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HYDRO POWER UNITS for small hydro power plant PART-1
Posted on January 27th, 2011 by admin | No Comments »
PROJECT LAYOUTS
Five different sites were initially identified and evaluated. The alternatives were subject to a screening
process with the aim of eliminating the least attractive alternatives. Based on the results of the screening,
Sites 2, 4 and 5 were selected for further detailed analysis.
The following different types for the installation of hydro power units were studied for the
aforementioned sites:
* Hydromatrix turbines only,
* Bulb turbines only,
* Combination of Hydromatrix and Bulb turbines,
* Pit turbines with a canal.
Site 2 is close to the Popa Falls and would permit the utilization of the additional head of the Falls for
power generation during high flood periods. Depending on the discharge of the Okavango River, the
additional head varies between 3 and 4.5 m. Three different layouts were developed as combined
Hydromatrix-Bulb (MB) solutions described in more detail below. The basic concept is to install a
number of Hydromatrix modules in the barrage, which would allow for a minimum flow to be maintained
over the falls.
In the absence of precise environmental requirements, it has been assumed for design purposes from the
hydrological records that a minimum flow of approximately 90 m3/s will be required to be maintained
over the falls. As can be seen from the flow duration curve given in Figure 7-1, a discharge in the range
of 100 m3/s corresponds to an availability of approximately 98%. By the installation of three sets of
Hydromatrix turbines the minimum flow of 90 m3/s would always be discharged over the Popa Falls.
Discharges in excess of a minimum discharge of 100 m3/s would be conveyed via a canal on the left bank
of the river and discharge into a headpond from where the water would flow via a penstock to the bulb
turbines and powerhouse. The powerhouse would be located downstream of the Popa Falls and the
outflow from the turbines would be discharged back into the river via a short tailrace canal. Three
different layout combinations have been investigated for the Hydromatrix-Bulb combinations, which are
briefly described below.
http://hydropowerstation.com/?tag=trash-racks 1/28/2011
* Alternative MB1: Short headrace canal, long penstock, short tailrace canal. The headrace canal would
have a length of approximately 1200 m, the penstock a length of approximately 850 and the tailrace canal
a length of approximately 70 m.
* Alternative MB2: Long headrace canal (6 000 m), short penstock (200 m), and a short tailrace canal (70
m).
* Alternative MB3: Headrace canal (2 600 m), headpond/penstock (450 m), and powerhouse/tailrace
canal (450 m).
These various alternative layouts are shown on Figure 7-19.
The construction of a 3 m high weir with a canal development using the additional head of Popa Falls was
also investigated for the sake of completeness. This alternative would not satisfy the criteria of sustaining
a minimum flow over the Popa Falls and was therefore discarded at an early stage.
Table 7-1 below shows the different layout options for the different sites that were considered in the
framework of the Pre-Feasibility Study:
Table 7-1 : Matrix of Project Alternatives
Alternative Site 2 Site 4 Site 5

Hydromatrix Turbine X X X
Bulb Turbine X X X
Combined Matrix . MB1
Bulb
MB2
Development
MB3
Bulb Unit . 3m weir X
For Site 2, three hydro power configurations were investigated in detail. Apart from investigating the
Hydromatrix and the Bulb unit layout options, the above mentioned alternative combinations of a
Hydromatrix-Pit turbine canal development were also investigated. Due to the inundation upstream of
Site 2, the FSL was limited to 1007.5 m.a.m.s.l. Only Hydromatrix-Bulb configurations were studied for
Site 4 as the additional head of the Falls is too far away to be utilized for power generation. The
advantage of Site 4 is that the maximum FSL may be set at a higher elevation. Bearing in mind that the
mean riverbed level is 1001.0 m.a.m.s.l. at Site 4, the water depth at the weir can be increased from 7.5 m
at Site 2 to 9 m at Site 4 that is to a FSL elevation of 1010.0 m.a.m.s.l. This additional head would
improve the installed power capacity and the expected annual energy production of the plant significantly.
Moreover, two additional FSLs were studied for this site, namely 1007.5 m.a.m.s.l. and 1012.5 m.a.m.s.l..
This was done in order to assess what effect an increase or decrease of the FSL would have on the
installed capacity, the mean annual energy production, as well as the resulting costs.
A closer inspection of the river reach between Site 2 and Site 4 showed that an additional site, Site 5,
could be considered as appropriate for the development of a weir. This site is located approximately 1 km
downstream of Site 4. The conditions are similar to Site 4 except that this site does not have a side
channel which could be used for river diversion during construction, but it does have the advantage, when
compared to Site 4, that the impoundment depth at the weir would increase by approximately 0,75 m
without increasing the inundated area upstream of the weir.
7.2 DESIGN DISHARGE
For the determination of the design discharge at the Popa Falls HPP the flow duration curve given in
Figure 7-1 on the following page was used to calculate the discharge available for power generation.
Based on the flow duration curve, further analyses, related to the sediment sluicing requirements for the
Popa Falls HPP, were carried out. Since it is important that sediment movement is not to be significantly
disrupted, since disruption of the movement of sediment may have serious environmental impacts
downstream of the weir, and eventually the Delta, regular sluicing, or an alternative sediment bypass
system, becomes essential.
Experience gained on numerous dam basins world wide has shown that sluicing of sediments that have
accumulated in the weir basin, will only be efficient during high flood periods, and if the reservoir
capacity of 2% of the MAR is not exceeded. The sluicing volume is a function of the reservoir capacity.
For a storage capacity of 2% of the MAR, the sluicing volume amounts to approximately 80% of the
MAR. According to the flow duration curve the sluicing volume of 80% MAR would correspond to a
discharge of 210 m3/s. This would lead to an annual operation time of only 3 500 hours. Figure 7-2
shows the relationship between discharge and the MAR.
Reservoir capacities were determined for each of the three FSL elevations using the mapping prepared
from the airborne laser surveys. The reservoir capacities for the three sites in terms of a percentage of the
MAR, vary between 0.18% for Site 4, 0.23% for Site 2, and 0.26% for Site 5. The sluicing and flushing
volume of 80% of the MAR for a reservoir capacity of 2% of the MAR can therefore be reduced
considerably to allow for the actual reservoir capacity.
Actual sluicing volumes will, however, need to be determined in model tests to be carried out in the next
stage of the study.
The initial assumption used for the present Pre-Feasibility Study was that a period of one month per year
would be required for sluicing. This value was established in co-operation with the sedimentologist on the
team. Sluicing would ideally straddle the peak of the flood. In this way, the annual operating time of the
power plant would amount to approximately 8000 hours per year. In order to assess the effect of sluicing
on power production and project benefits, the duration of sediment sluicing was increased from four
weeks to six weeks, and further to eight weeks. The results of this analysis are presented and discussed in
Section 7.3 of this report.
The determination of the optimum design discharge was based on the sluicing requirements as well as
taking into consideration the investment costs, expected revenues, and the annual operation time of 8 000
hours per year. This analysis was carried out using an iterative approach in which the investment costs
were compared to the expected benefits to determine the optimum cost-benefit ratio. Calculations were
carried out for different design discharges to determine the relationship between the cost-benefit ratio and
the design discharge. The following methodology was followed.
(i) Investment Costs
Initially only rough cost estimates were prepared for the civil works based on local and international
prices. The costs for the hydro-mechanical components and the electrical equipment were based on
quotations obtained from international turbine manufacturers. Total investment costs were thus
determined.
(ii) Benefits
The installed capacity as well as the annual energy production were calculated based on the selected
design discharge. The time required for sluicing was determined for the annual generated energy.
Operating periods between 3500 hours and 8000 hours were analysed. The expected annual revenues
were calculated using a mean energy price of US$ 0.03/kWh. This value is based on the Long Run
Marginal Cost (LRMC) for the next few years, which was provided by NamPower. The present worth of
revenues was determined, based on an interest rate of 9% p.a. and a lifetime of approx. 25 years. The
calculation carried out for an annual operation time of 3500 hours, as required for maximum sluicing
requirements, did not produce an economically feasible project.. The comparison of investment costs to
expected revenues showed that the project would not be economically viable in this case, as power would
only be generated between 80 m3/s < Q < 210 m3/s during a limited period of the year. For all analysed
discharges the investment costs would be higher than revenues, with the result that the cost-benefit ratio
would always be below unity, as can be seen in the Figure 7-3.
Figure 7-3 : Cost-Benefit Ratio for an Operating Time of 3500 Hours
The annual operation time can be considered as one of the most important parameters in the economics of
a hydro power scheme. Since the existing capacity of the reservoir is only in the range of 0.2% of the
MAR, the flushing volume may be decreased considerably from 80% to a value of between 20% and
30%. The reduction of the flushing period will increase the annual operation time of the hydro power
scheme. In further analyses during the optimisation procedure, the annual operation time was increased in
increments of 500 hours annually.
Based on this optimisation process it can be concluded that an annual operation time of at least
approximately 7 000 hours should be considered to ensure the economic viability of the proposed hydro
power project at Popa Falls. Figure 7.4, above, shows the cost-benefit ratioas function of the design
discharge. The figure shows that the optimum ratio is reached with a design discharge between 280 . 320
m3/s. From 80 m3/s the graph is steadily increasing up to the optimum of approximately 300 m3/s where
the curve is flat.
The design discharge is also a function of costs, sluicing requirements etc., with the result that it can be
concluded that a design discharge of between 280 m³/s and 320 m3/s can be considered to be the range for
optimum discharge for the scheme. The relatively wide range of design discharge is selected on account
of the Hydromatrix arrangement in which one Hydromatrix unit requires a design discharge of
approximately 10 to 12 m³/s. Three Hydromatrix turbine units will be built into one Module so that the
addition of one single module will increase discharge capacity by approximately 30-40 m3/s.
Consequently, based on environmental and sediment movement considerations as well as economics, an
operating period of 8000 hours/a was assumed, which provides for a sluicing period of 4 weeks per
annum. The energy calculations, evaluated in Section 7.5 of this report, have therefore been based on this
operation time. The conditions at Site 5 are similar to Site 4 with the exception that it does not have a side
channel which could be used for river diversion during construction, but has the advantage that the
impoundment depth at the weir would increase by approximately 0,75 m, when compared to Site 4.
The different units are described in more detail in the following sections and the installed capacity and
mean annual energy production at each weir site is discussed in section 8.3.
Continue in Part-2………………
PROPOSAL OF VARIABLE SPEED SYSTEM FOR

MICROHYDROPOWER USING CROSS-FLOW TURBINE
PART-1
ABSTRACT
Conventional hydroelectric plant systems are not suitable for micro-hydropower because of relatively
high cost. In this study, two variable speed micro-hydropower systems that consist of low cost
commercial power electronic elements are proposed for variable head micro hydropower. One is for the
purpose of applying to isolated operations, and the other is for connecting to power systems. The
experimental results revealed that turbine performance and overall system efficiency at off-design heads
can be improved much by using these systems. The performance characteristics of a low head cross-flow
turbine that is simplified by the authors are also investigated experimentally in a wide range of operating
head.
NOMENCLATURE
Term Symbol Definition
Effective Head H Measured from the water

surface in the tailrace
Rotational Speed n For turbine
Outer Diameter of d
Turbine Runner
Runner Width b
Water Density • •
Turbine Efficiency • •
Efficiency of Turbine • •tg
with Generator
Air Pressure Inside of pri At normal condition
Runner
Rotational Speed • • For generator
Exciting Frequency F For induction
generator
Synchronous Speed Ns For generator
Turbine Output Power P
Overall Efficiency • •
Exciting Voltage V For induction
generator
INTRODUCTION
It is important to exploit micro-hydropower (less than 100kW) as a decentralized power resource.

However, when applying scaled-down models of conventional hydropower systems and turbines to micro
-hydropower schemes, the cost increases excessively due to the lack of scale-merits. Thus, it is expected
to develop non-conventional hydropower systems and turbines appropriate for micro-hydropower.
When a micro-hydropower system is located apart from power supply system, the cost effective governor
is an Electronic Load Governor (ELG) that adjusts an electrical ballast load. According to the present
experimental investigation, a constant speed system that consists of a synchronous generator and an ELG
caused rapid drop in efficiency when the operating head deviates from the designed head. On the other
hand, when a micro hydropower system is located near the power supply system, the simplest way is to
use a cage-type induction generator connected directly to the power system. However, such a system is
also not performed efficiently under variable head.
Around us there are many micro-hydropower resources of which effective head is variable, such as water
supply piping system, discharged water from dam, and so on. To exploit these micro-hydropower
resources efficiently, this study proposes two variable speed microhydropower systems that consist of low
cost power electronic elements. One is for the purpose of applying to isolated operations, and the other is
for the purpose of connecting to power systems.
As for turbines, a low head cross-flow turbine has a simple structure and low fabrication cost. In order to
apply this type of turbine to micro-hydropower, the authors have further simplified the turbine structure.
A guide vane inside the nozzle was removed, the runner chamber was made compact using a new air
supply method in which air is directly supplied into the inside of the runner. And in the meanwhile, the
efficiency of the turbine was improved by about 2% in a wide operating range. This study is also aimed to
apply a simplified low head cross-flow turbine to variable head micro-hydropower, and the performance
characteristics of the simplified cross-flow turbine are investigated experimentally under varying head.
TEST APPARATUS AND METHOD
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show a simplified low head cross-flow turbine and the details of the turbine nozzle and
runner, respectively. As seen from these figures, the inlet pipe and the nozzle are vertically installed,
which is suitable for low head range. The number of runner blades is 26, and the inlet and outlet angle of
blade is 30 and 87 , respectively. The widths of nozzle, runner and runner chamber are all same,
b=150mm.
Water is supplied by a mixed-flow pump. The effective head H was varied by adjusting the rotational
speed of the pump and the opening valve at the outlet of pump. For a cross-flow turbine, it is necessary to
supply air into the runner inside to avoid collision of flow against the runner shaft, and the air pressure at
the runner inside was fixed to the optimal value with an air valve. The runner is connected to a generator
through a gear of the speed ratio of 1:5, and the turbine speed was varied by adjusting the generator load.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
1. Performance characteristics of the turbine under variable head

It has been cleared that the simplified low head cross-flow turbine has good performance at a constant
head (Ref. 4). In order to apply the turbine to variable head micro-hydropower, it is necessary to reveal
the performance characteristics of the turbine under variable head.
As mentioned before, the performance of the turbine is strongly influenced by the air pressure of the
runner inside. The experimental results shown in Fig. 3 reveal that there is an optimal air pressure of the
runner inside for a given head, and the optimal air pressure decreases with the increase of the head, while
the best turbine efficiency keeps a constant value. In Fig. 3, Hn is the normal head in which the unit
rotational speed (nd/H1/2) calculated using the rating speed of generator takes the optimal value.
The overall performance of the turbine for varying head is shown in Fig. 4. For the
investigation, the air pressure of the runner inside was fixed to the optimal value for each
given head. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that despite the variation of the operating head, the
performance curves almost overlap, and the maximum turbine efficiency of 78.5% is
obtained at the optimal unit rotational speed (nd/H1/2) opt=42. From the above results, it is clearly revealed
that the unit rotational speed (nd/H1/2) of the turbine should be set to the optimal value despite the
variation of the operating head, then the turbine can always be operated under the optimal condition.
Continue in Part-II……………..
HYDROMATRIX – The 21st Century Solution for Low Head

Hydropower PART-2
Continue from Part-1……….
Description of HYDROMATRIX system components
General
The HYDROMATRIX system utilizes a factory or workshop assembled ‘matrix” or module of small
(diameter 0.9 to 1.3 meter), axial flow, fixed blade type turbine generator units. Modules for projects
already built or currently under development or study foresee two (2) to thirty four (34) individual turbine
generator units, installed in one, two, or three horizontal rows. The number of turbines and associated row
arrangement depends on the existing civil structure and the position relative to the headwater and
tailwater elevations at each site.
The module is pre-assembled to the greatest extent possible and shipped to the project site where it is
installed in the existing structure or water passage. When discharges in excess of the capacity of the
module must be passed by the dam or gate structure in which the module is installed, the
HYDROMATRIX module may be raised or removed from its operating position, similar to a spillway
gate.
Turbine-Generator Units
The design of the turbine-generator units is derived from VA TECH HYDRO´s classic concepts for small,
compact hydro turbines and was further developed to address the need for high reliability, low
maintenance and standardization.
Each turbine generator unit consists of a stay ring with fixed stay vanes, a fixed blade propeller type
runner made of aluminum-bronze, and a generator directly connected to the turbine runner. The stator
forms a watertight steel fabricated housing and is mounted to the stay ring. Two or three bearings situated
within the bulb support the generator rotor, shaft, and runner rotating assembly. The shaft seal is of the
mechanical face seal type and is located within the generator housing. (See picture 3)
Underwater power and control cables are run from the TG-Unit to the switchgear system.
Picture 3: HYDROMATRIX Turbine-Generator Unit
Module Steel Structure

The individual turbine – generator units are mounted into a steel fabricated structure usually referred to as
a module, which, besides supporting the turbine generator units, serves as a bulkhead or steel curtain to
seal off the water passage within the existing civil structure. In most cases the Modules are designed to
allow lifting them clear of the water passage thus enabling very easy access to the turbine-generator units.
Rubber seals are provided at the bottom of the module as well as along the module sides to minimize
bypass leakage. Beside the support frame for the TG-Units, the module usually also includes steel
fabricated draft tubes with integrated control gates. The design of the draft tube (shape and length) is
driven by the objectives of high turbine efficiencies and the need to keep the weight to a minimum.
Depending on the site conditions, trash racks, bulkheads and spillway gates can be incorporated into the
module steel structure as well.
Module weight minimization is a primary objective of the design process, as the crane or lifting device
required can be a significant project cost item. If the specific site allows, the draft tube portion of the
module may be permanently embedded in place, and other electrical and mechanical components can be
installed in close proximity to the turbine-generator units but outside of the module itself. Picture 4 shows
a project under development using this kind of approach
If the project conditions require a large steel structure to seal off the water passage but mandates the
removal of all power plant structures during flooding conditions, the design is steered towards creating
highly integrated module structures, which contain all necessary core components in one large Module,
which is then lifted out of the water passage using a large crane or hoist. Pictures 5 and 6 show such a
module design for an irrigation dam in Sudan with each module housing 2 TG-Units. The complete
electric equipment is located inside a steel fabricated container on the downstream side of the dam. The
module weight is 30 metric tons with a power output per module of 760 kW.
In most cases, the module design usually has to fulfill additional functions, design criteria, or guidelines
specified by the owner of the dam or structure in which the module is placed. This is particularly true for
the largest applications currently under design and implementation on the Mississippi and Ohio River in
the Mideast of the United States.
Pictures 7 and 8 show a module designed for installation in several gate bays of a clear width of 110 ft
which are currently housing Radial (or Tainter) Gates. These modules are to be installed in existing
maintenance / emergency bulkhead gate slots between the piers and are designed to replace the function
of the bulkhead to support continued operation of the locks and dam. Each module can be raised out of
the water for maintenance purposes or during flood conditions using a newly supplied gantry crane with a
rated capacity of 1,000 metric tons. The crane is an integral part of the power plant and houses a light
duty maintenance crane and trash rack cleaning machine.
Each module contains thirty-four TG-Units and the complete electromechanical auxiliary equipment
including switchgear, power factor compensation, draft tube gates and hydraulic pump unit for operating
the gates as well as spillway gates for fish release and trash raking operation (See picture 5). A stationary
6.9 kV busbar system connects the module to the module step-up transformer and gas insulated
switchgear (GIS) breaker, which are located on five of the dam piers. High voltage cables run across the
bridge girders of the superstructure to a transmission tower at the end of the dam.
Electrical Equipment
In addition to the generators, the electrical equipment generally includes the following main components:
1-Generator switchgear
2 -PLC type control and protection system
3-Reactive power compensation (for induction generators only)
4- Step-up transformer
5- High voltage switchgear equipment
For smaller plants, the electrical equipment is usually located outside of the module but close to the TG-
units and connected with those via underwater power and control cables. For larger module sizes most of
the electrical equipment is placed inside the module with the step-up transformers and high voltage
switchgear equipment being located close to or on the dam or civil structure. Standardized PLC systems
are used for fully automatic operation of the entire power plant.
Auxiliaries
Very few auxiliary systems are necessary for operation of a HYDROMATRIX plant. Where the capacity
of the existing crane or lifting device is insufficient to lift the modules, or it existing lifting equipment is
not installed, a new crane and rails or other lifting devices are supplied and installed on the existing
structure.
Depending on water quality and amount of floating debris, a trash rack and associated rack cleaning
system is supplied. In order to ensure an independent power supply for the auxiliaries under emergency
conditions or loss of incoming power from the connected power grid, a diesel generator is usually
provided.
Maintenance Requirements
Due to the fact that the HYDROMATRIX system typically applies a relatively large number of turbines
and associated equipment, the design of the components must emphasize robustness and reliability.
Examples of this design approach on the mechanical side are sump lubricated roller bearings, mechanical
face seals and the omission of wicket gates, just to name a few.
This design concept allows reducing the maintenance on the HYDROMATRIX turbine generator units to
a bi-annual oil change for the bearings.
On the electrical side, the systems generally consist of industrial grade, relatively low maintenance
standard components. Key components such as the generators, the switchgear and transformers are
furnished with typical sensors and performance/condition monitoring equipment to ensure proper
diagnostics and trouble free operation.
Interfaces with existing Systems and Structures
The most important aspects and interfaces to the existing lock and dam systems and structures we have
encountered so far are:
1-Structural integrity of the civil structure and the impact of the new HYDROMATRIX power plant
components
2-Dam stability under consideration of additional and / or changed loading conditions
3- Site specific requirements with regards to flood discharge capacity
4- Operational interfaces between the HYDROMATRIX power plant and the remaining dam gates
5- Compliance of the plant equipment with the interconnection requirements of the existing grid
As anyone of these issues can affect the overall feasibility of a project, early assessment and consideration
of these interfaces is imperative. Our experiences in the development of several projects over the last 5
years has also shown the importance of getting all major stakeholders involved in the development
process from a very early stage.
In most cases, the major stakeholders are the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers (owner and operator of the majority of locks and dams in the United States),
state and federal agencies as well as transmission and distribution entities. The involvement of these
agencies can range from sending regular written updates of the development process (mandatory as per
FERC licensing process) up to arranging personal meetings with the primary goal to explain theproposed
power plant scheme and to educate engineers, operating personnel and other members of the stakeholders
organization about the technical, commercial and legal aspects. The meetings also help to get valuable
feedback about concerns and uncertainties with regards to important aspects such as safety and
environmental compliance, allowing the project developers to address these issues in application
documents early in the licensing process.
Hydro Power Sector Worldwide Headline

Posted on May 23rd, 2010 by admin | 1 Comment »
Construction of Uri II hydro project in India on track for completion in 2011
Construction work on the Uri-II hydroelectric project in Kashmir’s Uri town has reached its final stage,
with construction set for completion in 2011, wire services reported.
The hydropower project, which has a target capacity of 240 megawatts, is operated by the National
Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC).
The hydro project was commissioned in 2005, but the construction work received a setback during the
October 2005 earthquake that hit the border town.
This will be the second project on the River Jhelum in Uri after the Uri I project that was completed in
1997 and is now producing 480 megawatts of electricity, reports indicate.
In other news, GVK Power and Infrastructure Ltd. recently announced that its subsidiary has won the bid
to develop the 690-MW Rattle hydroelectric project on the Chinab River in the state of Jammu and
Kashmir.
Third largest hydro project in China could begin generating power in 2012
China’s Xiangjiaba hydropower project is on track to begin generating power in 2012, Interfax China
reported.
The hydro plant is situated on the Jinshajiang River on the border between Yibin County and Shuifu
County in Yunnan Province. At a cost of about 43.4 billion yuan (about US$6.3 billion), the hydro project
will have a capacity of at least 6,000 megawatts, reports indicate.
The project is slated to be the third-largest hydropower plant in China, after the Three Gorges and
Xiluodu hydropower projects.
According to the plant manufacturer and future operator, China Gezhouba Group Corp., construction of
the Xiangjiaba hydro plant started in November 2006.
According to the Yibin County government, the first turbine is expected to begin generating power in
2012. The plant will be fully operational by 2015, reports indicate.
In other news, China Hydroelectric Corporation, a consolidator, developer and operator of small hydro
projects, has signed definitive agreements to acquire a portion of the previously announced Minrui hydro
projects in Yunnan Province.
Construction start date on Chaglla hydro project in Peru could be near
Brazil’s Odebrecht could in September begin construction of the 360-MW Chaglla hydro project in Peru,
according to wire reports.
In December, Peru’s energy and mines ministry and Odebrecht company Generacion Huallaga signed the
definitive concession contract to build the plant. Commercial operations could begin in the second half of
2016, the ministry said at the time.
The project will use water from the Huallaga River in Huanuco region. Some reports indicate that Chaglla
could have a capacity greater than 360 megawatts once completed.
Recently, France-based utility group GDF Suez announced it will invest about 450 million euros (US$600
million) in Peruvian hydro and thermal power plants after winning a power supply contract in Peru.
GDF Suez’s Enersur S.A. unit was awarded a long-term contract to supply 662 megawatts of power in an
auction conducted by electricity distribution companies in Peru. The contracts are for electricity supplies
for 2013 through 2025.
Hydro Power Plant Engineering : Major component of hydro

electric power projects
Posted on May 7th, 2010 by admin | 3 Comments »
A typical Hydro electric power project is spread in a vast geographical area. Depending on the designs of
the project, it may be spread over 30 to 50 Km of area. In the vast geographical area, there are large
number of critical component which make a hydro electric project works. In this blog post I am going to
briefly describe each and every part of those component.
Water conductor system (broadly civil structures)
1.1 Dams
The most important aspect of hydro power generation is to ensure that the plant continue to function
continuously. The main component of hydro power project is dam, which may be concrete gravity, rock
filled, earthen or combination of some of above types. Earthen dams differ from masonry and concrete
dams due to relatively greater deformability and higher permeability of earth masses (excluding plastic
clay hearting). As these dams are big in general, The safety of the dams is most vital for the unhindered
performance of the power plant.
1.1 Barrage
The diversion structure like barrage and weir are generally designed on the principle governing the
percolating of water below the foundation of the structure. The floor of the structure is suitably designed
either as a raft of gravity section to be safe against the uplift pressures created.
1.2 Water intake structure
A structure to divert the water to waterway, which includes trash racks, a gate and an entrance to a canal,
penstock directly to turbine depending on the structure of the project.
1.3 Head race tunnel/Power channel
A canal, tunnel and/or penstock carries the water to the power house. Sometimes a desilting chamber
precedes the head race tunnel, which remove the larger size sediments from entering into the tunnel.
1.4 Surge shaft
Surge tank is provided into water conducting system primarily to reduce the surge pressure to be
considered in the designed penstock/ pressure shaft. This economizes the design of penstock/ pressure
shaft justifying the extra cost for the provision of the surge tank. The provision of the surge tank has
following advantages:
• The length of the column of water gets reduce by placing a free water surface close to the turbine.
• It act as a pressure relief opening to absorb surplus kinetic energy.
• It acts as a balancing reservoir to supply/ store additional water during starting/ closure of the gates/
valves.
A surge tank absorb the water hammer effects due to rapid start or closure of the turbine.
1.5 Penstock/ protection valves
The penstock valves are provided after the surge shaft to facilitate maintenance of the penstock. These
valves are butterfly valves. The are butterfly valves are operated hydraulically with provision of pressure
accumulated in case of power failure.
1.6 Penstock/ pressure shaft
The penstock convey the water to the power house and can take many configurations, depending upon the
project layout. Where the power house is an integrated part of the dam, the penstock is simply a passage
through the upstream portion of the dam. In case of project having long head race tunnel terminating in
the surge tank, the penstock from the surge tank, where most of drop in elevation occurs, would be a
pressurerized tunnel or pipe. For multi unit installation, it is often desirable to surve several units with a
single penstock, and manifolds or bifurcation structures are provided to direct the flow to individual units.
1.7 Main inlet valves (MIV)
These are spherical valves just provided before the water enter into the spiral casing of the turbine. This is
provided to stop the water for small maintenance purpose In turbine hall.
1.8 Power House
Power house contains the electro mechanical equipment i.e. hydro power turbine, Generator, excitation
system, main inlet valves, transformers, Switchyard, DC systems, governor, bus duct, step up
transformers, step down transformers, high voltages switch gears, control metering the protection
systems.
2.0 Tail race (Tunnel/ channel)
The tail race tunnel or channel are provided to direct the used water coming out of draft tube back to the
river. The important criteria of designing the tail race tunnel/ channel is kind of draft tube, the gross head
and geographical situation of the area. Tail race is designed in such a way that water hammer is minimizes
when water leaves the draft tube.
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Hydro Electric Power Plants » trash racks Page 1 of 18

Hydro Electric Power Plants

Posts Tagged ‘trash racks’

* Hydromatrix turbines only,

* Bulb turbines only,

* Combination of Hydromatrix and Bulb turbines,

* Pit turbines with a canal.

These various alternative layouts are shown on Figure 7-19.

Table 7-1 : Matrix of Project Alternatives

Alternative Site 2 Site 4 Site 5

Bulb Unit . 3m weir X

7.2 DESIGN DISHARGE

(i) Investment Costs

Figure 7-3 : Cost-Benefit Ratio for an Operating Time of 3500 Hours

PROPOSAL OF VARIABLE SPEED SYSTEM FOR

Term Symbol Definition

Effective Head H Measured from the water

Rotational Speed n For turbine

Water Density • •

Turbine Efficiency • •

Efficiency of Turbine • •tg

Air Pressure Inside of pri At normal condition

Rotational Speed • • For generator

Exciting Frequency F For induction

Synchronous Speed Ns For generator

Turbine Output Power P

Overall Efficiency • •

Exciting Voltage V For induction

It is important to exploit micro-hydropower (less than 100kW) as a decentralized power resource.

TEST APPARATUS AND METHOD

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Performance characteristics of the turbine under variable head

HYDROMATRIX – The 21st Century Solution for Low Head

Continue from Part-1……….

Description of HYDROMATRIX system components

Picture 3: HYDROMATRIX Turbine-Generator Unit

Module Steel Structure

2 -PLC type control and protection system

3-Reactive power compensation (for induction generators only)

5- High voltage switchgear equipment

Interfaces with existing Systems and Structures

2-Dam stability under consideration of additional and / or changed loading conditions

3- Site specific requirements with regards to flood discharge capacity

Hydro Power Sector Worldwide Headline

Construction of Uri II hydro project in India on track for completion in 2011

Construction start date on Chaglla hydro project in Peru could be near

Hydro Power Plant Engineering : Major component of hydro

Water conductor system (broadly civil structures)

1.2 Water intake structure

1.3 Head race tunnel/Power channel

1.4 Surge shaft

1.5 Penstock/ protection valves

1.6 Penstock/ pressure shaft

1.7 Main inlet valves (MIV)

1.8 Power House

2.0 Tail race (Tunnel/ channel)

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