JAN-MAR 2011: Southern Skies Solar Imaging How To Off The Beaten Path

Practical Astronomy
JAN-MAR 2011
Southern Skies
Solar Imaging How To
Off The Beaten Path

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011
In this issue..
First Light
3 SOUTHERN SKIES - IS ASTRONOMY DISAPPEARING?
Let’s encourage southern hemisphere public awareness Happy New
Year!
5 AURIGA - SOME CHARIOTEER TREASURES Welcome to
Lesser known objects in this northern constellation the first 2011
issue of
Practical
7 ASTRONOMY PUZZLE Astronomy
Solar System crossword - a first for this magazine!
There’s something of a
8 SOLAR IMAGING HOW TO southern hemisphere slant to
this issue. And to celebrate
Expert advice on having a productive session this, I have added southern
hemisphere night sky maps to
11 OFF THE BEATEN PATH the Sky View section. I hope
Some less well imaged objects, waiting to be “shot” they are useful - please let me
know.
12 TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE JULY 2010 Please also welcome the new
Images taken from El Calafate, Argentina writers and contributors to
Practical Astronomy, plus the
13 READERS’ IMAGES return of previous PA heros.
This online magazine needs

14 SKY VIEW - JANUARY TO MARCH 2011 YOUR contributions of articles
! Night Sky maps for northern and southern hemispheres and images, so please don’t
be shy.
22 OBSERVERS’ DELIGHTS Clear skies,

Special observing sights not to miss this quarter Kevin Brown
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Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 2

Southern Skies: Is Astronomy Disappearing?
By Monika Roleff, Melbourne, Australia
Frustrating at times, but

also helpful in many ways, is
the modern trend of the
internet and electronic
communication, making the
world more accessible.
Yet this does not seem to
have resulted in more
information about astronomy
in the Southern Skies.
It is disheartening to find that
publications are at a
minimum, almost as if the
subject were only for a Melbourne Observatory (credit Donaldytong http://commons.wikimedia.org)
selected few.
perhaps no strong voices to promote its
Yet the skies are on show for all of us here, so importance? Are young people taught enough
why is there so little known about a spectacle about this science in schools? Perhaps adults
we can view any night, for little or no cost? are so lost in their hectic work schedules, or
On a clear night, especially in country regions, catching their favourite television programme,
the Milky Way can be seen clearly with the that they don't have time stop and think on the
naked eye. With the use of simple binoculars, phenomena of the skies in the Southern
this view can be experienced in detail. Hemisphere?
The sky changes for each season, creating a Competition for attention with all the different
different picture as the year goes along, modern distractions can prevent experiences
marking the different seasons. that fall outside the main routines of people
In and around Melbourne, particularly near the from being noticed. Years go by, and perhaps
Old Melbourne Observatory, Melbourne, in the astronomy is only thought about on retiring,
state of Victoria, the view is very good, as it when there is time to devote to a hobby.
was the site the first observatory was located Activity around the subject of astronomy can
when the city was settled in the mid 19th wax and wane, picked up quickly by a news
Century. event, but then quickly disappearing again
City lights in the region would dramatically alter once the phenomena is over, such as the
the view of current day observers, a different Transit of Venus in June 2004. This event
one from the view of their forebears, who naturally dominated the news and brought
examined the sky from this same location years about great interest at the time.
ago. It is disappointing to learn that over the Perhaps this is the nature of the science, and
years, the surrounding areas have increased only the big events become newsworthy? Yet if
their need for exterior lighting, which has only this is deemed to be so, much can be missed.
further diminished the view from this location, Every month Melbourne Planetarium, publishes
creating a downturn in quality of observation. Skynotes, information which is available by
In Melbourne, it seems strange that there is no newsletter on yearly events and planet/star
major observatory in country regions, given the positions in the Southern skies.
nature of the change in visibility of the city There are many reports of meteor showers and
location. other phenomena, yet sadly too few people
Are events simply being missed due to lack of know how to access these events, how to view
funds given to the area of Astronomy, with them, or how to plan for them.

Southern Skies: Is Astronomy Disappearing?
(cont) By Monika Roleff, Melbourne, Australia
It is probably the only regular trusted source of What could be better than a regular short
information available for the Melbourne area of segment on the nightly news, to state the main
Australia. It contains information in point form phenomena in the Southern Skies during the
and is quite informative from that basis, a year, providing an item of interest along with
starting off point for those who wish to learn the weather, to teach people about their
more. astronomical region?
General consensus in the Southern It is a shame that astronomy instruction leaflets
Hemisphere is that phenomena, such as the are not distributed in every country and city
Northern Lights, occur all the time in the tourist information centre, as an easy and
Northern skies, and that much is being missed enjoyable practice to engage in, instructing on
over here, so why bother if there are no what to do, and how to get the best
spectacular events to view. This is probably experience.
not so, but it does appear that way, due to There is also no reason this ought not become
more information being available about other a global practice, where information can be
skies than our own. readily available to the general public, on a
Could it be that there is just not enough fascinating subject everyone can be involved
awareness of what is happening in our own in.
skies, because of the stronger emphasis on Why not approach your local information centre
Northern Skies? and see what can be done, particularly
Certainly there might be more funding devoted Southern Hemisphere readers?
to this area of science in other parts of the Then perhaps astronomy would be given its
world. rightful place and not disappear in the Southern
Astronomers are not publicity people, yet are Skies.
one of the most enthusiastic and dedicated
people you might find, and it is sad that not
Monika Roleff is a qualified $eelance writer, $om
more media attention is given to this interesting Melbourne, Australia, interested in nature, astronomy,
subject. the universe, and how it a& fits together.
Astronomy, no less than any other science,
needs to be brought to the people, as it is for
the people.
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Auriga: Some Charioteer Treasures
By Dan Acker
One of my favorite Winter constellations

is Auriga, which is Latin for ‘charioteer’.
Auriga captured my attention many years
ago when I first started in astronomy. I
purchased a 3” reflector from Edmund
Scientific (an upgrade from my 50mm
department store telescope), and first light
was the open cluster M37. That was over
30 years ago.
There's a small grouping of stars just visible
to the naked eye that some refer to as the
'Leaping Minnow', as though it was leaping
out of some celestial waters into the night
sky. You should be able to spot this
asterism a few degrees northeast of Elnath
(beta Auriga).
Through binoculars and small telescopes Some Auriga Treasures
this group forms a parallelogram (sort of). light years distant, and spans about 5 light
The brightest star here is 16 AUR which is a years across.
spectroscopic binary. I see the star as yellow
which agrees with its spectral class of K2. Going back to 16 AUR and moving your
telescope about 5' west, you'll locate the open
The full spectral class of K2 5IIIb indicates that cluster NGC 1893.
16 AUR is a giant star shining at apparent
magnitude 4.5 at about 230 light years away. This much overlook cluster is embedded in the
nebula IC 410, which lies about 12,000 light-
What color do you see? Star colors can be years away and spans over 100 light-years
affected by sky conditions where you are across.
observing from, degree above horizon as well
as visual accuracy of the observer. With my 150mm refractor I can clearly see the
cluster but the nebula requires at least a 12-
Other factors can also affect perceived color, inch telescope and dark skies. I count about 17
which I will save for another article. stars around 10th magnitude.
Just about a degree northeast of 16 AUR is the About 2.25∞ northeast of NGC 1893 is open
Flaming Star Nebula (IC 405). The bright, young cluster M38.
blue star near the center is AE Auriga and is
known as a runaway star since it is thought to Some observers report that the cluster's
have been ejected from the Orion Nebula brightest stars form a pattern resembling the
region about two and half million years ago. Greek letter Pi, while others mention a 'cross'
shape.
I was unable to detect this nebula with my
150mm refractor regardless of magnification M38 is 4,200 light years away and features a
used. Since my location suffers from moderate yellow giant star of apparent magnitude +7.9
light pollution, a nebula filter may have helped and spectral type G0 as its brightest member. If
but I didn't have one handy. our Sun were at the same distance as M38, it
would appear as a faint +15.3 magnitude star.
Owners of larger telescopes may be able to
pick this object out under light polluted skies M38 is one of those two-for-one objects...
and certainly small telescopes under a dark sky With a low power (38x) eyepiece, I can see
will show this object. IC 405 lies about 1500 both M38 and open cluster NGC 1907 in the

Auriga: Some Charioteer Treasures (cont)
By Dan Acker
same field of view. NGC 1907 appears as a irregular in shape with 10th or 11th magnitude
smudge of light flanked to the north by two stars on the edge.
10th or 11th magnitude stars. My last target for this session is the open
M38 at 54x in my 150mm refractor, shows cluster M36.
about 25 stars around 10th magnitude and I M36 presents a much tighter grouping of stars
can just start to detect a few fainter stars with than M38. At 38x I count 15 stars somewhat
averted vision. condensed toward the center and, at 54x many
Pumping up the power to 88x, M38 fills the more stars are resolved.
field of view and many more stars become I can't help but to notice the chains of stars
visible. flowing outward from the cluster’s center.
NGC 1907 at 54x starts to show some M36 is about 4,100 light years away and about
granulation with averted vision, hinting that this 14 light years across.
object is an open cluster.
To conclude
At 88x the nature of NGC 1907 becomes
apparent. I can start to resolve 11th magnitude When observing open clusters, or any deep sky
stars. NGC 1907 is around 4,500 light years objects, don't just take a quick look and move
away at magnitude 8.2. on to the next target. Take the time to try
different eyepieces and magnifications.
Look for the bright nebula NGC 1931 a little
more that a degree south-southeast of NGC Look for star colors and double stars among
1907. NGC 1931 has been referred to as a the cluster members. Compare the structure of
miniature version of the Orion Nebula. the clusters you observe, especially those close
to each other.
It is a mixed emission-reflection nebula
estimated to be around 7,000 light years away.
At 54x in my 150mm refractor, this object is I’d like to hear $om anyone who observes deep sky
faint and rather featureless and requires objects, double stars and variable stars. I can be reached
averted vision to see well. at dan@90mm.us.
I increased to power to 88x and the nebula was
easier to see. The nebula appears somewhat Dan Acker
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Astronomy Puzzle: The Solar System
By Mike Inglis
Astronomy Puzzle 1
The Solar System ©MDI 2010
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15
16 17 18
19 20 21
22 23
24 25 26
27 28
29 30
31
32 33
34 35
36 37
Across Down
2. Largest moon in solar system. 1. Terrestrial planet with the thickest atmosphere.
6. How many men have actually walked on the 3. Faint light reported to have been seen in the
Moon? clouds of Venus.
11. Largest planet in solar system. 4. Terrestrial planet with the largest moon.
12. The red colour of Mars is mostly due to ____. 5. Discoverer of Pluto.
14. Venus has 2 moons. True of False? 7. One of the moons of Mars.
16. This moon has volcanoes of Sulphur! 8. The center of Jupiter is hotter than the surface
17. The other moon of Mars. of the Sun. True of False?
19. Mercury is best observed with a telescope at 9. An arched loop of the sun's material extending
Midnight. True of False? from its surface.
20. Crater on the Moon with the most spectacular 10. This planet has Belts and Zones.
ray system. 13. Planet that is very bright at the moment in the
22. Largest [so far] dwarf planet in solar system. south?
24. Planet with the oldest surface. 15. Discoverer of Uranus.
25. When the Moon goes from new to full, it is 18. Largest volcano in the solar system.
termed ______. 21. Companion of Pluto.
29. A by-product of nuclear fusion in the Sun, first 23. Saturn's ring system is mostly made of ___?
detected by Ray Davies, of BNL in 1967. 26. Collective name for the moons discovered by
31. The _______ Basin, largest impact feature on a Galileo.
planet. 27. A meteor shower that makes an appearance in
32. The blue colour of Neptune and Uranus is November,
primarily due to the gas _______? 28. Moon with a thick atmosphere of Nitrogen.
30. A full Moon always rises in the ?

Solar Imaging: How To Have A Productive Session
By Sheri Lynn Karl
When setting out to have a productive solar update on Space Weather

imaging session, there are several www.spaceweather.com and the sunspot
preparatory activities which need to be http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/sunspots/
performed to determine whether it is a day and active region activity from SOHO http://
worthwhile for imaging or simply viewing sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime/
realtime-update.html These give an idea of
our nearest star visually (with a properly
what features to look out for on the solar
filtered telescope of course!).
surface not revealed by daily sunspot view from
The most important factor is monitoring the the SDO on Space Weather.
current sky conditions and cloud formations. In
Once the sky conditions have been monitored
addition, monitoring the local weather systems
to determine the Sun will remain high enough in
and humidity levels is essential.
the sky to be clear of the worst of the
The best conditions to watch for, are the same atmospheric turbulence and neighbourhood
as those which night sky imagers watch for in foliage and buildings, continuous monitoring of
the form of high pressure systems, air the cloud conditions remain essential. It can be
particulate clearing winds from the north east very misleading some days while solar imaging
for the UK and ideally, the clear, clean air after a in the pleasant warmth and heat of day only to
front has passed through. notice too late that behind you an afternoon
The time of the year has an impact also due to shower is bearing down and ready to drench
the altitude of the Sun in the sky. March your precious gear within minutes! It is always
through October are favoured as the Sun a good idea to take a sweeping view of the
remains high enough during midday to be clear skies every so often, especially when the
of the turbulence of the thicker atmosphere conditions are rapidly changeable and showers
lower in the sky. are expected.
From the northern parts of the UK, this makes Setting Up The Gear
good solar imaging very difficult if not Once the cursory determination of the weather
impossible over the depths of the winter and sky conditions look suitable to attempt
months. imaging, the gear gets carefully hauled out and
Checking The Weather Forecasts set up.
Generally I also check the current Infrared radar As with many solar observers, I do not have a
satellite images from the Met Office http:// permanent imaging set-up in the form of a
www.metoffice.gov.uk/satpics/latest_uk_ir.html dome or roll-off shed observatory. Thus,
to see what the current cloud cover is and setting up the equipment each session is
which direction it is moving, as well as local required and introduces an element of
weather forecasts. A particularly good one I variability with the alignment of the mount.
have been introduced to is 7Timer (pronounced The set-up which I tend to use is fairly portable
as Tri-Timer) http://7timer.y234.cn/V3/ and relatively quick to assemble and dismantle,
product.php?language=en&product_id=1. just in case of those pesky unexpected
In addition to the weather forecasts and showers appear!
monitoring the turbulence in the lower For the tripod and mount combination I use a
atmosphere, contending with the neighbours' Sky-Watcher HEQ5pro with SynScan handset
trees and power lines are a frustrating and controller. As the Sun is not included in the
losing battle. internal object database for safety reasons, I
Additional preliminary information investigated tend to rely on this for a coarse 'star' alignment
before setting up is looking at the current and its reliable tracking.

(cont) By Sheri Lynn Karl
The mount needs to be level and polar aligned The laptop hard drive needs to have sufficient
to ensure the tracking is consistent however, capacity for individual raw avi files typically of
solar imaging with essentially very short 1392x1040 pixel frames of 28ms exposure and
exposure frame video, is very forgiving of rough 14 frames per second, producing a 1 GB file of
alignment arrangements. 715 frames.
The software to acquire the frames is Lucam
Recorder which has proven to be a very stable
programme for imaging.
Once all the gear has been set up, the scope
trained on the Sun via a Sol-Searcher attached
to the clamshell mounting bracket and the
unfocussed image appearing on the laptop, the
real fun begins.
Let The Fun Begin!
The most crucial element is focussing the solar
image properly to ensure the finest detail of the
capability of the equipment can be captured.
Typically a region with a distinct feature such as
a filament edge is selected and focus obtained
manually by way of a Crayford 10:1 focuser.
Sky-Watcher HEQ5 Pro with a LuntLS60THa and

Skynyx 2.1m solar imaging set-up
Attached to the HEQ5Pro is a LS60THa

typically used in double stack mode with the
LS50FHa double stack filter. This 656nm Initial output image $om stacked 20% of the best $ames
hydrogen alpha wavelength only scope using AviStack.
configuration, brings the effective tolerance of
the wavelength to about 0.5 angstroms. It is worth investing in either a solar hood (black
With a tolerance this tight, the surface features cape for your head and laptop screen) or my
of the Sun pop into view with sharp focus. favourite method, a large beach hat and the
brightness on the laptop turned to maximum.
Imaging is accomplished using a Skynyx 2.1
mono camera connected via USB2 to an Acer The Acer screen is one of the brightest I have
4810T laptop. tried and works well even in daylight as long as
ones eyes are shaded.

(cont) By Sheri Lynn Karl
Slowly the focus is turned through the sharpest Spend the time to make sure the focus is the
point to monitor where the best focus is best you can obtain under the conditions.
obtainable within the current seeing conditions Better to have one avi captured in a session at
and brought back to the optimal focus position. the sharpest focus, than to have 10 avi files
This can be tricky on days of mediocre seeing throughout the session all of poor focus. Once
conditions. this focus point is found, it is time to start
It cannot be stressed enough that the trickiest imaging!
but most essential activity to obtain good solar
images is sharp focus.
Final image 14 September 2010 at 10:57UT featuring Active Region 1106

Off The Beaten Path: January - March
By Michael Mi&an
Here in the northeast US, we are in the If you enjoy the challenge of shooting
throes of winter. planetaries, give a go at Abell 21 aka the
Medusa Nebula.
The days are short and the nights are fairly
long. The temperatures are cold and the nights Located in the constellation Gemini, Abell 21
are clear - well at least sometimes! lies some 1500LY away and appears to be a
very old planetary. It is also a fairly large sized
So for us amateur astronomers it makes for
object measuring ~12.4x8.5 arcmins.
perfect viewing/imaging.
For my last object I’ll head back over to poor
I for one, like to image since it gives me the
Leo Minor.
opportunity to capture objects that I cannot see
with my small scopes (4inch refractor or 8inch Constantly overlooked by being located
RC). between UMa and Leo, there are a few objects
of interest.
When I began imaging, just like most newbies,
it was great to capture some of the sky’s In particular there is the Spider Galaxy
showpiece items, i.e. M31, M42, M45, M51, the (UGC5829, PGC 31923) - a dwarf galaxy
Rosette Nebula etc., and the list goes on. having a low surface brightness, gives it a
13.8mag rating.
But what I also like to find are objects that have
not been imaged to death... Approximately 4.6x2.2 arcmins in size, this
object appears to be overlooked with only
There are literally thousands of objects out
about 60 references listed in Simbad through
there, waiting for us to ‘shoot’ them.
2010.
The following is a partial list of ‘less imaged’
Due to its location outside of the plane of the
objects that should be challenging to us
Milky Way, there are numerous other objects in
amateur imagers.
the field of view, such as other galaxies, galaxy
I’ll start off in Ursa Major where most of us clusters and quasars.
begin by shooting M97 (The Owl Nebula),
These objects should be available for imaging/
M108, M81/82 or the showcase, M51.
viewing (dependent on your size of telescope)
But head up toward the nose of UMa and you’ll from January through March.
find NGC 2685, aka The Helix or Pancake
I used the date of February 7th at 10pm in
Galaxy.
TheSky6 to track these down. While obviously
NGC 2685 is a lenticular galaxy, which show the sky is littered with numerous objects,
two axes of symmetry and are called polar ring hopefully you’ll consider some of these
galaxies. It is mag 12.1 and it measures 5.0x2.4 suggestions as a challenge.
arcmins.
It would be interesting to see if any of the
The structure suggests that it possibly had a readers of PA should decide to try and image
companion galaxy that was captured into a any of these.
polar orbit. It is ~50,000LY across and~40
I know that I for one will certainly try!
million LY’s away.
A very rare type of galaxy!
Clear Skies!
In the constellation Puppis, a star forming
region can be found. NGC 2467 (SH2-311).
Stars at various stages of formation can be
found within the vast shroud of ionized gas and
dust. It was discovered in the 19th century and
is thought to be ~13,000LY from us.

Solar Eclipse: El Calafate, Argentina, July 2010
By Emiliano Arranz
Pictures of the July 2010

Solar eclipse taken from
El Calafate, Argentina by
Emiliano Arranz
Thanks to Elvio Alanis for

arranging publication here

Readers Image Gallery
We welcome your images for publication. Beginner, advanced or expert, just send to: editor@practicalastronomy.com
Crescent Moon by J Dehghani
J Dehghani comments.. “Here is my

astrophotography image of moon crescent
with HDR technique which allows me to
record details of crescent and Earthshine
simultaneously.”
(Who else wants to know more about the
“HDR” technique? Ed.)
The Double Cluster in Perseus (NGC 884/869) by Michael Millan

This image is a composite of 2x20min shots taken with a Takahasi FSQ-106 and Orion
Starshoot Pro DSCI one shot color imager. Captured with Maxim DL, processed in
Nebulosity, post processed and cropped in CS2.

Sky View: Northern Hemisphere Mid-Feb 21:00 GMT (lat. 51N)
Looking East
These maps show the sky view in different directions at 21.00 GMT in mid-February, for an
observer at latitude 51deg North (northern hemisphere) or 30deg South (southern hemisphere).
In January/March? Objects rise later/earlier.
Closer to the equator? Objects are higher above your local southern/northern horizon, but
patterns are the same.
Local time zone not GMT? The view should be much the same at 9pm in your local time.
Maps generated with Stellarium

Looking South

Looking West

Looking North

Sky View: Southern Hemisphere Mid-Feb 21:00 GMT (lat. 30S)
Looking West

Looking North

Looking East

Looking South

Observers’ Delights Jan-Mar 2011
MOON New Full New Full New Full
4th Jan 19th Jan 3rd Feb 18th Feb 4th Mar 19th Mar
PARTIAL SOLAR 4th Jan - visible from UK, Europe, western Russia, Middle East,
ECLIPSE northern India and western China
VENUS MARS JUPITER SATURN
Bright morning object Too close Western evening sky In Virgo and well-
through Jan and Feb, to the Sun object (in Pisces) for Jan placed for viewing,
then disappearing in the to be seen and Feb, becoming lost rising earlier as the
dawn light in twilight during March year progresses
METEOR Quadrantids peak 4th Jan, with a favourable Moon (radiant point in Bootes)
SHOWERS No further principal showers in 1st Quarter 2011
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22 OBSERVERS’ DELIGHTS Clear skies,

Cover design: Pixeljuice snc

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 Practical Astronomy magazine is published quarterly

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 2

Frustrating at times, but

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 3

Contribute Your Articles And Images

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 4

One of my favorite Winter constellations

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 5

SUBSCRIBE TO GET BACK ISSUES

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Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 7

When setting out to have a productive solar update on Space Weather

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 8

Sky-Watcher HEQ5 Pro with a LuntLS60THa and

Attached to the HEQ5Pro is a LS60THa

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 9

Final image 14 September 2010 at 10:57UT featuring Active Region 1106

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 10

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 11

Pictures of the July 2010

Thanks to Elvio Alanis for

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 12

Crescent Moon by J Dehghani

J Dehghani comments.. “Here is my

The Double Cluster in Perseus (NGC 884/869) by Michael Millan

Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 13

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Practical Astronomy Jan-Mar 2011 16

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MOON New Full New Full New Full

VENUS MARS JUPITER SATURN

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