CHEMISTRY:-

Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with properties, composition

and structure of matter. It also governs the changes that matter may
undergo.

MATTER
Matter is anything that has both mass and volume (occupies space). For example, a
car would be said to be made of matter, as it occupies space, and has mass.

M a t t e r

P la s m Ba E C
( B o s e - E i n s t ie
S o l id L i q u i d G a s C o n d e n s a t e s

Solid Liquid Gas

• Definite Shape • Indefinite Shape • Indefinite Shape
• Definite Volume • Definite Volume • Indefinite Volume

Molecules of Solid, Liquid & Gas

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 A t o m s + / M o l e c u l e s + / F o

M A T T E R

S u b s t a n c e M i x tu r e

E l e m e n t C o m p o H u o n md o g e n Ho ue ts e r o g e n e o

o Atoms for element

o Molecules for compound

ELEMENT
SOLID LIQUID GAS
• Iron • Bromine • O2
• Copper etc. • Hg etc. • N2
• H2 etc.

ATOM:-
The atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central nucleus
surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus
contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons
(except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no
neutron). The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the
electromagnetic force. Likewise, a group of atoms can remain bound to each
other, forming a molecule. An atom containing an equal number of protons
and electrons is electrically neutral, otherwise it has a positive or negative

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charge and is an ion. An atom is classified according to the number of
protons and neutrons in its nucleus: the number of protons determines the
chemical element, and the number of neutrons determine the isotope of the
element.

Atom=electron+proton+neutron

Proton= +ve charge

Neutron= neutral
Electron= -ve charge
ATOMIC NUCLEUS:-
The nucleus is the very dense region consisting of nucleons (protons and
neutrons) at the center of an atom. Almost all of the mass in an atom is
made up from the protons and neutrons in the nucleus, with a very small
contribution from the orbiting electrons.

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MOLECULE:-
A molecule is defined as an electrically neutral group of at least two atoms
in a definite arrangement held together by very strong (covalent) chemical
bonds.
Atoms combine to form molecule

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 Water Molecule Sulfuric Acid Molecule

FORMULA UNIT:-
A formula unit in chemistry is the empirical formula of an ionic or covalent
network solid compound used as an independent entity for stoichiometric
calculations. It is the lowest whole number ratio of ions represented in an ionic
compound. Examples include ionic NaCl and K2O and covalent networks such as
SiO2 and C (as diamond or graphite).

Ionic compounds do not exist as individual molecules; a formula unit thus indicates
the lowest reduced ratio of ions in the compound.

A formula unit shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest
representative unit of a substance.

ION:-
An ion is an atom or molecule where the total number of electrons is not
equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative
electrical charge.

ANION:-
An anion is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net
negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons
are positively charged).

CATION:-
A cation is an ion with more protons than electrons.

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SUBSTANCE:-
A chemical substance is a material with a specific chemical composition.

A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same

properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a
river or made in a laboratory. Some typical chemical substances are diamond, gold,
salt (sodium chloride) and sugar (sucrose). Generally, chemical substances exist as
a solid, liquid, or gas, and may change between these phases of matter with
changes in temperature or pressure. Chemical reactions convert one chemical
substance into another.

ELEMENT:-
A chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one
type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number
of protons in its nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure
chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of
protons. Common examples of elements are iron, copper, silver, gold,
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. In total, 117 elements have
been observed as of 2008, of which 94 occur naturally on Earth.

Elements have atomic mass

COMPOUND:-
A substance formed by addition of two or more atoms in such a way
that the initial components lose their original properties.

Compounds have molecular & formula mass

C O M P O U N D S

I o n i c M o l e c u l a r
C o m p o u n Cd s o m p o u n d s

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  In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions
are held together.

 In chemistry, an molecular compound is a chemical compound in which

molecules are held together.

MIXTURE:-
In chemistry, a mixture is when two or more different substances are mixed
together but not combined chemically. The molecules of two or more different
substances are mixed in the form of mechanical mixtures, solutions, suspensions,
and colloids. While there are no chemical changes to its constituents, the physical
properties of a mixture, such as its melting point, may differ from those of the
components. Some mixtures can be separated into their components by mechanical
means.

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE:-
A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture the composition of which cannot
be identified.

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE:-
A heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture the composition of which can
easily be identified since there are two or more phases present.

ATOMIC MASS:-
Sum of proton and neutrons present in an atom.

MOLECULAR MASS:-
Sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in a given molecule.

FORMULA MASS:-
Sum of atomic masses of all the ions present in a formula unit.

ATOMIC NO:-
No. of protons only.

MOLE:-

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Quantity that represents atomic mass, molecular mass, formula mass in
grams.

 1 mole = 6.02X1023 atoms for elements. (6.02X1023 is Avogadro’s

Number)

 1 mole = 6.02X1023 molecules/formula units for compounds.

DENSITY:-
Mass per unit volume

Formula:

Units: Kg/m3, g/cm3, lbm/ft3

Density of Water: 1000 Kg/m3, 1 g/cm3, 62.4 lbm/ft3

Denoted by:

HOW TO CALCULATE DENSITY

For example: Let suppose the mass of this box is 20
gram and volume = =
= 8 cm .
3

HOW TO CALCULATE MAN’S DENSITY

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 5 m l
2 m l d i f f e r e n
3 m l
3 m l

B e f o r e A f t e r
Suppose the mass of a man is 10 gm and the volume according to the above
figure is 2 ml or 2 cm3. So,

ACID:-
Is a substance that releases H+ ions in aqueous solutions.

BASE:-
Is a substance that releases OH- ions in aqueous solutions.

SALT:-
When acids and bases combine the by-product produced is called salt. They
are ionic compounds.

Red litmus converts into blue when dip in base

Blue litmus converts into red when dip in acid

STOICHIOMETRIC COEFFICIENTS:-
2*H2O

* Shows no. of molecules or no. of formula unit

GAS LAWS:-

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 BOYLE’S LAW:-
Pressure (P) is inversely proportional to volume (V).

CHARLES LAW:-
Temperature (T) is directly proportional to volume (V).

AVOGADRO’S LAW:-
Volume (V) is directly proportional to no. of moles (n). This is also
called NA Law.

After combining all laws

PRESSURE:-
Force per unit area.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:-
Atmospheric pressure is defined as the force per unit area exerted against
a surface by the weight of air above that surface at any given point in the
Earth's atmosphere. (Pressure of atmosphere)

GAUGE PRESSURE:-
Is zero referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to
absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are
usually omitted. (Internal pressure)

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE:-
Is zero referenced against a perfect vacuum, so it is equal to gauge pressure
plus atmospheric pressure.

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 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE:-
Is the difference in pressure between two points.

For Example
Patm = 14.7 psi = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg

Pgauge = 30 psi

Pabsolute = Patm + Pgauge

= 14.7+30 = 44.7 psi

Pg = Pabs - Patm

=44.7 - 14.7 = 30 psi

BOILING POINT:-
The temperature at which vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.

VAPOR PRESSURE:-
Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor
in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases in a closed
container. All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate into a gaseous
form, and all gases have a tendency to condense back to their liquid or solid
form.

Vaporize = Condense

MELTING POINT:-
The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure
of the solid and the liquid are equal. At the melting point the solid and liquid
phase exist in equilibrium.

SOLUTION:-
In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more
substances. In such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as
a solvent.

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 SOLVENT SOLUTE MIXTURE
Solid Solid Alloys
Solid Liquid Amalgam
Solid Gas H2 gas adsorb
on pt
Liquid Liquid Water and Oil
Liquid Gas Soda drink
Liquid Solid Salt water
Gas Gas Air (N2,O2)
Gas Liquid Cloud
Gas Solid Smoke

Solution: In which solute is very small in size which can’t see.

Colloid: In which solute is small in size which can see in light.

Suspension: In which solute is large in size which can see from eye.

M i x t u r e

H o m o g e n Ho eu t s e r o g e n e o u s

S o l u t i o n
C o l l o i Sd u s p e n s io n

Difference b/w State and Phase

There are three types of state and phase.

(1) Solid (2) Liquid (3) Gas.

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But the difference b/w state and phase can be understand by means of
following example.

Example#1: In the homogenous solution of water and Nacl (State=2 water

& Nacl b/c water is liquid and Nacl is solid), (Phase=1 b/c physically it seems
homogenous).

Example#2: In oil and water mixture (State=1 b/c oil and water both are
liquids), (Phase=2 b/c physically it seems two phases oil and water).

CRUDE OIL:-
Crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex
mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic
compounds, that is found in geologic formations beneath the earth's surface.

The state of crude oil is gas + liquid + solid but the phase is liquid.

COAL:-
The state of coal is gas + liquid + solid but the phase is solid.

C o a l

G a s L i q u id S o l id

C o a l g a s C o k e
C 4 H, C 2 H 6 C o a l t a C r= 9 5 - 9 9 %

COAL CARBO
N
Peat 50%
Lignite 65%

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 Bitumen 85%
Anthraci 90%
te
BASE OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION:-
Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy + Pressure Energy = 0

K.E + P.E + Press E = 0

velocity

K.E + P.E + Press E = 0

Therefore,

This is called Bernoulli Equation

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NPSH:-
NPSHA=Net Positive Suction Head Available (Which can be
calculated by this formula).

PA in terms of head unit

is ft.
+H Static head unit is ft.
B
-HB Suction lift unit is ft.
Hf Friction loss unit is
ft.
Hv.p Vapor pressure unit
is ft.
NPSHR=Net Positive Suction Head Required (Which is provided by
manufacturer).

OIL AND GAS:-

Oil and gas is a collective term that refers to liquid and gas hydrocarbons
extracted from the subsurface. The term oil and gas may refer to:

• Crude oil.

• Hydrocarbon exploration.

• Natural gas.

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 O i l & G a s

G a s O i l
E x p l o r a t i o S ne p a r a t i o n P l a n t

S e p a r a t o rP r e - t r e a t m e n t s

D e s i g n i n g
O p e r a t i o n

G a s O il
P r e - t r e a t m P e rn e t - t r e a t m e n t

S e p a r a ti o n D e s a lt i n g

D e h y d r a t i Do n e h y d r a t i o n

S w e e t e n i n Sg w e e t e n i n g

C o m p r e s s i o n

PETROCHEMICAL:-
Chemicals derived from Petroleum are called petrochemical.

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The main classes of petrochemical raw materials are:

• Olefins (including double bond compounds include ethylene, propylene,

and butadiene. Ethylene and propylene are important sources of industrial
chemicals and plastics products. Butadiene is used in making synthetic
rubber).

• Syn gas (is a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), and is
used to make the petrochemicals ammonia (NH3) and methanol. Ammonia is
used in making fertilizers and explosives whereas methanol serves as a
source for other chemicals).

• Aromatic (include benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Benzene is used in the

manufacture of dyes and synthetic detergents. Toluene is used in making
explosives. Manufacturers use xylenes in making plastics and synthetic
fibres).

HEAT TRANSFER:-
• Conduction (Fourier’s Law)

• Convection (Newton’s Law)

• Radiation (Stefan-Boltzman Law)

CONDUCTION:-
Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter.
The transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact as in fluids or
by free electron diffusion as predominant in metals or phonon vibration as
predominant in insulators. In other words, heat is transferred by
conduction when adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as
electrons move from one atom to another. Conduction is greater in solids,
where atoms are in constant contact. In liquids (except liquid metals) and
gases, the molecules are usually further apart, giving a lower chance of
molecules colliding and passing on thermal energy.

In which heat is transferred through molecular or atomic vibrations.

Fourier’s Law

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 CONVECTION:-
Convection is the transfer of heat energy within a fluid or between a solid
surface and a neigbouring fluid. As fluid motion goes more quickly the
convective heat transfer increases. The presence of bulk motion of fluid
enhances the heat transfer between the solid surface and the fluid.

Newton’s Law
RADIATION:-
Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through empty space. All objects
with a temperature above absolute zero radiate energy at a rate equal to
their emissivity multiplied by the rate at which energy would radiate from
them if they were a black body. No medium is necessary for radiation to
occur, for it is transferred through electromagnetic waves; radiation works
even in and through a perfect vacuum. The energy from the Sun travels
through the vacuum of space before warming the earth.

Stefan-Boltzman Law
Where,

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 For Conduction,

Heat Flux
Thermal
Conductivity
( Temperature
Difference
( Thickness
For Convection,

Heat Flux

h Constant
Temperature of
surface hot
Temperature of cold
fluid
HEAT FLUX:-
Heat transferred per unit area.
Formulas of Area:-
For Circle

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For Square
For Rectangle
For Triangle

A l t it u d e

B a s e
Volume:
Sphere =

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