Sono-Pill Camera Chip

Kyusun Choi
Computer Science and Engineering Department
I. Kim, T.N. Jackson , H. Kim, R.L. Tutwiler, F. Griggio,
gg S. Trolier-McKinstry
y
The Pennsylvania State University

5/19/2010 2010 CMOS Emerging Technologies Workshop 1

 CCD-Pill Camera
http://www.rfamerica.com/sayaka/index.html

Given Imaging www.givenimaging.com

http://www.ubergizmo.com/15/archives/2008/06/remote_control_pillcam.html

5/19/2010 2
 CCD-Pill Camera

1. Clear condition
1
2. Surface imaging

Existing optical pill

camera and samples of its
captured images. Given Imaging
g g www.givenimaging.com
g g g

http://www.rfamerica.com/sayaka/index.html

Given Imaging www.givenimaging.com

http://www.ubergizmo.com/15/archives/2008/06/remote_control_pillcam.html

5/19/2010 3
 Ultrasound Imaging
g g

www.medical.siemens.com

SONOLINE G40 www.medical.siemens.com

5/19/2010 4
 Sono-Pill Camera

High Frequency
Gi
Given Imaging
I i www.givenimaging.com
i i i
Ultrasound

5/19/2010 5
 High
g Frequency
q y Ultrasound Transducer
Top
electrode
PZT

Bottom
electrode
Si

Xylophone Transducer Array

Top electrode

PZT

Bottom electrode

Post Transducer Array

5/19/2010 6
 High
g Frequency
y Ultrasound

Ultrasound image of an eye taken at 50MHz

5/19/2010 7
 High
g Frequency
y Ultrasound

Acoustic microscope images of MC3T3

MC3T3-E1
E1 osteoblasts culture with 50% MDA
MDA-MB-231
MB 231
conditioned medium for 2 days, imaged at 600MHz center frequency.

5/19/2010 8
 Ultrasound Imaging
g g
http://www.analog.com/library/analogdialogue/archives/36-03/ultrasound/ultrasound.pdf

SONOLINE G40 www.medical.siemens.com

5/19/2010 www.medical.siemens.com
9
 Sono-Pill Camera Chip

Beam-former
ucer Array

Programmable
Tx Driver Tx Generator
Delay
Control
Receive Circuitry
y A/D converter with memory
y &
Transdu

DSP
SRAM
Preamp VGA A/D Converter
(3k byte)

Custom Designed IC

1st prototype chip

9 channels
27 mm2
15W
1.5
0.35um CMOS

5/19/2010 10
 Sono-Pill Camera Chip
The Transceiver Chip
Channel Selection
Mode Set
Host 16ch 16ch
Imaging 2bit
Variable
Variable Transmit 16ch
Processor

Tran
Command AWG Tx Driver
Delay
Delayy Driver

nsducers
16ch
16bit SRAM 16ch
ADC aMUX RxReceiver
Preamp
(3kbyte)

2nd prototype chip

16 channels
10 mm2
270 mW
0.35um CMOS

5/19/2010 11
 Sono-Pill Camera Chip
6 inch
MEMS Transducers

1.5 mm
3 inch

1.5 mm

Fabricated SEM image of

transducer array transducers

Transceiver Chip

① Receiver &
Transmitter
① ② ③ ② A/D Converter
③ SRAM
④ Controller
C ll
④
Chip size: 10 mm2 (3.33 x 3 mm)

5/19/2010 12
 Receive Channel
Receive Circuitry A/D converter with memory
ucers

Control
SRAM
Transdu

Preamp TGC* A/D Converter &

(3 Kbyte)
DSP

– Bandwidth
75 MHz if fc = 50 MHz, BW=100%
– Preamp Gain
⎛ Max ADC Input ⎞
Gain p r eamp = 20 ⋅ log10 ⎜ ⎟ ± DM
⎝ Max Premp Input ⎠

• Max ADC Input: 1

1.5V
5V
• Max. Preamp Input: 0.3V
ÆPreamp Gain: 14 dB (±DM)

fc : Center Frequency
DM: Design Margin
5/19/2010 13
 Receive Channel
Receive Circuitry A/D converter with memory
ucers

Control
SRAM
Transdu

Preamp TGC* A/D Converter &

(3 Kbyte)
DSP

VTGC (max)
Vin_max
Vin_min

– VGA Gain
• (Attenuation rate) x (Wave path length) x fc
= 0.5 dB/MHz/cm x 18 mm x 50 MHz = 45 dB

fc : Center Frequency

5/19/2010 14
 Receive Channel

75 MHz

23 dB

Preamp Gain vs. Frequency VGA Gain vs. Control Voltage

5/19/2010 15
 Receive Channel

Transmitter Received signal

M316

Transmitted
signal

Preamp output

Transducers
(Receiver)

• Input signal (purple) to the ultrasound chip

• Signal through the ultrasound chip, preamp output (green)
• Gain 15 dB
5/19/2010 16
 Receive Channel

Target

Reflected
~2.4 µs, 1.8mm
signal
~1.8 m

Launched
mm

signal

Transducers

5/19/2010 17
 Receive Channel

Analog to Digital Converter

1.0 DNL
1.0
INL

05
0.5 05
0.5

INL (LSB)
DNL (LSB)

0.0 0.0
D

-0.5 -0.5

-1.0 -1.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Output Code

ADC Linearity Test Results SRAM Outputs Digitized by the ADC

5/19/2010 18
 Transmit Channel

Channel Delay Time

3x3 Array

SRC: A. Kassem et al., ”Pipelined Sampled-Delay Focusing CMOS

Implementation for Ultrasonic Digital Beamforming,” Proceedings of the 3rd
9x1 Array
IEEE Workshop on SoC for Real-time Application
Application, 2003
2003.

3x3 Array Delay 9x1 Array Delay

- Min. Delay: 0 ps - Min. Delay: 12 ps
- Max.
Max Delay: 22 ps - Max.
Max Delay: 72 ps
- Delay Step: 11 ps - Delay Step: 20 ps

5/19/2010 19
 Transmit Channel
Delay Tx_drv Ch<0>

Delay Tx_drv Ch<1>

Tx_pulse
Generator
Delay Tx_drv Ch<8>

Delay Tx_drv Ch<9>

Schematic of the Transmitter

Programmable Channel Delay
C
Coarse D
Delay
l M
Mux Fi Delay
Fine D l
60 ps 80 ps - Min. Delay: 0 ps
100 ps
- Max. Delay: 480 ps

200 ps
- Delay Step: 20 ps
Delayed
0
Pulse ps Pulse
300 ps

400 ps
20 ps 40 ps

Channel Delay Circuits

5/19/2010 20
 Transmit Channel

CH1
1.6 CH2
CH2 ~20 ps
CH3

1.2
DIV)

V)
oltage (1 V / D

Voltage (V
CH1
0.8

CH3 0.4
Vo

~100
0.0 ps

-40n -30n -20n -10n 0 10n 20n 30n 40n -1.0n -500.0p 0.0 500.0p 1.0n 1.5n 2.0n

Time (sec) Time (sec)

Transmitter Pulse & Delay Test Results

I. Kim et al. in IEEE TBCAS (2009)

5/19/2010 21
 2nd Protype
y Chip Summary
y

Gain [dB] 5 ~ 20
Bandwidth [MHz] > 75
P
Preamp
Dynamic Range [dB] 90
Noise Figure [dB] 10
Gain Range [dB] 23
VGA (TGC) Bandwidth [MHz] 250
Noise Figure [dB] 6~12
Resolution [bit] 6
ADC
Conversion Speed [MHz] 250
Capacity [byte] 3K
Memory
Data Bandwidth [Mbps] 250
Pulse Frequency [MHz] 1 ~ 100
Transmitter
Delay Step [ps] 20
Noise Figure [dB] 9 7 ~ 14
9.7 14.5
5
Power Consumption 270 mW
Total Chip
Process Technology TSMC 0.35µm
Chip Size 10 mm2

5/19/2010 22
 RF Link
http://www.zarlink.com/zarlink/zl70101-product-preview-apr2007.pdf

Data rate: 800 kbps

Power consumption: 5 mA continuous TX / RX

5/19/2010 23
 RF Link

http://embeddedsystemnews.com/
zarlink-semiconductor-announces-custom-rf-ic-
used-in-given-imagings-new-pillcam-colon-2-
camera-capsule-for-wireless-examination-
of-the-colon.html

http://www.zarlink.com/zarlink/hs/82_ZL70101.htm

5/19/2010 24
 Current Challenge
g

1 Power
1.

2. On-Chip Processing

3. Large Array

5/19/2010 25
 Power

http://www.zarlink.com/zarlink/hs/82_ZL70101.htm
Data rate: 800 kbps
Power consumption: 5 mA continuous TX / RX

SR66: silver oxide cell battery, 26 mAh, 6.8mm X 2.6mm

=>
> 5 hrs operation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battery_sizes

5/19/2010 26
 On-Chip Processing
g

http://dukemil.bme.duke.edu

Receive Beamforming: implements in stages of pipelined data flow.

Modular and regular feature, easy and straightforward VLSI implementation.

Tx and storage requirement for the received samples is 10X to 100X reduced.

5/19/2010 27
 Large
g Array
y

http://www.pemed.com/ultrasnd/ultrasnd.htm

Array: 1-D, 2-D

100 – 300 elements

http://adukemeta.com/medequip/adw8a/index.html

5/19/2010 28
 Large
g Array
y

1 chip: 128 channels

(8X current chip, in
0.18um CMOS tech.)

11 X 11 Array / chip

http://www.bidmcgenomics.org/?q=node/44
5/19/2010 29
 Non-Pill Applications

Finger tip ultrasound

1. Eye
2 Teeth
2. T th
3. Skin

Low cost/Disposable

Remote/Home care

5/19/2010 30
 Summary
y

Sono-Pill Camera Chip:

Ultrasound transceiver chips fabricated

• 16 channels on 10mm2 chip
• All components working
• Trying to generate ultrasound images using
thin-film transducers

Design improvements are being made

Challenges

Applications
• High frequency imaging (>30 MHz)
• Portable/ultra light weight applications
Portable/ultra-light-weight

5/19/2010 31