Pengantar Teknik Geofisika

LEMPENG BUMI (Plate Tectonic)

Oleh:
Muhammad Syukri

Program Studi Teknik Geofisika - Fakultas Teknik

Universitas Syiah Kuala
2019/2020
Geosains (Ilmu Kebumian)
Relief Permukaan Bumi
 Relief Permukaan Bumi
• If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the
continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
 Lempeng Bumi (Plate Tectonic)
• Merupakan bagian dari litosfer sebagai lapisan terluar
bumi yang memiliki struktur padat dan keras yang terdiri
atas berbagai batuan, terletak diatas lapisan mantel bumi
yang massa zatnya berupa fluida (lava) yang strukturnya
cair dan kental.
Tektonik Lempeng
Courtesy of A. Dziewonski
 Structure of the Earth

Mantle
• The Earth is made
up of 3 main Outer core
layers: Inner core
– Core
– Mantle
– Crust
Crust
Tektonik Lempeng
Penyebaran Lempeng Kerak Bumi
Lempeng di sekitar Indonesia
Mengapa lempeng tersebut dapat bergerak ?
 Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
• “Plates/Lempeng” lithosfer bergerak diatas
mantel yang panas akibat arus konveksi
Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
Mengapa lempeng bergerak?
 Jenis hubungan lempeng

• Divergent

• Convergent

• Transform
Jenis hubungan lempeng
Jenis hubungan lempeng
 Batasan Divergen

• Spreading ridges
– As plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the
gap
Zona Rifting (Peretakan/Pemisahan)
 Transform Boundaries

• Where plates slide past each other

Above: View of the San Andreas

transform fault
San Andreas Rift Zone

Elkhorn Plain, California, United States

3/3/2005
Landscape Shifting, Wallace Creek

San Andreas Fault, a Transform Margin

Pemekaran Samudera
 Convergent Boundaries

• There are three styles of convergent plate

boundaries
– Continent-continent collision
– Continent-oceanic crust collision
– Ocean-ocean collision
Subduksi (Penunjaman)
Implikasi dari penunjaman
Subduksi di Indonesia
Batas Lempeng di Sumatera
Batas Lempeng di Aceh
Zona Subduksi di Sumatera
Relief Pulau Sumatera
Batas Lempeng di Sumatera
 Continent-Continent Collision
• Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
Tumbukan membentuk Himalaya
Tumbukan membentuk Himalaya
Tektonik dan magmatisme
Tektonik dan pembentukan batuan
Tektonik dan kegempaan
Volcanoes are formed by:
- Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots
Pusat Gempa dan Gunung Api
Tektonik Lempeng
PLATE
“Plate Tectonics,” The Basic Idea:
Lokasi Lempeng Tektonik Utama
Sejarah dan Proses Pembentukan
Lempeng Tektonik Utama
Plate Tectonics I: Ocean seafloor is created at
mid-ocean ridges, where “plates” move apart.
 Where do earthquakes form?

Figure showing the tectonic setting of earthquakes

Plate Tectonics II: Ocean seafloor is eventually destroyed
at subduction zones, where it sinks back into the mantle.
A Global Map of Earthquakes Also Shows the Plate Boundaries
For a large earthquake,
seismic waves will
continue to circle the
Earth for weeks,
making it reverberate
like a gong.

Courtesy of J. Tromp
A CASE STUDY: THE DECEMBER 26, 2004,
SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE
 Burma Indian
Microplate Sumatra Plate

The process of subduction that has created Indonesia

through volcanic activity, also makes it dangerous.
INDIAN PLATE MOVES NORTH
COLLIDING WITH EURASIA
 COMPLEX
PLATE
BOUNDARY
ZONE IN
SOUTHEAST
ASIA

Northward motion of
India deforms all of
the region

Many small plates

(microplates) and
blocks
 The Indian plate
subducts beneath
the Burma
microplate
at about 50 mm/yr

Earthquakes occur
at the plate interface
along the Sumatra
arc (Sunda trench)

These are
spectacular &
destructive results of
many years of
accumulated motion
Gempa Bumi 10 Tahun Terakhir
Gempa Terbesar (> 8.5 RS) Sejak Tahun 1500
Gempa Terbesar (> 8.5 RS) Sejak Tahun 1500
 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE 9

Courtesy of IRIS

Energy released ≈ 20 × 1017 Joules, or 475,000 kilotons

(475 megatons) of TNT, or the equivalent of 23,000
Hiroshima bombs.
Energy released ≈ 20 × 1017 Joules, or 475,000 kilotons
(475 megatons) of TNT, or the equivalent of 23,000
Hiroshima bombs.
Top Ten List of Earthquakes in the Past 100 Years.

Location Date Magnitude

1.Chile 1960 05 22 9.5

2.Prince William Sound, Alaska 1964 03 28 9.2
3.Andreanof Islands, Alaska 1957 03 09 9.1
4/5.Kamchatka 1952 11 04 9.0
4/5.West Coast of Northern Sumatra 2004 12 26 9.0
6.Off the Coast of Ecuador 1906 01 31 8.8
7.Rat Islands, Alaska 1965 02 04 8.75
8.Assam – Tibet 1950 08 15 8.6
9/10.Kamchatka 1923 02 03 8.5
9/10.Banda Sea, Indonesia 1938 02 01 8.5
Top Ten List of Earthquakes in the Past
Jumlah Korban akibat Gempa Bumi
10 Tahun Terakhir
TSUNAMI SPEED IN
DEEP WATER of
depth d

c = (gd)1/2
g = 9.8 m/s2 d = 4000 m
c = 200 m/s = 720 km/hr

Tsunami generated
along fault, where sea
floor displaced, and
spreads outward

Reached Sri Lanka in 2

hrs, India in 2-3

Courtesy of K. Sataki
Tsunami waves
bend around
“obstacles” like
islands and
peninsulas in a
process called
DIFFRACTION.
The Tsunami Eventually Crossed All Oceans
Seen safely from high ground, a wave of the 1960
Chilean tsunami pours into Onagawa, Japan.
Other Sources of Energy Can
Cause Seismic Waves and
Tsunamis…….
Giant Eruption
of Krakatau in
1883.
Krakatau Dulu dan Sekarang
Seismic Imaging Has Allowed Us to
Explore the Interior of Our Planet….
Courtesy of A. Dziewonski