Unicellular, filaments, aggregations
some are yellow-green of filaments & sheets of cells
(Batrachospermum sp.).
• Diverse body & reproduction
types • Plastid: red, blue green
• Sexual reproduction
• Abundant as macroalgae in marine
waters
• Industrial products/food
(Gracilaria), carbonate producers
(coralline algae)

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Algal Diversity:
Green Algae/Chlorophytes
• Diverse body, sexual reproduction &
habitat types.
• Plastid: commonly green, some red
• Important food source for aquatic
animals, symbiont with freshwater
protista & invertebrates, with fungi
(lichens)

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