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aRqma

5
SegrZneba, organizeba,
identifikacia da cnoba
• proqsimaluri da
distaluri stimulebi
• realoba, orazrov-
neba da iluziebi •
aRqmis Semswavleli
midgomebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: virtualuri
realoba

yuradRebis procesebi
• seleqciuri (SerCe-
viTi) yuradReba
• yuradReba da sagnebi
garemoSi
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
• figura, foni da
dasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba)
• perceptuli dajgu-
febis principebi
• sivrciTi da droiTi
integracia
• moZraobis aRqma
• siRrmis aRqma
• aRqmis konstantoba

fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rogor
iWerT mfrinav burTs

identifikacia da cnoba
• aRmavali da daRmava-
li procesebi
• sagnebis cnoba
• molodinis da kon-
teqstis gavlena
• bolo gakveTili
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
142
g anvixiloT kengis SemTxveva, ro-
melic ekvatoruli afrikis fij-
mis kulturidan iyo. kengs mTeli
cxovreba xSir tropikul tyeebSi
hqonda gatarebuli. erT dRes mas SesaZlebloba
amasobaSi manqanaSi CavsxediT da im adgili-
saken daveSviT, sadac cxovelebi Zovdnen. kengi
akvirdeboda, ufro da ufro rogor diddebodnen
isini da, Tumca, yvela fijmelis msgavsad,
Tavadac guladi iyo, mainc CemTan axlos
mieca, pirvelad emogzaura manqaniT gaSlil gadmojda da Caibutbuta, rom es raRac
velze anTropolog kolin tarnbulTan (Colin jadoqroba iyo... bolos, roca kengi mixvda, rom
Turnbull) erTad. mogvianebiT tarnbulma aRwera cxovelebi marTla bizonebi iynen, ukve aRar
kengis reaqciebi: eSinoda, Tumca, kvlav afiqrebda, ratom iyvnen
isini ase patarebi, an marTla patarebi iyvnen
kengma gadaxeda velebs da im adgils, sadac da uceb gaizardnen, Tu es yvelaferi raRac
ramdenime milis moSorebiT asiode bizoni Zovda. oini iyo (Turnbull 1961, gv. 305).
man mkiTxa, ra mwerebi iyvnen isini, razedac
vupasuxe, rom isini bizonebi iyvnen, Tanac misTvis kengis ambavi sakmaod naTlad gviCvenebs
cnobil tyis bizonebze orjer ufro didebi. gamocdilebis gavlenas aRqmaze. radgan kengma
kengma xmamaRla gaicina da miTxra, rom es si- cxovreba tropikul tyeebSi gaatara, mas ar
sulele aRar meTqva da kvlav igive kiTxva da- hqonda saTanado codna, raTa dauyovnebliv moex-
misva. mere, radgan sakmaod Wkvian kompanionad dina sensoruli informaciis _ Sori manZiliT
ar mimiCnia, TavisTvis laparakobda da cdi- daSorebuli obieqtebidan TvalebSi areklili
lobda, bizonebi sxvadasxva WianWvelebisa da sinaTlis _ interpretacia. am TavSi SeiswavliT,

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba


xoWoebisaTvis miemsgavsebina, romlebic mas rogor moqmedebs codna adamianis SesaZleb-
manamde enaxa. lobebsa da aRqmaze.

me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa aris im procesebis erToblioba, romlebic
da bgeris talRebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, sensorul xatSi awesrigeben informacias da
maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros. Tqven am informaciis, rogorc gare sinamdviliT
sinaTlis talRas ki ar `xedavT~, aramed _ warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen. es
plakats kedelze, bgeris talRa ki ar `gesmiT~, procesebi interpretaciis umaRles dones
aramed musika iqve myofi radiodan. SegrZnebiT uzrunvelyofs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs,
iwyeba sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva, magram kidev warmatebiT gaverkveT garemoSi.
meti raRac sxvaa saWiro, rom stimuli azriani SegrZnebasa da aRqmas Soris kavSiris ukeT
da saintereso gaxdes da, rac mTavaria, sa- gagebis mizniT gTavazobT martiv, TvalsaCino
Sualeba mogeceT, efeqturad upasuxoT mas. aRqma magaliTs. daiWireT xeli saxis win, rac SeiZ-
leba Sors. Semdeg is nela miuaxloveT saxes.
aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul saxesTan miaxloebisas xeli sul ufro da ufro
xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am informa- met vizualur vels faravs. Sedegad, SeiZleba
ciis, rogorc samganzomilebiani garesinam- veRar dainaxoT plakati xelis ukan, kedelze.
dviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
rogor faravs xeli plakats? xeli gadidda 143
Tu plakati dapataravda? Tqveni pasuxi iqneba: maT sam safexurad yofen: SegrZneba, perceptuli
`ra Tqma unda, ara!~ es magaliTi gviCvenebs organizacia da identifikacia/sagnebis cnoba.
SegrZnebebs da aRqmas Soris gansxvavebas. xeli rogorc me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, SegrZneba niSnavs
imitom faravs plakats, rom saxesTan miaxlo- nervul kodebSi fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas,
ebisas is SedarebiT did gamosaxulebas qmnis romelsac tvini acnobierebs. magaliTad, Segr-
baduraze. es aRqmis procesebia, romlebic, ba- ZnebiT viRebT vizualuri velis Sesaxeb bazisur
duraze miRebuli gamosaxulebis zomebis cvli- monacemebs. baduris ujredebi imgvarad arian
lebis miuxedavad, saSualebas gaZlevT gaigoT, mowyobilni, rom gaarCion sagnis konturebi da
rom xelis da plakatis realuri zomebi ar kontrastebi, Tumca, mxolod sustad reagireben
icvleba. ucvlel, mudmiv stimulirebaze (gaRizianebaze).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqma SegrZnebas aZlevs tvinis qerqis ujredebi sawyis niSnebs retinis
azrs. perceptuli procesebi mniSvnelobas iReben Semavali informaciidan iReben.
mudmivad cvalebadi, xSirad qaoturi Semavali perceptuli organizacia Semdegi safexuria,
sensoruli informaciidan (input) da mas sta- rodesac sagnis Sinagani gamosaxuleba formir-
biluri, mowesrigebuli perceptuli xatebis deba da garegani stimulis aRqma yalibdeba.
saxiT awesrigeben. perceptuli xati aris is, rac Sinagani gamosaxuleba gvawvdis samyaros
aRqmulia (fenomenologiuri an gancdiTi), aRqmis zedapirul monaxazs. mxedvelobis SemTxvevaSi
procesis Sedegi. is fizikuri sagani an recep- perceptuli procesebiT xdeba obieqtis sava-
torSi sagnis xati ki ar aris, aramed perceptuli raudo zomis, formis, moZraobis, daSorebis da
aqtivobis fsiqologiuri Sedegia. amrigad, xelis orientaciis Sefaseba. es Sefasebebi efuZneba
aRqma, retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis goniT gaTvlas, romelic adamianis warsul
cvlilebis miuxedavad, ucvleli rCeba, radgan codnas mocemul grZnobad realobasa da
interpretacia ucvleli perceptuli aqtivobiT stimulTan aerTianebs, misi (stimulis) per-
mimdinareobs. umetesad, aRqma da SegrZneba imdenad ceptuli Sinaarsis farglebSi. aRqmisas xdeba
Zaldautaneblad, uwyvetad da avtomaturad xdeba, sagnis perceptSi iseTi martivi sensoruli
rom mas TavisTavad procesad miviCnevT. Cveni niSnebis sinTezi (integracia da kombinacia),
mizania, am TavSi gagacnoT procesebi, romlebic rogoricaa sagnis feri, konturebi da xazebi.
saSualebas gvaZleven, saTanadod avxsnaT samyaro sagnis amocnoba Semdgom xdeba. es fsiqikuri
aseTi aSkara ZaldautaneblobiT. Tavdapirvelad aqtivobebi swrafad da mizanmimarTulad,
vizualur sferoSi mimdinare perceptul pro- gacnobierebis gareSe xorcieldeba.
cesebs ganvixilavT. Aam or safexurs Soris gansxvavebis ufro
naTlad gasagebad ganvixiloT doqtor riCar-
dsis avadmyofobis SemTxveva, romlis tvinis
dazianebam perceptuli procesebi daamaxinja,
SegrZneba, organizeba, Tumca SegrZneba ucvleli darCa.
identificireba da cnoba
saidan
viciT
termini aRqma, misi farTo mniSvnelobiT,
niSnavs garemoSi sagnebis da movlenebis wvdomis SegrZnebis da perceptuli organizaciis
zogad process, raTa SevigrZnoT isini, gavigoT, darRveva
movaxdinoT identifikacia, mivakuTvnoT raime doqtori riCardsi iyo ganaTlebuli
Tavi 5 / aRqma

kategorias da movemzadoT maTze reagirebi- da didi gamocdilebis mqone fsiqologi.


saTvis. aRqmis procesebis ukeT gagebis mizniT samwuxarod, mas tvinis dazianeba hqonda,
romelmac vizualuri gancdis Secvla
perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _ gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, ar dazianda tvinis
procesebi, romlebic sensorul informacias aer-
metyvelebis centrebi, ase rom, mas SeeZlo
Tianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe vi-
zualur velSi. sakmaod naTlad aRewera Tavisi sakmaod
144
uCveulo vizualuri gamocdileba. mokled perceptuli organizacia uwyvetad mimdinareobs,
rom vTqvaT, tvinis dazianebam imoqmeda miuxedavad imisa, rom ver acnobierebT maT
sensoruli monacemebis sworad gaerTi- moqmedebas.
anebis unarze. magaliTad, doqtor ri- identifikacia da cnoba am klasifikaciaSi
Cardsi aRwerda, rom, Tu igi xedavda rTul mesame safexuria, rodesac perceptul xats
(kompleqsur) obieqts, rogoricaa adamiani mniSvneloba eZleva. mrgvali sagnebi burTebad,
da mis vizualur velSi axlomaxlo kidev monetebad, saaTebad, forToxlebad an mTvareebad
ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer ada- `gadaiqceva~. adamianebi SeiZleba identifi-
mianis nawilebs gancalkevebulad xedavda, cirdnen qalad an kacad, megobrad an mtrad,
romlebic ar erTiandebodnen erT gamo- naTesavad an rok-varskvlavad. am etapze per-
saxulebaSi. mas, aseve, uWirda erTi da ceptuli SekiTxva: `ras hgavs es sagani?~ icvleba
imave movlenis xmisa da gamosaxulebis identifikaciis SekiTxviT: `ra aris sagani?~
gaerTianeba. rodesac vinme mReroda, mas dabolos, cnobis SekiTxviT: _ `ra aris sagnis
SeeZlo daenaxa piris moZraoba da gaegona funqcia?~ imisTvis, rom raimes identifikacia
xma, magram ise, TiTqos xma dublirdeboda movaxdinoT, vicnoT da gavarkvioT, ra ewodeba
araswori CanaweriT, raime ucxo filmSi. mas, anda rogor SeiZleba vireagiroT masze,
movlenis nawilebi rom erTianobaSi dae- maRali donis kognituri procesebia saWiro,
naxa, doqtor riCardss sWirdeboda raime romlis mimdinareobaze gavlenas axdens Cveni
Cveulebrivi faqtori, romelic `webos~ Teoriebi, mexsiereba, Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi,
msgavsad imoqmedebda. magaliTad, Tu da- obieqtTan dakavSirebuli atitudebi.
nawevrebuli adamianis yvela nawili erTi amrigad, mokled mimovixileT informaciis
mimarTulebiT imoZravebda, riCardsi nawi- gadamuSavebis safexurebi, romlebic perceptuli
lebs kvlav gaerTianebulad, dasru- samyaros azriani gagebis saSualebas gvaZleven.
lebuli adamianis saxiT aRiqvamda. Tumca, radgan me-4 Tavi SegrZnebebs Seexeboda, am TavSi
perceptul `webos~ zogjer SeiZleba raime met yuradRebas davuTmobT aRqmis aspeqtebs
absurduli konfiguracia Seeqmna. doqtor fizikuri energiis sawyisi transformaciis Sem-
riCardsi erTnairi feris obieqtebs, ro- deg. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aRqma sruliad
goricaa, magaliTad, banani, limoni, kanaris Zaldautaneblad mimdinareobs. Semdegi qveTavis
Citi, gaerTianebulad dainaxavda maSinac dasawyisSi SevecdebiT, dagarwmunoT, rom rea-
ki, Tu isini sivrceSi gancalkevebulni lurad sakmaod daxvewil informaciis gadamu-

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba


iqnebodnen. brboSi adamianebi Serwymulad Savebas, did gonebriv samuSaos asrulebT, raTa
moeCveneboda, Tu isini erTnairi feris tan- sabolood `siadvilis~ am iluziamde mixvideT.
sacmelSi iqnebodnen gamowyobilni. doq-
tor riCardsi garemos danawevrebulad,
fragmentulad da ucnaurad ganicdida, proqsimaluri da distaluri
rac absoluturad gansxvavdeboda norma- stimulebi
luri gancdisagan (Marcel, 1983).
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT 5.1.A suraTze
gamosaxuli pirovneba, romelic oTaxs moxer-
problema doqtor riCardsis TvalebSi ar xebuli skamidan akvirdeba. oTaxSi moTavsebuli
iyo, arc stimulis niSnebis analizis unarSi – sagnebidan areklili sinaTlis nawili Tva-
igi zustad xedavda sagnis nawilebs da Tvi- lebamde aRwevs da Tvalis baduraze qmnis gamo-
sebebs. misi problema sinTezSi iyo, anu mas ar saxulebebs. suraTi 5.1.B gviCvenebs, Tu ras davi-
SeeZlo sensoruli informaciis nawilebis ise naxavdiT oTaxSi yofnisas marcxena TvaliT
gaerTianeba, rom mxedvelobis velSi calkeuli (marjvniv CanaWdevi aris Tqveni cxviri, qvemo
movlena erTianad, TvalsaCinod aReqva. doqtor
riCardsis SemTxveva naTels xdis aRqmasa da
identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition)
SegrZnebis procesebs Soris gansxvavebas. is, _ perceptuli xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.
aseve, giCvenebT, rom sensoruli analizi da
145
kideze ki _ xeli da muxli). ramdenad Seesabameba
retinaluri gamosaxuleba garemos, romelmac
is Seqmna?
erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT
Soris isaa, rom baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-
leba organzomilebiania maSin, roca Tavad
garemo samganzomilebiania. am gansxvavebas bevri
Sedegi mohyveba. magaliTad, SevadaroT sur. 5.1.A-
ze mocemuli obieqtebis formebi baduraze
miRebuli gamosaxulebebis formebs (sur. 5.1.C).
magidas, noxs, fanjaras da suraTs realur
samyaroSi marTkuTxa forma aqvs, magram
retinaluri gamosaxulebebidan mxolod
fanjras aqvs aseTi forma. suraTis xati aris
trapecia, magidis Tavis xati _ arawesieri
oTxkuTxa figura da xaliCis xati, faqtobrivad
_ sami gancalkevebuli regioni ocze meti
gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT! da, kvlav, Cveni
Tavdapirveli perceptuli Tavsatexi _ rogor
baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas _ proqsima-
aRviqvamT yvela am obieqts, rogorc erTian,
luri stimuli (damkvirvebelTan axlos).
standartul marTkuTxa formis sagnebs?
Cveni msjelobis ZiriTadi azri ufro mka-
situacia aq cota ufro rTulia. Tqven, albaT,
fiod SeiZleba Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: risi
SeniSnavT, rom bevri ram, rasac oTaxSi aRiqvamT,
aRqmac gvsurs, aris distaluri stimuli –
ar aris mocemuli retinalur gamosaxulebebSi.
garemoSi mocemuli `realuri~ sagani, xolo
magaliTad, Tqven aRiqvamT vertikalur zRvars
stimuli, romlidanac informacia unda miviRoT,
or kedels Soris, romelic mTel iataks mihyveba,
aris proqsimaluri stimuli – baduraze miRe-
magram zRvris retinaluri gamosaxuleba magidis
buli sagnis gamosaxuleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
TavTan wydeba; aseve, retinalur gamosaxulebaze
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa proqsimalur stimulSi
noxis nawilebi magidiTaa dafaruli, Tumca,
mocemuli informaciidan distaluri stimulis
miuxedavad amisa, Tqven noxs aRiqvamT, rogorc
gansazRvra. es exeba aRqmis sxvadasxva mo-
erTian, daunawevrebel marTkuTxeds. faqtob-
rivad, rodesac ganixilavT yvela gansxvavebas dalobas. _ smenas, Sexebas, gemos da a.S. aRqma
garemos obieqtebsa da baduraze maT Sesabamis moicavs procesebs, romlebic iyeneben proqsi-
gamosaxulebebs Soris, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, maluri stimulebis informacias, raTa mogvawo-
rom Tqven samyaros amdagvarad aRiqvamT. don informacia distaluri stimulis Tvise-
samyaroSi fizikur sagansa da baduraze mis bebze.
optikur gamosaxulebas Soris gansxvaveba im- rom vnaxoT, distaluri da proqsimaluri
denad didia da mniSvnelovani, rom fsiqologebi stimulebi rogor ergebian aRqmis me-3 safexurs,
maT aRqmis or gansxvavebul stimulad miiCneven. ganvixiloT sur. 5.1-ze gamosaxuli erT-erTi
rogorc es sur. 5.2-zea mocemuli, garemoSi mo- obieqti, kedelze dakidebuli suraTi. sensorul
cemul fizikur sagans ewodeba distaluri sti- safexurze es suraTi Seesabameba baduras
muli (damkvirveblidan daSorebuli), xolo gamosaxulebaze organzomilebian trapecias;
misi zeda da qveda kideebi marjvniv erTmaneTs
distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri
Tavi 5 / aRqma

uaxlovdebian da marjvena da marcxena kideebi


stimulisagan, anu baduraze optikuri gamo-
saxulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi sxvadasxva sigrZisaa. es proqsimaluri stimulia.
samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani. perceptuli organizaciis safexurze am tra-
proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ dis-
pecias xedavT, rogorc samganzomilebian sivr-
taluri stimulisagan, anu samyaroSi fizikuri ceSi gadaxril marTkuTxeds. mis zeda da qveda
sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli op- kideebs aRiqvamT, rogorc paralelurs, rom-
146 tikuri gamosaxuleba. lebic marjvna mxares daxrilebi arian, marjvena
suraTi
5.1

retinaluri gamosaxulebebis interpretacia


vizualuri aRqmis mTavari amocanaa proqsimaluri stimulidan
(sagnisagan Seqmnili retinaluri gamosaxuleba) moaxdinos
distaluri stimulis (garemoSi arsebuli realuri sagani)
interpretacia da identifikacia.

da marcxena kideebs ki _ tolad. perceptuli marTkuTxa obieqtSi amoicnobT suraTs. 5.3


procesebi qmnis hipoTezebs distaluri stimulis suraTze mocemulia blok-sqema, romelic am
fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg ukve saWiroa movlenebis Tanmimdevrobas gviCvenebs. procesebi,
stimulis identifikacia. cnobis etapze am romelTac informacia erTi safexuridan
meoreze gadaaqvT, blokebs Soris isrebiTaa

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba


gamosaxuli. am TavSi ganvixilavT yvela
interaqcias, romelic naxazzea mocemuli.

realoba, orazrovneba da
iluziebi
aRqmis funqcia ganvsazRvreT, rogorc
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimulis
identifikacia. am funqciis Sesabamisi percep-
tuli meqanizmebis gacnobamde ganvixiloT
garemoSi mocemuli stimulebis is aspeqtebi,
suraTi
5.2 romlebic aRqmas kompleqsurs xdian. esenia:
orazrovani stimulebi da iluziebi.
distaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi
distaluri stimuli aris garemoSi arsebuli orazrovneba
fizikuri stimuli, proqsimaluri ki _ sensoruli
aqtivobis forma, romelic distaluri stimuliTaa aRqmis ZiriTadi amocana samyaroze zusti
gansazRvruli, rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, proqsi-
warmodgenis Seqmnaa. swori reaqcia garemoSi
maluri stimuli SeiZleba hgavdes distalur stimuls,
magram isini gansxvavebuli movlenebi arian. sagnebisa da movlebis zust aRqmazea damo-
147
suraTi
5.3

SegrZnebis, perceptuli
organizaciis da
identifikacia/cnobis
safexurebi

diagrama gviCvenebs procesebs,


romlebic Semosuli informa-
ciis transformacias axdenen
SegrZnebis, perceptuli orga-
nizaciis da identifikacia/cno-
bis safexurebze. aRqmis aRma-
vali procesebi (qvemodan zem-
oT) maSin erTvebian, rodesac
Semosuli sensoruli infor-
maciidan perceptuli gamosa-
xuleba yalibdeba; daRmavali
procesebi (zemodan qvemoT) im
SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben, rodesac
perceptul gamosaxulebaze gav-
lenas axdens warsuli codna,
motivacia da fsiqikuri fun-
qcionirebis sxva aspeqtebi.

kidebuli. magaliTad, xeze moZravi arseba alternatiul figuras. aseve, SevniSnavT, rom
vefxvia? es yovelTvis advili gasarkvevi ar mas Semdeg, rac orive figuras dainaxavT,
aris. daakvirdiT TeTr da Sav laqebs 5.4 orazrovani figuris yurebisas am alternativebs
suraTze. ra figuraa es? SeecadeT stimuli SenacvlebiT (xan erTs, xan meores) aRiqvamT.
figura gamoyoT fonidan da dainaxoT mimavali orazrovani figurebis es perceptuli labiloba
dalmatineli. ZaRli Zneli dasanaxia, radgan
is ereva fons da konturebic gamokveTili ar
aris (SeniSvna: ZaRli naxatis marjvniv aris, Tavi
centrisaken aqvs mimarTuli). es stimuli
orazrovania, radgan kritikuli informacia
aklia, misi nawilebi uCveulodaa ganlagebuli
da Cveuli struqtura ar Cans. orazrovneba
aRqmis gagebisTvis mniSvnelovani cnebaa. is
gviCvenebs, rom sensorul safexurze mocemuli
calkeuli xati SeiZleba mravalnairad inter-
pretirdes aRqmisa da identifikaciis safe-
xurebze.
5.5 suraTze mocemulia orazrovani figurebis
Tavi 5 / aRqma

sami magaliTi. TiToeuli maTganis ornairad

5.4
interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. daakvirdiT suraTi
TiToeul gamosaxulebas, sanam ar dainaxavT or
orazrovani suraTi
orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptu-
ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT, dainaxoT mimavali
li obieqti, romelsac SeiZleba erTze meti
dalmatineli.
148 interpretacia hqondes.
suraTi
5.5
perceptuli orazrovneba
TiToeuli nimuSis orgvari interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli, magram orives erTdroulad gancda ar
SegiZliaT. amCnevT, rogor enacvlebian es SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?

(arastabiloba) maTi erT-erTi yvelaze mniS- misi loyebi, cxviri da nikapia. rogorc ki
vnelovani maxasiaTebelia. dainaxavT volteris biusts dalis am suraTze,
larkani/profilebi da nekeris kubi oraz- gagiCndebaT survili imis codnisa, Tu sadaa
rovani figurebis nimuSebia perceptuli orga- frangi filosofosis figura damaluli.
nizaciis safexurze. am erTi da igive figurebs normaluri aRqmis erT-erTi yvelaze funda-
Tqven orgvarad aRiqvamT. larkani/profilebi menturi Tvisebaa garemos orazrovnebis da
SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc Savi fonis centrSi gaurkvevlobis naTeli interpretaciiT Secvla,
moTavsebuli TeTri sagani, an ori Savi sagani raTa Tavdajerebuli moqmedeba SevZloT. cvli-
maT Soris gamyofi TeTri sivrciT. nekeris lebebiTa da aramdgradobiT savse samyaroSi
kubi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc samganzomi- perceptuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes
lebiani carieli kubi an Tqvengan qvemoT da mdgradobis da stabilobis miRwevis moTxov-
marcxniv kuTxiT an Tqvengan zemoT marjvniv nilebas.
kuTxiT. cxadia, kubisa da larnaki/profilebis
orazrovani alternativebi erTi da imave sti-
muli xatiT arian gamowveulni, Tumca sti-

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba


mulebis orazrovnebas samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi figurebis specifikuri wyoba ganapirobebs.
kurdReli/ixvi figura orazrovnebis nimuSia
cnobis etapze. orive SemTxvevaSi is erTi da
igive fizikur figurad aRiqmeba. Tumca, vinaidan
figura Sereuli tipis informacias moicavs,
SesaZlo alternativebis gamoyofa da klasi-
fikacia mis orazrovnebas iwvevs.
bevrma gamoCenilma mxatvarma gamoiyena aRqmis
orazrovneba, rogorc mniSvnelovani Semoq-
medebiTi saSualeba Tavis namuSevrebSi. maga-
liTad, salvador dalis monaTa bazari vol-
teris uCinari biustiT (ix. sur. 5.6). es namuSevari
suraTi
5.6
kompleqsur orazrovnebas gviCvenebs. suraTis
mTeli nawili radikalurad gansxavevebulad orazrovneba mxatvrobaSi
unda interpretirdes, raTa davinaxoT frangi salvador dalis am naxats ewodeba `monaTa bazari
filosofosis volteris `dafaruli~ biusti. volteris uCinari biustiT~. xedavT volters? dali
erT-erTi im Tanamedrove mxatvarTagania, romlebmac
TeTri ca qveda TaRis qveS volteris Subli da
Tavis namuSevrebSi orazrovneba gamoiyenes.
Tmaa. ori qalbatonis kabis TeTri nawili _ 149
iluziebi sityva `iluzia~-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac `Seu-
sabamo~-s, `uazro~-s, `sasacilo~-s (ludicrous). ori-
orazrovani stimulebi perceptul sistemebs
ve warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan illudere, rac
rTul amocanas uyeneben _ ramdenime SesaZleb-
naSnavs dacinvas, masxrad agdebas. erTnair
lobidan amoicnon erTi unikaluri figura.
iluziebs ganicdis adamianTa umetesoba erTsa
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciis siswore
da imave perceptul situaciaSi, sensoruli
an simcdare, Ceveulebriv, konteqstzea damo-
sistemis msgavsi fiziologiis da samyaroSi
kidebuli. rodesac perceptuli sistema sti-
sagnebis msgavsad gancdis gamo (rogorc me-6
mulis struqturas mkveTrad amaxinjebs da
TavSi vnaxavT, iluziebi gansxvavdeba haluci-
cvlis, Tqven iluzias ganicdiT.
naciebisagan halucinacia aris aragavrcelebuli
Tavi 5 / aRqma

suraTi
5.7
xuTi iluzia gonebis savarjiSo
TiToeuli nimuSi gviCvenebs aRqmis iluziebis gamomwvev pirobebs. mkvlevrebi xSirad iyeneben iluziebs
TavianTi Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad. es Teoriebi xsnian, perceptul sistemebSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, sakmaod
150 zustad muSaoben, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi rogor warmoiqmneba iluziebi.
perceptuli damaxinjeba, rac adamianis uCveulo konceptualuri gansxvaveba SegrZnebebs, per
fizikuri an fsiqikuri mdgomareobiTaa gamowve- ceptul organizacias da identifikacias Soris
uli). ganvixiloT 5.7 suraTze warmodgenili da dagvexmaron aRqmis garkveuli fundamenturi
klasikuri iluziebi, Tumca, CvenTvis ufro ad- Tvisebebis gagebaSi.
vilia, vizualuri iluziebis ganxilva. iluzi- mkvlevrebi xSirad igoneben axal iluziebs
ebi arsebobs sxva iseT sensorul modalobebSic, an iyeneben Zvels, raTa perceptuli gadamuSavebis
rogoricaa smena (Bregman 1981; Saberi 1966; Shepard mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gviCvenon. ganvi-
& Jordan,1984) da gemo (Todrank & Bartoslu, 1991). xiloT miuler-laieris iluziis sxvadasxva
mas Semdeg, rac 1854-55 wels j. opelma (J.J.Oppel) versia, romelic 5.8 suraTzea mocemuli. versia
iluziebis pirveli mecnieruli analizi gamo- A pirvelad franc miuler-laierma (Muller-Lyer)
aqveyna, aTasobiT statia daiwera iluziebze 1889 wels ganixila naSromSi optikuri ilu-
bunebaSi, SegrZnebebSi, aRqmasa da xelovnebaSi. ziebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi versiebi miulerma da
opelis mokrZalebuli wvlili iluziebis Ses- misma kolegebma 1900 wlamde Seqmnes. TiToeul
wavlaSi iyo xazebis ubralo rigi, romelic SemTxvevaSi monakveTebis sigrZe (an B versiaSi
ufro grZeli Canda, roca segmentebad iyo da- kuTxeebis wveroebs Soris manZili) Tanabaria.
yofili (varianti a), vidre maSin, roca mxolod adamianebs xSirad ukvirT es faqti, Tqven ki
bolo xazebi iyo mocemuli (varianti b). gadasamowmeblad SegiZliaT gazomoT. imis miu-
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a) xedavad, rom es iluzia sakmaod didi xnis
| | (b) winaa aRmoCenili da mkvlevrebmac mravaljer
opelma Tavis naSroms geometriuli optikuri
iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda,
iluziebis Seswavla uwoda. iluziebi miuTiTebs romelic aSkarad mcdaria, Tumca, igives ganic-
perceptul xatsa da realobas Soris gan- dian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul gare-
sxvavebaze. maT SeiZleba gviCvenon abstraqtuli moSi.

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba

suraTi
5.8
miuler-laieris iluziis variaciebi
miuler-laieris iluziis yvela mocemuli variacia 1900 wlamde Seiqmna. aRiqvamT
sigrZeebs Soris gansxvavebas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? aRqmis mkvlevrebma iluziebis
axsna Teoriebis SeqmniT scades. 151
scades axsna, misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebi ucnauroba ar aris. isini fsiqologiuri Teo-
icvleba (Green & Nelson, 1997). misi simtkice, rac riebisaTvis mniSvnelovan monacemebs iZlevian.
ufro didi sigrZis iluziis advilad SeqmnaSi amrigad, mkvlevrebs mxolod iluziebi ki ar
gamoixateba, vizualuri gadamuSavebis sferoSi ainteresebT, aramed im garemoebebis Seswavlac,
Teoretikosebs axal problemebs uqmnis. es romlebSic aRqma samyaroze zust informacias
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom iluziebi ubralod iZleva.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

virtualuri realoba

ai, saukunis dasawyisis te- roSi yofnis gancdis Seqmnaa. periferiidan. sainteresoa,
leSouebisa da filmebisTvis yofna ramdenime ganzomilebaze rogor xdeba es virtualur
tipuri siuJeti: qali da mama- ganisazRvreba, maT Soris aris samyaroSi? mkvlevrebma aRmoa-
kaci personaJebi xvdebian ko- monawilis CarTva socialurad Cines, rom monawileebi ukeT
mpiuteriT Seqmnil virtualur mdidar an interaqciul ambavSi inarCunebdnen gzis saval na-
samyaroSi, rasac dramatuli (Lombard & Ditton, 1997), Tumca, wils, rodesac ekrani perife-
Sedegebi mosdevs. magaliTad, aRqmis TvalsazrisiT, vir- riul informacias iZleoda,
`matricaSi~ (Tu filmi ar tualur samyaroSi yofnis Tumca, ar iyo saWiro, rom es
gaqvT nanaxi, azri ara aqvs SegrZneba, rogorc wesi, damo- periferiuli informacia, rea-
Semdegi winadadebis wakiTxvas) kidebulia virtualur sam- luri samyaros gancdis analo-
mTavari personaJi aRmoaCens, yaroSi CaZirvaze, rac percep- giurad, Zalze detaluri
rom yvelaferi, rac tulad realurad aRiqmeba. yofiliyo. es aRmoCenebi
`realurad~ miaCnia, sinam- bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma vizualuri ekranebis
dvileSi superkompiuterebis daiwyes im perceptuli infor- dizainisTvis mniSvnelovan
mier Seqmnili detalurad maciis sistematuri Seswavla, informacias iZleva. am tipis
damuSavebuli virtualuri romelic saWiroa virtualur eqsperimenti gvarwmunebs, rom
realobaa da es superkompiu- samyaroSi TiTqmis srulyo- mxolod vizualuri velis
terebi akontroleben pla- filad yofnis uzrunvelsa- centri saWiroebs Zlier deta-
netas. sabednierod, CvenTvis yofad. yofnis Sesafaseblad lizacias. periferiuli in-
xelmisawvdomi virtualuri mkvlevrebi xSirad zomaven, ram- formacia mniSvnelovania, mag-
realobis versiebi jerjero- denad kargad SeuZlia adamians ram misi Sevseba SeiZleba glo-
biT sakmaod uwyinaria _ Cven amocanis Sesruleba sxvadasxva baluri vizualuri struq-
sakmaod iolad SegviZlia vir- perceptuli konfiguraciis mqo- turiT.
tualuri garemosgan Tavis ne virtualur samyaroSi (Nash ueWvelia, rom ramdenime we-
daRweva atraqcionebsa da ga- et al., 2000; Nichols et al., 2000). liwadSi virtualuri samyaro
sarTob centrebSi. virtua- ganvixiloT proeqti, romel- kidev ufro mimzidveli gax-
luri realobis gancdis xa- Sic ikvlies vizualuri gamosa- deba _ mkvlevrebsa da gamom-
risxis gaumjobeseba xSirad xulebis zemoqmedeba simula- goneblebs ukeT ecodinebaT,
damokidebulia mkvlevrebis torSi manqanis marTvis unarze. rogor daarwmunon Tqveni
unarze, Seqmnan perceptuli am amocanas mkvlevrebma gzis sa- perceptuli sistemebi
sistemis SecdomaSi Sesayvani vali nawilis SenarCuneba (lane kompiuteriT Seqmnili samya-
axali saSualebebi. virtua- keeping ) uwodes (Kappe et al., 1999). ros `realurobaSi~.
luri realobis Semqmnelebi monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen
gzis saval nawils, rodesac Web sites
Tavi 5 / aRqma

cdiloben, perceptuli pro-


cesebis mniSvnelovani kvleve- ekrani perceptuli gada- www.hitl.washington.ed/
bidan miRebuli codna sru- muSavebisaTvis saintereso projects/knowlege-base/onthenet. html,
liad axali samyaros cxovel realur samyaroseul monacemebs (veb-gverdi, romelic vir-
gancdebSi gadmoitanon. i Z l e o d a . g a v i x s e n o T, r o m tualur realobaze moicavs
mravali virtualuri rea- realuri samyaros gancdisas monacemebs)
lobis sistemis mizani monawi- informacias iRebT rogorc www.vrs.org.uk (virtualu-
leTaTvis virtualur samya- yuradRebis centridan, ise _ ri sazogadoebis veb-gverdi)
152
iluziebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi
iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli nawilia.
Tqven ukve gaecaniT aRqmis ramdenime arsebiT
ganvixiloT Cveni planeta `dedamiwis~ yovel-
kiTxvas: rogor aRadgens perceptuli sistema
dRiuri gamocdileba~. Tqven xedavT
informacias garemos struqturis Sesaxeb?
mzis `amosvlas~ da `Casvlas~, Tumca iciT, rom
rogor xdeba perceptuli orazrovnebis
mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTav- problemis gadaWra? ratom Cndeba iluziebi? am
sebuli. albaT, gasagebia, ratom iyo udidesi kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemamde, saWiroa ukeT
simamacis gamovlena qristefore kolumbis da gaverkveT im TeoriebSi, romelTac mniSvnelovani
sxva zRvaosnebis mxridan, rom uareyoT adgili ukaviaT aRqmis kvlevaSi.
dedamiwis sibrtyelis aSkara iluzia da misi am Teoriebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis
erT-erTi kidisaken gaecuraT. aseve, roca savse danaxva SesaZlebelia me-3 TavSi, sadac saubaria
mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda Tandayolilis (nativizmis) da SeZenilis
waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT, Tumca, iciT, rom es (empirizmis) urTierTgamijvnaze. sakiTxi ase dgas:
ase ara aris. esec iluziaa, romlsac Tqven ra raodenobis sawyisi SesaZleblobebis
Tvalebsa da mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi matarebelia Tqveni genotipi. rogorc nativistma
SeiZleba amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi garkveuli
manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridan
tipis Sinagani codniT an tvinis struqturebiT
areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis
SedixarT, romelic samyaros interpretaciaSi
mimarTulebis mimarT ZiriTadad paraleluri
gexmarebaT; an, rogorc empiristma, SeiZleba
da perpendikularuli rCeba, mniSvneloba ara
amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi SedixarT, rogorc
aqvs, Tu sad midixarT. sufTa dafa, mzad imisaTvis rom SeiswavloT
adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli perceptuli samyaro. Tanamedrove Teoritikosebis
sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad. arqiteqtorebi umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom samyaros
da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania Tandayolilisa da
iyeneben sivrceSi sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, rom- SeZenilis kombinacia, Tumca, vnaxavT, rom isini
lebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an ver Tanxmdebian am kombinaciis balansze.
mcired gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro
farTod gamoCndeba, Tu mas naTeli ferebiT helmholcis klasikuri Teoria
SeRebaven, avejiT ar gadatvirTaven da patara
1866 wels herman fon helmholci (Hermann von

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba


dabal taxtebs, skamebs da magidebs kedlis Helmholtz) aRqmaSi gamocdilebis, anu SeZenilis
gaswvriv ki ar ganalageben, aramed _ oTaxis mniSvnelovnebis pozicias icavda. misi Teoriis
centrSi. nasaSi (NASA) sivrciT programebSi mixedviT, nervul sistemaze moqmedi, xSirad
momuSave fsiqologebma aRqmaze garemos gavlena orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciisas
gamoikvlies, raTa kosmosuri xomaldis Sida gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fsiqikur procesebs
sivrce ise moewyoT, rom mas sasiamovno eniWeba. garemos Sesaxeb warsulSi miRebuli
sensoruli Tvisebebi hqonoda. dekoraciebisa codnis safuZvelze damkvirvebeli qmnis hipo-
da ganaTebis reJisorebi kinosa da Teatralur Tezebs, anu varaudebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria
xelovnebaSi ganzrax qmnian iluziebs filmebsa esa Tu is sagani sinamdvileSi. magaliTad, tyeSi
da scenaze. am iluziebidan zogi ufro sasur- moulodnelad danaxul oTxfexa arsebas, albaT,
ZaRlad ufro miiCnevT, vidre _ mglad. amdenad,
velia, vidre sxvebi. Cven, Cveulebriv, mogvwons
aRqma induqciuri procesia – konkretuli, sava-
kargad mowyobili garemo. mkvlevrebi swored
raudo kerZo xatidan daskvnis gakeTeba sagnebis
imitom ikvleven iluziebs, rom ukeT axsnan
an movlenebis zogad klasze xdeba, romelsac
aRqmis moqmedebis kanonzomiereba. iluziebi ki,
SeiZleba es konkretuli xati miekuTvnebodes.
Tavis mxriv, gvarwmuneben, rom perceptuli radgan es procesi cnobierebis monawileobis
sistemebiT yovelTvis srulyofilad ver miiReba gareSe mimdinareobs, helmholcma mas aracno-
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimuli. bieri daskvna (unconscious inference) uwoda. es
153
daskvniTi procesi, Cveulebriv, zustad struqturidan da fiziologiidan gamomdinare
muSaobs, Tumca, SeiZleba perceptuli iluziebi (Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT geStaltistebis
warmoiqmnas, rodesac uCveulo garemoeba erTi mier SemoTavazebul, perceptuli organizaciis
da igive stimulis mravalnairi interpretaciis magaliTebs).
saSualebas iZleva, an, rodesac axlis nacvlad
Zveli da nacnobi gziT xdeba interpretacia.
gibsonis ekologiuri optika
helmholcis Teoria aRqmas or etapad yofs.
pirvel, analitikur etapze grZnobis organoebi jeims gibsonma (James Gibson, 1966, 1979) da
fundamenturi SegrZnebebis doneze axdenen elinor gibsonma (Eleanor Gibson) aRqmisadmi
samyaros analizs; meore, sinTezis, safexurze Zalze mniSvnelovani midgoma SemogvTavazes.
xdeba am sensoruli elementebis gaerTianeba gibsoni aRqmas organizmis struqturis Sedegad
da sinTezireba obieqtebis da maTi Tvisebebis ki ar miiCnevda, aramed fiqrobda, rom misi
aRqmis saxiT. helmholcis Teoriis mixedviT, ukeT gageba uSualo garemos (anu misi ekolo-
Cven SegrZnebebis interpretacias garemodan giis) analiziT iyo SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi
miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze vaxdenT. avtoris TqmiT, gibsonis midgoma aseTi iyo:
Cveni interpretaciebi, faqtobrivad, Cveni `ar ikiTxoT, ra aris Tqvens TavSi, ikiTxeT _
percepciis (aRqmis) Sesaxeb informirebul vara- ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis
udebs warmoadgens. ekologiuri optikis Teoria garegani stimu-
lebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda,
geStaltmidgoma vidre im meqanizmebs, romliTac am stimulebis
aRqma xdeba. es midgoma radikalurad gan-
geStaltfsiqologia, romelic XX saukunis sxvavdeboda manamde arsebuli yvela Teo-
II naxevarSi germaniaSi Camoyalibda, did riisgan. gibsonis koncefciaSi aRqma gagebulia,
yuradRebas uTmobda perceptul gamocdilebaSi rogorc garemos aqtiuri gamokvleva. rodesac
Tandayolili struqturebis rols. geStalt- damkvirvebeli garemoSi moZraobs, baduraze
fsiqologiis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi: stimulaciis paterni mudmivad icvleba drosa
kurt kofka (Kurt Koffka, 1935), volfgang keleri da sivrceSi. ekologiuri optikis Teoria
(Wolfgang Kohler, 1947) da maqs verThaimeri (Max cdilobda, ganesazRvra garemos Sesaxeb is
Wertheimer, 1923) amtkicebdnen, rom fsiqologiuri informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneboda
fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris SesaZle- moZravi damkvirveblis TvalisaTvis. gibsonis
beli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul mimdevari Teoritikosebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT perceptuli sistemebi ganuviTardaT organiz-
primitiul, martiv perceptul elementebad. mebs, romlebic rTul da cvalebad garemoSi
germanuli termini geStalti miaxloebiT aqtiurebi iyvnen _ moipovebdnen sakvebs, wyals,
`formas~, `mTlians~, `konfiguracias~ an `arss~
niSnavs. geStaltistebma uaryves fsiqologiaSi
arsebuli atomisturi Tvalsazrisi. isini amtki-
cebdnen, rom mTeli gacilebiT metia, vidre aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helm-
misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri jami. magali- holcis termini, romelic gacnobierebis gareSe
Tad, roca musikas vusmenT, mTlian melodias mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
aRviqvamT, miuxedavad imisa, rom is calkeuli geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqo-
bgerebisagan Sedgeba. geStaltfsiqologiis logiuri skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom fsiqo-
mixedviT, samyaros holsturi aRqmis Camoya- logiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
Tavi 5 / aRqma

SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul


libeba ganpirobebulia Tavis tvinis qerqis
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT pro-
(korteqsis) funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT. Cven mitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
CvenTvis Cveuli gziT imitom vawesrigebT sen-
ekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecological
sorul informacias, rom es Semomavali optics) _ aRqmis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams
sensoruli informaciis organizebis umar- sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da
tivesi da yvelaze ekonomiuri gzaa, tvinis aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.
154
mewyvilesa da TavSesafars (Gibson, 1979; Greeno,
1994; Nakayama, 1994).
gibsonis mixedviT, kiTxvaze _ `rogor swav-
lob garemos?~ pasuxi sakmaod advilia. Tqven
garemodan pirdapir iRebT informacias senso-
ruli informaciis invariantuli anu stabi-
luri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi araa
saWiro perceptuli daskvnis maRali donis
sistemebis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna _
aRqma pirdapir, uSualod xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom garemoSi arsebuli TiToeuli sagnis
retinaluri zoma da forma icvleba damkvir-
veblidan sagnis daSorebulobisa da xedvis
kuTxis mixedviT, cvlilebebi SemTxveviTi ar
aris. metic, es cvlilebebi sistematuria da
sagnidan areklili sinaTlis ZiriTadi Tvi-
sebebi ar icvleba (invariantulia) aRqmis
kuTxisa da daSorebis aseTi cvlilebis piro- xmdebian maT Soris balansze. helmholci xazs
bebSic ki. vizualuri sistema isea mowyobili, usvamda gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnebas da
rom amCnevs am invariantulobas. adamianebi iseT varaudobda, rom aRqmis didi nawili ara-
garemoSi viTardebodnen, sadac swored inva- cnobier daskvnas efuZneboda. geStalt-midgoma
riantobis aRqmas hqonda sasicocxlo mniS- aRniSnavda, rom perceptuli gamocdileba
vneloba. ganxilul unda yofiliyo, rogorc mTeli da
amrigad, Tqven ukve gaecaniT im Teoriebs, aRqmaSi Tandayolili procesebis rols uWerda
romlebic mkvlevrebma perceptuli procesebis mxars; jeims gibsoniseuli midgoma ki xazs
asaxsnelad Seqmnes. am procesebis gacnobamde usvamda damkvirveblis, rogorc aqtiuri
ganvixiloT, rogor xdeba samyaroSi xel- subieqtis rols da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
misawvdomi informaciis mcire nawilis SerCeva garemodan wamosul invariantul informacias.
da misTvis yuradRebis mipyroba.

yuradRebis procesebi
Sejameba
aRqmis mTliani procesi SeiZleba sam safe- SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi
xurad daiyos: SegrZneba, perceptuli organi- ram, romelic am momentamde ar SegimCneviaT.
zacia da identifikacia/cnoba. vizualuri SeamCnieT laqa kedelze? saaTis wikwiki? Tu
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa distaluri stimulis garemos Zalze yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT,
(garemoSi arsebuli realuri obieqtis) identi- aRmovaCenT, rom aTasobiT sagania irgvliv,
fikacia da interpretacia, proqsimaluri romlisTvisac yuradRebis miqceva SeiZleboda.
yuradRebis procesebi

stimulidan (obieqtis retinaluri gamosaxule- zogadad, rac metad mivaqcevT yuradRebas sagns
bidan) miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze. Tu movlenas, metis aRqmasa da gagebas SevZlebT
orazrovan figurebs mxolod erTi interpre- masze. amitom aris yuradReba aRmis Seswav-
tacia aqvs sensorul doneze, mravali SesaZlo lisas mniSvnelovani Tema. yuradRebis fokusi
interpretacia ki _ organizaciis da identifi- gansazRvravs, ra tipis informacia iqneba yve-
kaciis doneze. iluziebi SezRudvebs uqmnian laze xelmisawvdomi perceptuli procese-
perceptuli procesebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs.
aRqmis Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, Tanxmdebian yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli
imaze, rom perceptuli unari Tandayolili da informaciis romelime nawilze cnobierebis
155
SeZenili procesebis Sedegia, Tumca, ver Tan- fokusireba.
bisaTvis. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mkvlevrebi SegiZliaT eqspliciturad airCioT calkeuli
Seecadnen gaerkviaT, Tu garemodan momdinare obieqtebi Sesaswavlad. stimuliT gamowveuli
ra tipis stimulebs eqceva Cveni yuradReba SerCeva maSin xdeba, rodesac stimulis _
da ra wvlili Seaqvs yuradRebas stimulebis garemoSi arsebuli obieqtebis _ maxasiaTeblebi
gancdaSi. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor TavisTavad, avtomaturad iqceven yuradRebas,
funqcionirebs yuradReba seleqciurad, raTa Tqveni, rogorc damkvirveblis, miznebisagan
garemoSi garkveul sagnebsa da movlenebs meti damoukideblad. stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva
mniSvnelovneba mianiWos. iqneba, magaliTad, Tu saWesTan mjdomi SuqniSanze
gaCerdebiT da ocnebebSi waxvalT; SuqniSnis
seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba moulodneli cvlileba _ wiTeli Suqidan
mwvaneze _ gansakuTrebuli koncentraciis
am qveTavis dasawyisSi gTxoveT, yuradReba
gareSec miiqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas.
migeqciaT ramdenime sagnisaTvis, romlebic
sainteresoa, ra kavSiria am or process
manamde ar SegimCneviaT. es eqsperimenti gviCve-
Soris. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom garkveul pi-
nebs yuradRebis mniSvnelovan funqcias, rac
robebSi mainc, stimuliT gamowveuli yuradReba
Semavali sensoruli masalis garkveuli nawilis
Warbobs mizniT marTul seleqcias.
SerCevaSi gamoixateba. es nawili Semdeg gada-
muSavdeba. vnaxoT, rogor virCevT, samyaros ro-
mel nawils (subset) mivaqcioT yuradReba da ra saidan
Sedegi mosdevs am gadawyvetilebas CvenTvis io- viciT
lad xelmisawvdomi informaciis TvalsazrisiT.
konkurencia procesebs Soris, romlebic
yuradRebis fokusirebasac gansazRvraven
yuradRebis faqtorebi
mkvlevrebma Seqmnes vizualuri ekranebi,
rogor virCevT sagnebs, romlebic Cveni romlebic mizniT marTul SerCevasa da
yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian? am kiTxvaze pasuxs stimuliT gamowveul yuradRebas konku-
ori komponenti aqvs. maT mizniT marTul seleq- renciul pirobebSi ayenebdnen (Theeuwes et
cias (goal-derected) da stimuliT gamowveul al., 1998). rogorc 5.9 suraTis A nawilzea
yuradRebis mipyrobas (stimulus-driven capture) mocemuli, eqsperimentis TiToeuli sinjis
uwodeben1 (Jantis, 1993). mizniT marTuli SerCevi- dasawyisSi cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen vi-
sas Tqveni miznebidan gamomdinare irCevT, Tu zualur ekrans, romelzedac mocemuli
romel obieqts miaqcioT yuradReba. cxadia, rom iyo 6 nacrisferi wre SigniT Cawerili
cifriT 8. erTi wamis Semdeg ekrani icv-
leboda. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc
1
qarTul fsiqologiaSi: aRqmis subieqturi da B nawilzea mocemuli, erTi wris garda
obieqturi faqtorebi (redaqtoris SeniSvna). yvela wre wiTeli feris gaxda. cdis
pirebis amocana iyo, SeexedaT darCenili
nacrisferi wrisTvis da eTqvaT, masSi
mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection)
Cveulebrivi C ewera, Tu Sebrunebuli. cdis
_ gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom ir-
Ceven Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac pirebi am amocanis Sesrulebisas mizniT
nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva marTul SerCevas iyenebdnen. maT ganzrax,
adamianis miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba. mizanmimarTulad gadahqondaT yuradReba
darCenil nacrisfer wreze. axla ganvixi-
Tavi 5 / aRqma

stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba


(Stimulus-driven capture) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu loT 5.9 suraTis C nawili. am SemTxvevaSi,
adamianebi ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali romelic cdebis meore naxevars war-
informaciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSa- moadgens, vizualur mwkrivs axali ele-
vebisaTvis; xdeba maSin, rodesac stimulebis
menti daemata _ wiTeli wre. axali
niSnebi (sagnebi garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben
yuradRebas, adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damou- obieqtebi im saxis stimulebs miekuTvneba,
kideblad. romlebic, Cveulebriv, stimuliT gamow-
156
veul SerCevas iwveven. Cveulebriv piro-
bebSi mosalodneli iqneboda, rom cdis
pirebi mzeras am axal obieqtze gadai-
tandnen, Tumca, am konkretul eqsperimentSi
maT es ar moeTxovebodaT. maT isev
sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT mxolod erTi
nacrisferi wris Sinaarsi. Dda ra xde-
boda? cdis pirebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas
wiTel wres? faqtobrivad, umetes Sem-
TxvevaSi axali obieqti avtomaturad
iqcevda cdis pirTa yuradRebas, miuxedavad
imisa, rom is sruliad ar Seesabameboda
eqsperimentatoris mier maTTvis dasaxul
mizans.

es fenomeni SeiZleba stimuliT gamowveul


SerCevad miviCnioT, radgan is aRmqmelis miznebis
sapirispirod moqmedebs. cxadia, monawileebi
ukeT Seasrulebdnen amocanas, Tu yuradRebas
ar miaqcevdnen wiTel wres, magram maTi ig-
suraTi
5.9
norireba SeuZlebelia (miuxedavad imisa, rom
monawileebs TiTqmis yovelTvis urCevniaT, rac yuradRebis gamomwvevi procesebi
SeiZleba kargad Seasrulon mkvlevris mier am eqsperimentis TiToeuli seriis dasawyisSi, cdis
dasaxuli amocana). mniSvnelovani zogadi daskvna pirebi uyurebdnen ekrans, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo
eqvsi nacrisferi wre (nawili A). rodesac ekrani
isaa, rom Cveni perceptuli sistema isea
icvleboda, cdis pirebis amocana iyo, eTqvaT, darCenil
mowyobili, rom yuradReba avtomaturad eqceva nacrisfer wreSi rogori C iyo Cawerili. seriis
garemoSi gamoCenil axal sagnebs (Yantis & Jonides, naxevarSi ekranze ar iyo axali obieqtebi (nawili B),
1996). meore naxevarSi ki _ iyo (nawili C). miuxedavad imisa,
rom cdis pirebis amocana iyo erTi nacrisferi wrisTvis
yuradRebis miqceva, axali obieqti gamoCenisTanave
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia avtomaturad ipyrobda maT yuradRebas.

Tu Tqven SerCeviTad miaqcieT yuradReba


perceptuli ekranis romelime nawils, sakuTari munikacio arxs, informaciis sruli gadamuSa-
miznebidan an stimulis Tvisebebidan gamom- vebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs. amis gamo
dinare, ra bedi eweva yuradRebis miRma darCenil saWiroa, rom yuradRebam mkacrad daareguliros
informacias? warmoidgineT, rom usmenT leqcias, Semavali sensoruli informaciis cnobierebaSi
Tqvengan orive mxares ki adamianebi saubroben. gadasvla. yuradReba aviwroebs kognitur sis-
rogor SeZlebT mihyveT leqciis Sinaarss? ra temaSi Semavali informaciis nakads, filtravs
gesmiT saubridan? SeiZleba rame iseTs mokraT garkveul nawils da danarCen informacias
yuradRebis procesebi

yuri romelime saubris SinaarsSi, rac leq- Semdeg safexurze uSvebs. yuradRebis filtris
ciidan Tqveni yuradRebis gadanacvlebas Teoria (filter theory) amtkicebs, rom Semomavali
gamoiwvevs? informaciis seleqcia misi mniSvnelobis wvdo-
am kiTxvebiT pirvelad ronald broudbenTi mamde xdeba.
(Ronald Brodbent, 1958) dainteresda. igi tvins sako- filtris Teoriis Sesamowmeblad mkvlev-
munikacio arxs _ telefonis xazs an kompiuteris rebma laboratoriaSi Seqmnes realuri cxov-
kavSirebs _ adarebda, romelic aqtiurad rebiseuli situacia, sadac Semomavali infor-
gadaamuSavebs da gadascems informacias. broud- maciis mravali wyaro gvaqvs. amisaTvis maT
benTis Teoriis mixedviT, tvins, rogorc sako- gamoiyenes dixotomiuri mosmenis meTodi. am
eqsperimentSi monawileebs ukeTiaT yursas- 157
menebi, romelSic erTdroulad usmenen or
Caweril informacias. TiToeul yurSi
g a n s x v a v e b u l i informacia miewodebaT.
monawileebs eZlevaT instruqcia,
eqsperimentators gadascen mxolod erT-erTi
Setyobineba da ar mousminon meore yurSi
miwodebul informacias. am proceduras
uwodeben yuradRebamiqceuli informaciis
daCrdilvas (ix. sur. 5.10).
filtris Teoriis mosazreba eWvqveS dadga,
rodesac aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi msmeneli
ixsenebda iseT momentebs, romelTa gaxsenebasac
ver SeZlebda, yuradRebas mTlianad rom
gaefiltra ignorirebuli masala (Cherry, 1953).

5.10
sanimuSod ganvixiloT sakuTari saxelis maga- suraTi
liTi. adamianebi xSirad amboben, rom yuri mok-
res sakuTar saxels xmaurian oTaxSi maSinac
diqotomiuri mosmenis amocana
ki, roca isini sxva saubarSi iyvnen CarTulni.
amas koqteilis wveulebis fenomens (cocktail party cdis piri erTdroulad ismens sxvadasxva cifrebs
TiToeul yurSi: 2 (marcxena), 7 (marjvena), 6 (marcxena),
phenomenon) uwodeben.
9 (marjvena), 1 (marcxena), 5 (marjvena). igi mosmenils
ambobs swor rigad _ 261 da 795. xolo, rodesac sTxoven,
mousminos mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebul masalas,
saidan cdis piri ambobs mxolod 795-s.
viciT

gvWirdeba Tu ara yuradReba sakuTari gones (da mxolod es jgufi), saxelis ga-
saxelis gasagonad? gonebis Semdeg maSinve ferxdebodnen (Wood
& Cowan, 1995a).
cdis pirebi erTdroulad ismendnen ori
adamianis xmas, romlebic erTmarcvliani
es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sakuTari saxeli
sityvebis mwkrivs kiTxulobdnen. maT
aucileblobiT ar iqcevs yuradRebas, vinaidan
sTxovdnen, yuradReba mieqciaT mxolod
msmenelTa 2/3-ma ver gaigona is. miuxedevad amisa,
marjvena yurSi miwodebuli infor-
Sedegebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom mainc xdeba
maciisaTvis da sityvebi maqsimalurad
ignorirebuli arxis garkveulwilad gaazre-
zustad gaemeorebinaT. eqsperimentis mim-
buli analizi – sxva SemTxvevaSi msmenelTa 1/3
dinareobis garkveul momentSi TiToeul
verasodes miaqcevda yuradRebas sakuTar saxels.
monawiles (sakontrolo jgufis garda)
aseTi tipis eqsperimentis safuZvelze mkvlev-
sxva sityvebTan erTad asmeninebdnen sa-
rebi varaudoben, rom yuradRebis miRma darCeni-
kuTar saxels im yurSi, romelSic mowo-
li informacia garkveulwilad mainc gadamuSav-
debuli informaciisTvis yuradReba ar
deba, magram imdenad ara, rom cnobierebis
unda mieqciaT. sainteresoa, gaigones Tu
sazRvrebs miaRwios (Woods & Cowan, 1995). infor-
ar maT sakuTari saxelebi? cdis pirTa
macia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiqcevs yurad-
daaxloebiT 1/3-ma (34%-ma), romelsac
Tavi 5 / aRqma

saxels ukiTxavdnen, gaigona sakuTari


saxeli, Tumca maT ver gaigones verc erTi diqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) _ eqsperi-
mentuli meTodi, rodesac gansxvavebuli audia-
sxva saxeli iseve, rogorc sakontrolo
luri stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.
jgufis cdis pirebma (romelTac saxelebs
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive process-
ar ukiTxavdnen). garda amisa, damCrdilavi
ing) _ sensoruli informaciis gadamuSaveba,
qmedebis (shadowing performance) gamo, mona-
romelic yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze
158
wileebi, romlebmac sakuTari saxeli gai- mimarTavs.
Rebas, Tu yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor- moZebnoT rame wiTeli. axla scadeT, ipovoT
maciis maxasiaTeblebi sakmarisad gamodiferen- rame alisferi;
cirebuli iqneba, magaliTad, Tu es iqneba msme- moZebnoT rame oTxkuTxedi. axla scadeT,
nelis saxeli (yuradRebasa da cnobierebas ipovoT rame mrgvali;
Soris kavSirs me-6 TavSi davubrundebiT). zogadi
moZebnoT rame lurji, Semdeg scadeT, ipo-
principi isaa, rom yuradRebis miRma darCenili
voT rame, rac mrgvalic iqneba da lurjic.
informaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi viciT.
amrigad, gasagebia, ratomaa saxifaTo yuradRebis TiToeul SemTxvevaSi risi povna ufro gagiZ-
gadanacvleba mocemul momentSi aqtualuri neldaT? mkvlevrebi irwmunebian, rom alisfris
amocanidan, an miznidan. Tu yuradRebas ver povna ufro advilia, vidre wiTlis (Treisman &
miaqcevT garkveul informacias, magaliTad, Gormican, 1988); oTxkuTxedis ufro advilia,
profesoris leqcias, masala TavisTvis darCeba vidre _ mrgvalis (Kim & Cave, 1995) da rame erTi
da Tqven ver moismenT mas! niSniT gansazRvruli ufro advilia, vidre ori
axla vnaxoT, ra roli ekisreba yuradRebas _ niSniT gansazRvrulis (Treisman & Sato, 1990). ro-
garemoSi sagnebis moZebnasa da maT sworad gor fiqrobT, ratom aris ase? Tqven es-esaa
identificirebaSi. gaecaniT yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis (preatten-
tive processing) zogierT maxasiaTebels, rac gan-
sxvavdeba gadamuSavebis im procesebisagan, rom-
yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi lebic yuradRebas saWiroeben.
yuradRebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa xma- miuxedavad imisa, rom cnobieri mexsiereba
urian vizualur garemoSi konkretuli obieq- da sagnebis cnoba yuradRebas saWiroebs, infor-
tebis moZebna. am meqanizmis sanaxavad sakmaod maciis sakmaod rTuli gadamuSaveba yuradRebisa
martivi eqsperimentis Catareba SeiZleba. dadeT da cnobierebis gareSec xdeba (Kubovy et al., 1999).
wigni erTi wuTiT da SeecadeT: gadamuSavebis am adreul etaps yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba ewodeba, radgan is Semomaval

suraTi
5.11
yuradReba da vizualuri
Zebna
(A) ipoveT erTi gamorCeuli niS-
niT gansxvavebuli sagani, SegiZ-
liaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri Zeb-
na (gadasinjva).
(B) ipoveT sagani niSnebis erTob-
liobis mixedviT, unda gamoiyenoT
seriuli Zebna.
yuradRebis procesebi

(C) vinaidan paraleluri Zebna


gamoiyeneba, moZebnas erTnairi dro
sWirdeba yuradRebis gamfantvelis
raodenobis miuxedavad.
(D) seriul Zebnaze yuradRebis
gamfantvelebis raodenoba axdens
gavlenas. D nawilSi Zebna ufro
swrafad xdeba, vidre B-Si.

159
sensorul masalaze yuradRebis miqcevamde, (Zebnisas) TeTri T TeTri L-gan gamoyos. Tqven
sensoruli receptorebidan tvinSi Sesvlis- kvlav SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri
Tanave, moqmedebs. gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba da ugulvelyoT
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis saSualebiT yvela Savi T, magram Semdeg mogiwevT yvela TeTri
advilad vpoulobT mxolod erTi niSniT simbolos saTiTaod an seriulad gadasinjva.
gamorCeul sagnebs (Treisman & Sato, 1990; Wolfe, 1992). es gamocdileba gansxvavdeba garemoSi erT-
SexedeT 5.11 suraTis A nawils. SegiZliaT, droulad wiTeli da wriuli sagnis povnis
ipovoT TeTri T? es aris oTaxSi, Tqvens irgvliv, gamocdilebisgan. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
lurji obieqtebis povnis msgavsi amocana. saSualebas gaZlevT, swrafad ipovoT wiTeli
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZ- feris an mrgvali formis sagnebi; igi garemos
levT, paralelurad gadasinjoT garemo erTi marTuli gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva (Wolfe,
calkeuli gamorCeuli niSnis mixedviT. es 1994; Wolfe & Gancarz, 1996). am TvalsazrisiT, Tqven
niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT erTdroulad gada- mainc gWirdebaT TiToeul saganze indi-
sinjoT ekranis mTeli zedapiri. am paraleluri vidualurad yuradRebis miqceva, raTa gansazR-
gadasinjvis Sedegad yuradReba erT saTanado vroT, Seesabameba Tu ara is ori niSnis kom-
obieqtze koncentrirdeba, Tumca, yuradReba binacias _ wiTelsa da mrgvals.
miaqcieT, rom yvela calkeuli niSani Tanabrad mkvlevrebi ganasxvaveben paralelur da
gamorCeuli ar aris. bevri adamianisaTvis kvad- seriul Zebnas imis gansazRvriT, Tu ramdenad
ratis povna ufro advilia, vidre _ wris, albaT Znelia samiznes povna, romelic yuradRebis
imitom, rom marTkuTxedis kuTxeebi gamokve- gamfantvelebis (distractors) raodenobis funqcias
Tilia (Kim & Cave, 1995). adamianebis umetesoba warmoadgens. davuSvaT, gTxovT, moZebnoT ekranze
ufro advilad poulobs ZiriTadi ferisgan TeTr T xuTi Savi T-s garemocvaSi (rogorc 5.11
gansxvavebul fers, rogorc, magaliTad, alis- suraTis C nawilSia) da 34 Savi T-s garemocvaSi
feri gansxvavdeba wiTlisagan, albaT imitom, (rogorc A nawilSia). radgan Tqven am ori
rom aseTi feri gansxvavebulia garemos nor- amocanis Sesruleba paralelulad SegiZliaT,
misagan (Treisman & Gormican, 1988 ). TiToeul SemTxvevaSi TeTri T-s povnas daax-
calkeul niSnebs Soris aSkara gansxvavebis loebiT erTnairi dro dasWirdeba. meore mxriv,
miuxedavad, mainc gagiWirdebaT maTi kombina- rodesac am suraTze B nawilidan D nawilze
ciebis aRmoCena. ganvixiloT 5.11 suraTis B marTuli gadasinjva (Guided search) _
nawili. kidev erTxel scadeT TeTri T-s povna.
ar geCvenebaT, rom es ufro Znelia? am
SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis sistema ar aris aRWur-
vili imisaTvis, rom paraleluri gadasinjvisas

suraTi
5.12

orferiani sagnis moZebna


(A) moZebneT yviTeli da lurji sagani.
(B) moZebneT yviTeli saxli lurji
Tavi 5 / aRqma

fanjrebiT.
(A) moZebna Zalian mouxerxebelia,
rodesac sagnis ori nawilis ori feris
erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
(B) moZebna ufro advilia, rodesac
mTeli sagnis feris da misi erT-erTi
nawilis feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.

160
gadaxvalT, igrZnobT, rom D nawilSi ufro Sejameba
advilad poulobT TeTr T-s. Tqven TiToeuli
garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqci-
TeTri elementisaTvis seriulad yuradRebis
urad) aqcevT yuradRebas mizniT marTuli
miqceva giwevT, ase rom, TiToeuli TeTri
seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan
elementi, romelsac uyurebT (sanam sasurvels
raRac iqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT
ipoviT) damatebiT dros garTmevT.
gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis filtris Teo-
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT am logikis gamoyeneba
riis mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblo-
perceptuli samyaros sxva iseTi aspeqtebis
bebi aqvs. yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor-
aRmosaCenad, romlebic SeiZleba yuradRebamdel
macia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSavebas saWiroebdnen. ganvixiloT 5.12
gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT, garemoSi
suraTis A nawili: SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli
ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi gamor-
da Savi sagnebi. B nawilSi SeecadeT, ipovoT
Ceuli niSniT identificirdnen.
yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT. meore amocana
ufro advili ar iyo vidre pirveli? davalebis
Sesrulebze nakleb gavlenas axdenen yuradRebis
damatebiTi gamfantvelebi (extre distractors), aRqmis organizaciis
rodesac ori feri CarTulia sagnis nawilebsa procesebi
da mTlianSi (Wolfe et al., 1994). am saxis magaliTebi
gvarwmunebs, rom yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
garemoSi sagnebis sapovnelad SedarebiT daxve- warmoidgineT ramdenad uwesrigo iqneboda
wil (kargad damuSavebuli meqanizmis mqone) samyaro, rom ar SegvZleboda milioni retina-
daxmarebas gvTavazobs. luri receptoridan miRebuli informaciis
axla ukve SegviZlia martivi niSnebis gadamu- Tavmoyra da organizeba. TvalebTan moZravi da
Savebidan mTliani sagnebisa da garemos aRqmis mbrunavi ferebis daukavSirebeli nawilebis
ganxilvaze gadavideT. kaleidoskopi geqnebodaT. procesebs, romlebic
sensorul informacias aerTianebs Tanmimdev-
ruli aRqmis misaRebad, perceptuli organiza-
ciis procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom,
rasac adamiani aseTi perceptuli gadamuSavebis
Sedegad ganicdis, percepti (aRqmis xati)
ewodeba.
magaliTad, 5.13 suraTze mocemuli organzomi-
lebiani geometriuli kompoziciis perceptuli

suraTi
5.13

organzomilebiani geometriuli
figuris percepti

rogoria am geometriuli figuris Tqveni


percepti?

161
suraTi
5.14
subieqturi konturebi,
romlebic kuTxeebs avseben
xedavT am suraTze gamosaxul
naZvis xes da or, erTmaneTze
dadebul samkuTxeds?
samkuTxedebi rom ararealuria
amaSi darwmunebiT, Tu or kuTxes
cera TiTebiT dafaravT.
subieqturi konturebis SeqmniT,
perceptuli organizebis procesebi
stimulSi figurasa da fons
gamoyofs.

xati, albaT, sam diagonalur rigad ganlagebuli figuris fonidan win wamoweulad danaxvis
figurebia, romelTagan I rigi kvadratebisgan tendencia Zalze Zlieria. faqtobrivad, es
Sedgeba, II – isrebisgan da III– rombebisgan. amaSi maSinac xdeba, rodesac figura realurad ar
TiTqos araferia ucnauri, Tumca, rogorc wina arsebobs. 5.14 suraTis pirvel gamosaxulebaSi
TavSi aRvniSneT, aRqmis yvela es, erTi SexedviT, Tqven, albaT, xedavT naZvis xes fonze, romelic
TavisTavadi procesi daxvewili, natifi TeTr zedapirze mocemul ramdenime Sav wres
gadamuSavebiT aris gaadvilebuli. mravali warmoadgens. Tumca, SevniSnavT, rom aq aranairi
organizaciuli procesi, romelsac am qveTavSi naZvis xe ar arsebobs. figura Sedgeba mxolod
ganvixilavT, pirvelad geStaltistebma aRweres. 3 gancalkevebuli Savi figurisa da xazebisagan.
isini amtkicebdnen, rom aRqma damokidebulia Tqven iluzorulad xedavT win wamoweul TeTr
organizaciis kanonebze, anu im martiv princi- samkuTxeds, radgan Savi gamosaxulebebis kideebi
pebze, romelTa saSualebiTac sagnis formebs isea ganlagebuli, rom mTliani TeTri sam-
an gamosaxulebebs aRviqvamT. kuTxedi geCvenebaT. 5.14 suraTis meore gamosa-
xuleba qmnis erTi dasrulebuli samkuTxedis
iluzias, romelic meores adevs, Tumca, realu-
figura, foni da rad arc erTi arsebobs.
dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba) am magaliTSi, rogorc Cans, figura-fonis
ratom aRviqvamT 5.13 suraTs CvenTvis Cveuli organizaciis sami donea: TeTri naZvis xe, Savi
gziT? am gamosaxulebis aRqmisas organizaciuli wreebi da ufro farTo TeTri zedapiri am
procesi mas figurad da fonad yofs. figura yvelafris ukan. aRvniSnavT, rom stimulSi TeTr
Cans, rogorc sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are, ares Tqven perceptulad yofT or gansxvavebul
xolo foni _ rogorc sivrce, romelzec figura regionad: TeTr samkuTxedad da TeTr fonad. am
devs. 5.13 suraTze muq adgilebs, albaT, figurad gayofis adgilze aRiqvamT iluzorul kon-
aRiqvamT, naTel adgils _ fonad. Tumca, es turebs. isini realurad arseboben ara dis-
stimuli SeiZleba sxvagvaradac dainaxoT talur stimulSi, aramed _ mxolod Tqvens
figurisa da fonis SenacvlebiT, rogorc amas subieqtur gamocdilebaSi. iluzoruli
orazrovani larnaki/profilebis SemTxvevaSi konturebi pirvelad 1900 wels aRweres, magram
akeTebdiT. amisaTvis, SeecadeT, dainaxoT TeTri yvela saidumlo jer mainc ar aris amoxsnili
sivrce, rogorc didi TeTri furceli, romel- (Lesher, 1995).
Tavi 5 / aRqma

zedac ganlagebuli 9 amoWrili figuridan Savi am suraTebze TeTri samkuTxedis aRqma kidev
foni moCans. erT mZlavr organizaciul process – dasru-
lebulobas (Sevsebulobas) _ gviCvenebs. dasru-
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-
nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
iluziuri konturebi ( ) _
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-
162 melzec figura devs
suraTi
5.15

dajgufebis fenomeni
TiToeul mwkrivs, B nawilidan
G-mde, garkveuli saxiT daj-
gufebulad a R v i q v a m T,
geStaltis dajgufebis
sxvadasxva principebidan
gamomdinare.

lebuloba (Sevsebuloba) daumTavrebel figu- Seiswavla. verThaimeri damkvirveblebs uCvenebda


rebs damTavrebulad, dasrulebulad (Sevse- martivi geometriuli figurebis wyebas. cvlida
bulad) gvanaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sti- ra calkeul faqtors da akvirdeboda, rogor
mulSi mxolod kuTxeebia mocemuli, Cveni moqmedebda is figuraTa struqturis aRqmaze,
perceptuli sistema avsebs kuTxeebs Soris verThaimerma SeZlo dajgufebis wesebis
arsebul sivrces (qmnis konturebs), rac figuras Camoayalibeba. 5.15 suraTze mocemulia ramdenime
dasrulebul naZvis xed aqcevs. dasrulebu- wesis ilustracia. A nawilSi mocemulia Tanab-
lobis procesis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia rad daSorebuli wreebis mwkrivebi, romlebic
stimulebis dasrulebulad, balansirebulad SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdes. Tqven
da simetriulad aRqma, maSinac ki, rodesac SeiZleba erTnairi warmatebiT dainaxoT am
saxezea gansvla, disbalansi da asimetria. wreebis svetebi an rigebi. Tumca, rodesac
intervali mcirediT icvleba ise, rom wreebs
Soris horizontaluri intervali vertikalur
perceptuli dajgufebis intervalze naklebia (rogorc es B nawilzea
principebi mocemuli), Tqven erTmniSvnelovnad horizon-
5.13 suraTze mocemuli gamosaxuleba Tqven talur mwkrivebad organizebul wreebs xedavT.
aRiqviT 9 figurad, romlebic rigebadaa rodesac intervalebis cvlilebisas vertika-
dajgufebuli. TiToeuli maTgani agebulia luri intervali ufro naklebia (rogorc C
diagonaluri xazebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli 3 nawilzea mocemuli), Tqven wreebs vertikalur
identuri gamosaxulebisagan. rogor ajgufebs svetebad ganlagebulad aRiqvamT. es 3 saxis
vizualuri sistema am obieqtebs da ra faqtorebi dajgufeba verThaimeris siaxlovis kanonis aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

gansazRvraven mas? ilustracias warmoadgens. rodesac sxva


dajgufebis sakiTxi pirvelad farTod danarCeni pirobebi ucvlelia, erTmaneTTan
geStaltfsiqologma maqs verThaimerma (1923) yvelaze axlos ganlagebuli elementebi
(yvelaze proqsimalurebi) erTad jgufdeba.
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag- geStaltistebma aseTi Sedegebi imiT axsnes,
nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi. rom mTliani stimulis paterni garkveulad
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro- gansazRvravs misi nawilebis ganlagebas. sxva
melzec figura devs sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani percepti
gansxvavdeba misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri
jamisgan.
5.15 suraTis D nawilSi, intervalis nacvlad
feri icvleboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom wreebs
Soris intervali Tanabaria, vizualuri sistema
163
avtomaturad ganalagebs stimuls rigebad, fe- lebi (Carlson-Radvansky & Irwin, 1995; Irwin, 1991,
rebis msgavsebis gamo. E nawilSi wreebs svetebad Simons, 2000). faqtobrivad, damkvirveblebi
ganlagebuls xedavT, msgavsi zomebis gamo, F xandaxan ver afiqsireben, rodis icvleba
nawilSi ki _ rigebad ganlagebuls, formisa mTliani obieqti erTi fiqsaciidan meore
da orientaciis msgavsebis gamo. dajgufebis es fiqsaciaze.
efeqtebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes msgavsebis ka-
noniT, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi, msgavsi elementebi erTad jgufdeba.
saidan
rodesac vizualur velSi elementebi
moZraoben, erTnairi mimarTulebiT moZraoba viciT
elementebis dajgufebas iwvevs. saerTo bedis
ra dainaxeT axlaxan
kanonis mixedviT, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,
erTnairi mimarTulebiTa da tempiT moZravi ele- eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi cdis
mentebi erTad jgufdeba. Tu G nawilSi yvela pirebi ori wamis ganmavlobaSi uyurebdnen
svetis wertili zeviT imoZravebda, gamosa- suraTze 5 nacnobi obieqtis mwkrivs.
xulebebs Tqven svetebad daajgufebdiT, moZ- daaxloebiT 4 wm-is Semdeg isini uyu-
raobis mimarTulebis msgavsebis gamo. igive rebdnen meore mwkrivs. seriebis naxevarSi
efeqtia baletis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime meore mwkrivi pirvelis identuri iyo.
mocekvave sxvebisagan gansxvavebulad moZraobs. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc es 5.16
gavixsenoT doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva _ sagani suraTis A nawilzea mocemuli, meore rigi
mis vizualur velSi sworad organizdeboda, pirvelisgan sami variantidan erT-erTi
rodesac igi moZraobda, rogorc erTi mTliani. saxiT gansxvavdeboda: erTi sagani Tvi-
misi SemTxveva naTels xdis saerTo bedis mZlavr sobrivad icvleboda (magaliTad, pirvel
organizaciul gavlenas. mwkrivSi stepleri Seicvala gasaRebiT),
orma saganma Seicvala mdebareoba da
sagnebis mTeli wyeba axali konfiguraciiT
sivrciTi da droiTi integracia ganlagda. cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, rigebi
geStaltis yvela wesi, romelic aqamde gan- iseTive iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. Tqven
vixileT, dagarwmunebdaT, rom aRqma, umetes- SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ioli amocanaa.
wilad, warmoadgens samyaros `sworad~ rogor SeiZleba ver SeniSnoT, rom step-
gaerTianebul nawilebs, Tumca, xSirad Tqven leri gasaxsneliT Seicvala? miuxedavad
ar SegiZliaT aRiqvaT mTliani movlena Tvalis amisa, rogorc naCvenebia 5.16 suraTis B
erTi SevlebiT an fiqsaciiT (gaixseneT saubari nawilze, aRmoCnda, rom identurobisa da
yuradRebis Sesaxeb). rasac mocemul momentSi gadanacvlebis cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi
aRiqvamT, xSirad yvela mimarTulebiT ganvr- amocnobis maCvenebeli Zalze dabali iyo.
cobili, Tvaluwvdeneli vizualuri samyarodan cdis pirebi ver `xedavdnen~ mTel rig
miRebuli SezRuduli, SemWidroebuli STa- Zalze aSkara cvlilebebs (Simons, 1996).
beWdilebaa. garemoze sruli warmodgenis Sesaq-
mnelad, sivrciTi da droiTi integraciaa sa- bevr adamians aocebs aseTi Sedegi. warmoud-
Wiro, anu Tqven unda SekriboT sivrcis sxva- genelia, rom Cven informaciis gadamuSavebis
dasxva adgilidan fiqsirebuli informacia imdenad mwir resurss vflobT situaciis deta-
Tavi 5 / aRqma

drois sxvadasxva momentSi. lebis Sesanaxad, rom verc ki SevniSneT, rogor


SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram vizualuri Seicvala stepleri gasaxsneliT. pasuxi, nawi-
sistema ar qmnis (`Tavs ar iwuxebs~) TiToeuli lobriv, SeiZleba is iyos, rom samyaro Tavad
momentis zustad amsaxvel, Tanamimdevrul, aris, zogadad, informaciis mudmivi, stabiluri
integrirebul suraTs. mkvlevrebi irwmunebian, wyaro (O’Regan, 1992). ubralod, ar aris saWiro
rom garemoze TiToeuli fiqsaciiT vizualur iseTi informaciis damaxsovreba, romelic mud-
mexsierebaSi ar inaxeba zusti, mciredi deta-
164
mivad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi; amitom arc
suraTi
5.16
cvlilebis SeumCnevloba
(A) eqsperimentis monawileebs ekiTxebodnen, meore gamosaxuleba pirvelis msgavsi iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. (B)
roca gamosaxulebaze sagani icvleboda an ori sagani akldeboda, cdis pirebi xSirad ver afiqsirebdnen
cvlilebebs. isini TiTqmis yovelTvis sworad mxolod maSin miuTiTebdnen, roca mTliani konfiguracia icvleboda.

mogvepoveba procesebi, romelebic, Cveulebriv, obis aRqmaa. ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli
amis saSualebas mogvcemda. ori gamosaxuleba. davuSvaT, es individi idga,
erT-erTi saintereso Sedegi, romelic sxvada- sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens baduraze
sxva fiqsaciidan miRebul informacias SeiZleba miRebuli misi gamosaxulebis zoma miaxlo-
mohyves, iluziebia, romelTac `SeuZlebel~ ebasTan erTad izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxu-
sagnebs uwodeben (5.17 suraTze mocemuli obieq- lebis zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis
tebi). magaliTad, sagnis kuTxeebisa da gverdebis temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).
TiToeuli fiqsacia samganzomilebiani samkuTxe- axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani
dis interpretacias iwvevs (gamosaxuleba A), moZraobs. moZraobis aRqma, formisa da
Tumca, rodesac cdilobT mis erT mTlianobaSi orientaciis aRqmis msgavsad, xSirad aTvlis
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

gaerTianebas, nawilebi kargad ver ergeba sistemazea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven dajdebiT


erTmaneTs (gamosaxuleba B). C gamosaxulebas Cabnelebul oTaxSi da mzeras daafiqsirebT
ori ganStoeba aqvs, romelic, sanam kargad ar sinaTlis umoZrao laqaze, romelic ganaTebul,
daakvirdebiT, rogorRac gadaiqceva samkbilad; win da ukan Zalian nela moZrav oTxkuTxedzea
D gamosaxulebaze perceptuli kibe dausru- moTavsebuli, Tqven umoZrao oTxkuTxedze win
leblad adis da Camodis. da ukan moZrav wertils aRiqvamT. es iluzia,
romelsac moCvenebiTi moZraoba (induced motion)
ewodeba, maSinac xdeba, rodesac mzeras
moZraobis aRqma sakmaod uZravad afiqsirebT wertilze.
moZraobis deteqtori ujredebi saerTod ar
aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan aRigzneba uZravi wertiliT, Tumca sakmaod
miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad cvalebadi STabeW- mZlavrad Riziandeba oTxkuTxedis moZravi
165
dilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZra- xazebiT. imisaTvis, rom wertili moZravad
suraTi
5.17

SeuZlebeli figurebi
r o d e s a c a m p o b i e q t e b s u y u r e b T,
Ti To e u l i calkeuli fiqsacia
garwmunebT, rom is samganzomilebiani
figuraa. mxolod, Tu ecdebiT sxvadasxva
f i q s a c i e b i s g a e r Ti a n e b a s , m a S i n
aRmoaCenT, rom isini SeuZlebeli
sagnebia.

dainaxoT, saWiroa perceptuli organizaciis SedarebiT patara figurisaTvis. Tqven, albaT,


umaRlesi done, romelzec wertili da misi codnis gareSec bevrjer geqnebaT gancdili
nagulisxmevi moZraoba oTxkuTxedis aTvlis moCvenebiTi moZraoba. xSirad gveCvenebaT, rom
sistemaSi aRiqmeba. mTvare (romelic TiTqmis uZravia) moZraobs
rogorc Cans, vizualur sistemas axasiaTebs RrublebSi maSin, roca, faqtobrivad, Rrub-
Zlieri tendencia, didi, SemosazRvruli lebi moZraoben. mTvaris irgvliv Tavmoyrili
figura aiRos aTvlis sistemad masSi mocemuli Rrublebi iseve qmnian mTvaris moCvenebiTi

suraTi
5.18
kaci, romelic
giaxlovdebaT
stimulTan miaxloebisas
erTad izrdeba misi
gamosaxulebis zoma
Tavi 5 / aRqma

Tqvens baduraze.

166
moZraobis iluzias, rogorc oTxkuTxedi
wertilis moZraobisas (Rock, 1983; 1986). yofil-
xarT odesme matarebelSi, romelic Zalian nela
iwyebs moZraobas? ar mogCvenebiaT, TiTqos
sadguris baqanze filebi an Tqven gverdiT
gaCerebuli matarebeli sawinaaRmdego mimar-
TulebiT moZraobs?
moZraobis kidev erT iluzias, romelic moZ-
raobis aRqmaSi umaRlesi donis organizaciuli
procesebis CarTulobas adasturebs, aSkara/
TvalsaCino moZraobas (apparent motion) uwodeben.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa
Φ fenomeni (phi phenomenon). es fenomeni maSin
SeiniSneba, rodesac vizualuri velis sxvadasxva
adgilze sinaTlis ori uZravi laqa monac-
vleobiT inTeba da qreba daaxloebiT 4-5-jer
wamSi tempiT. igive efeqtia gare sareklamo
niSnebsa da diskoganaTebis ekranebze. sinaTlis
Senacvlebis am SedarebiT dabali tempis
miuxedavad, gveCveneba, rom erTi sinaTle win
da ukan moZraobs or pozicias Soris. traeq-
toria, romelic erT wertils meoresTan aer-
Tebs, SeiZleba mravalgvarad warmovidginoT.
Tumca, adamiani, Cveulebriv, xedavs umartives
traeqtorias _ or wertils Soris swor xazs
(Gutting& Proffitt, 1982; Shepard, 1984). unda aRiniSnos,
rom pirdapiri xazis es principi Tavsmoxveulia,
rodesac damkvirvebels monacvleobiT uCveneben
moZravi adamianis sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas; siRrmis aRqma
Semdeg vizualuri sistema Tavad aRadgens aqamde mxolod sibrtyeze mocemul organzo-
adamianis normaluri biologiuri moZraobis milebian paternebs ganvixilavdiT, yoveldRiuri
traeqtorias (Shiffar, 1994; Stevens et al., 2000). aRqma ki sagnebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi
moicavs. samive sivrciTi ganzomilebis aRqmas aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, raTa
moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, ro-
mivuaxlovdeT sasurvel obieqtebs, magaliTad,
desac moZrav aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili
moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _ saintereso adamianebs an karg sakvebs da Tavi
uZravad. avaridoT imas, rac saSiSia, magaliTad, manqaniT
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _ swrafad siaruls an waqceul roials. sivrcis
moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti aRqma saWiroebs zust informacias rogorc
wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav siRrmeze (manZili Cvengan obieqtamde), ise _
wertilad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis mimarTulebaze. smena gvexmareba mimarTulebis
umartivesi formaa Φ fenomeni. gansazRvraSi, magram _ ara siRrmis gansa-
Φ fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino zRvraSi.
moZraobis umartivesi forma, moZraobis ilu- siRrmis aRqmis ganxilvisas unda gaviTva-
zia, rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle,
liswinoT, rom vizualuri sistema iyenebs
romelic uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav
retinalur gamosaxulebas, romelsac mxolod
167
sinaTled aRiqmeba.
rebiaT). siRrmis interpretacia manZilis Sesaxeb
informaciis mraval wyaros eyrdnoba (maT
xSirad siRrmis maniSneblebsac uwodeben), ro-
melTa Sorisaa binokularuli maniSneblebi,
moZraobis maniSneblebi da piqtoruli (gamosa-
xulebis) maniSneblebi.

binokularuli da moZraobis
maniSneblebi
suraTi
5.19
odesme dainteresebulxarT, ratom gaqvT ori
siRrmis orazrovneba
Tvali da ara erTi? meore Tvals saTadarigoze
A wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze erTi da igive meti funqcia aqvs _ is siRrmis Sesaxeb saukeTeso,
a wertilze proeqcirdeba. B wrfis nebismieri wer-
tili baduraze b wertils qmnis. aseve, A da B wrfeebis
fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdis. binokula-
SemaerTebeli nebismieri monakveTi identur gamo- ruli siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia ori wyarodan
saxulebas Seqmnis baduraze. am suraTidan SeiZleba miiReba: retinaluri disparati (disparaty) da
davinaxoT, ratom iqmneba siRrmis orazrovneba: _
konvergencia.
sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi erTnair
retinalur gamosaxulebebs qmnian. vinaidan Tvalebi daaxloebiT 5-6 santimetriT
aris erTmaneTisagan horizontalurad daSore-
ori ganzomileba aqvs _ vertikaluri da buli, isini samyaros odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
horizontaluri. imis saCveneblad, Tu ra iReben. amaSi dasarwmuneblad, scadeT Semdegi
problemas qmnis organzomilebiani badura eqsperimenti. jer daxuWeT marcxena Tvali da
samganzomilebiani aRqmisas, ganvixiloT 5.19 gaaxileT marjvena, raTa ori saCvenebeli TiTi
suraTi. rodesac sinaTle aRizianebs baduras patara daSorebul sagans gausworoT. erTi TiTi
a wertilSi, Cven ar viciT, is a1 poziciidan ecema, daikaveT mklavis sigrZeze, meore _ saxesTan
Tu a2-dan. faqtobrivad, is SeiZleba dacemuliyo daaxloebiT 30 sm–is daSorebiT; axla daxuWeT
A wrfeze arsebuli nebismieri wertilidan, marjvena Tvali da gaaxileT marcxena, Tan
radgan sinaTle am wrfis yvela wertilidan ganagrZeT daSorebul saganze fiqsacia. ra
erTsa da imave retinalur ujredze aisaxeba. mouvida TiTebis pozicias? meore TvaliT ver
aseve, B wrfis yvela wertili erTsa da imave xedavT TiTebs daSorebul obieqtze gaswo-
retinalur wertilze _ b wertilze _ proeq- rebulad, radgan is odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
cirdeba. metic, monakveTi, romelic A wrfis iRebs.
nebismier wertils B wrfis nebismier wertil- Tvalebis baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-
Tan aerTebs (magaliTad, monakveTi a1b2 an a2b1), lebebis horizontalur poziciebs Soris
baduraze erTi da igive gamosaxulebas Seqmnis. Seusabamobas retinaluri disparati ewodeba.
Sedegad, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxuleba is siRrmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias, radgan
siRrmis TvalsazrisiT orazrovania: is SeiZleba Seusabamobis, anu gansxvavebis odenoba Cvensa
warmoqmniliyo sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli da obieqts Soris manZilzea damokidebuli (ix.
nebismieri obieqtisgan. sur. 5.20). magaliTad, rodesac Tvali daxuWeT,
5.5 suraTze gamosaxuli nekeris kubis ori ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda mklavis
SesaZlo xedi, aseve, siRrmis TvalsazrisiT, sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.
orazrovnebis Sedegia. is faqti, rom garkveulma rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqven mier
Tavi 5 / aRqma

pirobebma SeiZleba aRqmis orazrovneba gamo- danaxul saganTa umravlesoba Tvalebis baduras
iwvion, gviCvenebs, rom siRrmis aRsaqmelad saWi- sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da igive
roa Semomavali sensoruli masalis inter- obieqtis orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxu-
pretacia da rom es interpretacia zogjer lebebs Soris Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea,
SeiZleba mcdari iyos (TqvenTvis es gasagebi vizualuri sistema maT erTi obieqtis siRrmiT
iqneba, Tu erTxel mainc mogiqneviaT Cogani aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu Tvalebis gadak-
168 burTisTvis da mxolod haerisTvis mogixved- veTisas ori gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba
suraTi
5.20

retinaluri disparati

retinaluri disparati
or sagans Soris siRrmeSi
daSorebasTan erTad iz-
rdeba.

erTmaneTisgan, realurad gaorebul gamosa- mxolod gamosadegi. rodesac ufro did


xulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT, manZilze daSorebul sagans uWvretT, kuTxuri
rom Cveni vizualuri sistema sruliad gasaocar gansxvaveba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, radgan am
rames akeTes: iRebs or gansxvavebul retinalur dros Tvalebi TiTqmis paralelur mdgomare-
gamosaxulebas, adarebs maT erTmaneTs Sesabamisi obaSia.
nawilebis horizontaluri wanacvlebis dasad-
genad (binokularuli disparati) da qmnis sagnis
erTian percepcias siRrmeSi. faqtobrivad, vi-
zualuri sistema or gamosaxulebas Soris Seu-
sabamobas samganzomilebiani samyaros siRrmed
(mesame ganzomilebad) aRiqvams.
siRrmeze sxva binokularul informacias
konvergencia iZleva. obieqtze fiqsaciisas
Tvalebi, garkveulwilad, SigniT brundeba (ix.
sur. 5.21). rodesac sagans Zalian axlos _
saxesTan ramdenime santimetrze _ vuyurebT,
Tvalebi erTmaneTisken sakmaod unda Sebrundes,
raTa orive TvalSi dafiqsirdes erTi da igive
gamosaxuleba. Tqven realurad SegiZliaT aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
Tvalebis konvergenciis naxva, Tu daakvirdebiT
megobars, romelic koncentrirdeba jer sakmaod
daSorebul saganze da Semdeg _ ramdenime
santimetriT daSorebulze. Tvalis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias tvini siRrmeze daskvnis
gasakeTeblad iyenebs, Tumca, Tvalebis kunTe-
bidan konvergenciaze miRebuli informacia
suraTi
5.21
siRrmis aRsaqmelad daaxloebiT 3.5 metrzea
siRrmis konvergenciuli maniSnebeli
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) - Tvalebis
rodesac sagani TqvenTan axlosaa, Tvalebi metad
baduraze gamosaxulebebis horizontalur pozi-
unda Sebrundes, vidre Zalian daSorebuli sagnis
ciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
SemTxvevaSi. tvini iyenebs Tvalebis kunTebidan
konvergencia (Convergence) - saganze fiqsaciisas miRebul informacias, raTa konvergencia siRrmis
Tvalebis SigniT, erTmaneTisken Sebruneba. maniSneblad gamoiyenos.
169
imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor gvawvdis moZ-
raoba (kidev erTi wyaro) siRrmeze informacias,
vcadoT Semdegi: wina SemTxvevis msgavsad, axlac
daxuWeT erTi Tvali da ori saCvenebeli TiTi
gausworeT daSorebul sagans; Semdeg Tavi
gadaswieT gverdze, amasTan, SeinarCuneT obieq-
tze fiqsacia da TiTebis uZravi pozicia. Tavis
moZraobisas TiTebsac moZravad xedavT, magram
axlos myofi TiTi ufro Sors inacvlebs da
swrafad, vidre _ daSorebuli TiTi. fiqsire-
buli obieqti ki saerTod ar moZraobs. siRrmeze
informaciis am wyaros fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi (relative motion parallax) ewodeba. moZra-
obis paralaqsi imitom gvawvdis siRrmeze infor-
macias, rom moZraobisas sagnebis fardobiTi
daSoreba gansazRvravs maTi retinaluri gamo-
saxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimar-
Tulebas. Semdeg, manqaniT mgzavrobisas SegiZ-
liaT fanjridan moZraobis paralaqss daakvir-
deT. moZravi manqanidan daSorebuli sagnebi uf-
ro uZravad mogeCvenebaT, vidre _ SedarebiT
axlos myofni.

suraTi
5.22
piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis)
siRrmis maniSnebeli
maniSneblebi
ra vizualuri maniSneblebiT askvniT, rom
davuSvaT, xedavT mxolod erTi TvaliT. es qali gisosebs miRmaa?
SeZlebdiT siRrmis aRqmas? faqtobrivad,
siRrmeze informacia erTi TvaliTac miiReba.
baduras zedapirze proecirdeba. esenia: fardo-
am wyaroebs piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniS-
biTi sidide, wrfivi perspeqtiva, teqsturis
neblebi ewodebaT, radgan isini naxatebSi aRmo- gradientebi. fardobiTi sidide eyrdnoba sinaT-
Cenili siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciis matareblebi
lis proeqciis ZiriTad princips _ erTi da
arian. mxatvrebi, romlebic samganzomilebian
igive zomis, magram sxvadasxva manZiliT daSo-
gamosaxulebebs qmnian (organzomilebian rebuli sagnebi gansxvavebul gamosaxulebebs
qaRaldze an tiloze), daxelovnebulni arian
qmnian baduraze. uaxloesi sagani qmnis yvelaze
piqtoruli maniSneblebis gamoyenebaSi.
did gamosaxulebas, yvelaze daSorebuli ki _
gadafarva (interposition) an okluzia (occlusion) yvelaze mcires. am wess sididisa da manZilis
Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac gaumWvirvale obieqti
urTierTmimarTebis wesi ewodeba. rogorc 5.23
faravs meore obieqtis nawils (sur. 5.22). gada-
suraTidan Cans, Tu erTnairi obieqtebis mwkrivs
farviT viRebT informacias, rom gadafaruli uyurebT, yvelaze patara obieqtebs yvelaze
sagani ufro Sorsaa, vidre _ gadamfaravi.
daSorebulad aRiqvamT.
Tavi 5 / aRqma

gadamfaravi zedapiri, aseve, axdens sinaTlis


wrfivi perspeqtivac siRrmis maniSnebelia,
blokirebas da warmoqmnis Crdilebs, rac siRr- romelic, aseve, sididisa da manZilis urTierT-
meze informaciis damatebiT wyarod SeiZleba
iqnes gamoyenebuli. fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motion
piqtoruli informaciis damatebiTi sami parallax) _ siRrmeze informaciis wyaro, rodesac
damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba
wyaro ukavSirdeba meTodebs, romliTac sinaTle
gansazRvravs Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxu-
samganzomilebiani samyarodan organzomilebiani
170 lebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.
suraTi
5.23
fardobiTi sidide, rogorc siRrmis maniSnebeli

axlos myofi sagnebi ufro did gamosaxulebas


qmnian baduraze; amitom rodesac erTnairi sagnebis
rigs uyurebT, SedarebiT patara sagnebs ufro Sors
myofad aRiqvamT, vidre SedarebiT dids.

mimarTebazea damokidebuli. rodesac para-


leluri xazebi (gansazRvrebis mixedviT, ragind
grZeli xazebi, romlebic mTel sigrZeze Tana-
brad arian daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan) siRr-
misken midian, retinalur gamosaxulebaSi suraTi
5.24
horizontis wertilisken ixrebian da erTdebian
(ix. sur. 5.24). am mniSvnelovani faqtis gamoxatvis ponzos iluzia
meTodi pirvelad, klasikuri epoqis Semdeg,
renesansis epoqis italielma mxatvrebma xel-
axla 1425 wels aRmoaCines, riTac siRrmis
srulad gamoxatva SeZles (Vasari, 1568; 1967). am
aRmoCenamde isini iyenebdnen gadafarvas, Crdi-
lebs da fardobiT sidides, magram ar SeeZloT SeiZleba sididisa da manZilis urTierTmi-
realisturi scenebis gamoxatva, sadac obieqtebi marTebis kidev erT gamovlinebad miviCnioT. am
sxvadasxva siRrmeSi iqneboda ganlagebulni. magaliTSi, erTeulebi, romlebic teqsturas
vizualuri sistemis mier konvergirebuli qmnian, miT ufro mcirdebian, rac ufro Sors
xazebis interpretacia ponzos iluzias qmnis gadadian siRrmeSi, vizualuri sistema ki am
(rac, aseve, naCvenebia 5.24 suraTze). zeda xazi Semcirebul marcvlebs samganzomilebian sivr-
ufro grZeli Cans, vinaidan konvergirebuli ceSi ufro daSorebulad gvawvdis. gibsons aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
gverdebi, wrfivi perspeqtivis mixedviT, siRrmeSi (Gibson, 1966, 1979) miaCnda, rom teqsturisa da
gadaxril paralelur xazebad aRiqmeba (inter- siRrmis urTierTmimarTeba perceptul garemoSi
pretirdeba). amitom siRrmeSi mimavali zeda xazi arsebuli erT-erTi mudmivaa.
Tqven ufro daSorebuli geCvenebaT da TqvenTvis, albaT, ukve naTelia, rom siRrmis
Sesabamisad, grZelic. baduraze erTnair gamosa- aRqmisaTvis informaciis mravali wyaro arse-
xulebebs warmoqmnis ori obieqti, Tu SedarebiT bobs. normaluri mxedvelobis pirobebSi, am
daSorebuli obieqti ufro didi zomis iqneba, wyaroebidan miRebuli informacia garemos erT
vidre _ axlos myofi. mTlian, TvalsaCino gamosaxulebaSi erTian-
teqsturis gradientebic siRrmis maniSneb- deba. Tqven aRiqvamT siRrmes da ara siRrmis
lebs iZleva, radgan zedapiris siRrmeSi proqsimalur stimulSi mocemul, sxvadasxva
ganvrcobasTan erTad izrdeba teqsturis sim- maniSnebels. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vizu-
kvrivec. 5.25 suraTze gamosaxuli xorblis yana aluri sistema avtomaturad, cnobierebisgan
teqsturis siRrmis maniSneblis magaliTia. es damoukideblad iyenebs sivrcis iseT maniS- 171
suraTi
5.25
teqsturis, rogorc siRrmis maniSneblis, magaliTebi

neblebs, rogoricaa: _ diferencialuri zogadad, SegrZnebis receptorebSi stimu-


moZraoba, gadafarva da fardobiTi sidide laciis cvlilebis miuxedavad, Tqven samyaros
rTuli gaTvlis sawarmoeblad, rac samgan- xedavT, rogorc ucvlels, mdgrads da sta-
zomilebian garemoSi siRrmis aRqmas uzrun- bilurs. fsiqologebi am fenomens aRqmis (per-
ceptul) konstantobas uwodeben. uxeSad rom
velyofs.
vTqvaT, Tqven aRiqvamT distaluri stimulebis,
Cveulebriv, mdgrad Tvisebebs da araproqsi-
maluri stimulebis Tvisebebs, romlebic Tavisa
aRqmis konstantoba da Tvalebis moZraobisas mudmivad icvleba.
vizualuri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs samyaroSi arse-
Tvisebis gamosavlenad, gTxovT, gamoiyenoT es buli obieqtebis mudmivi da stabiluri Tvi-
saxelmZRvanelo. dadeT saxelmZRvanelo magi- sebebis aRqmas, sinaTlis paternebis Tvisebebis
daze da Tavi ramdenime santimetris manZilze im uTvalavi variaciis miuxedavad, romelic
miuaxloeT mas. Semdeg aswieT Tavi da daub- Tvalebis stimulirebas axdens. aRqmis umTav-
rundiT kiTxvis normalur mdgomareobas. xom resi amocanaa, garemos ucvleli (invariantuli)
Tvisebebis aRmoCena, maTi retinaluri gamosa-
ver SeniSneT wignis zomis cvlileba, miuxedavad
xulebebis variaciebis miuxedavad. axla vnaxavT,
imisa, rom axlo manZilidan is baduras ufro
rogor xdeba es sididis, formisa da orientaciis
did nawils aRizianebda, vidre Sori manZilidan?
SemTxvevaSi.
axla wigni vertikalurad daiWireT da Tavi
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT amoZraveT. am dros
sididis da formis konstantoba
Tavi 5 / aRqma

baduraze wignis gamosaxuleba saaTis sawinaaR-


mdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Tumca, mas kvlav ra gansazRvravs sagnis sididis aRqmas? sagnis
vertikalurad aRiqvamT. realur sidides, nawilobriv, baduraze misi
Sesatyvisi gamosaxulebis sididis safuZvelze
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _ aRviqvamT. Tumca, wigniT Catarebuli eqsperi-
sagnis xatis ucvlelad darCena, retinaluri menti gviCvenebs, rom baduraze gamosaxulebis
172 gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad. zoma damokidebulia rogorc wignis realur
romelsac Tqvengan Tanabari manZiliT daSore-
buli ori ukana kuTxe aqvs. amdenad, tanias
realur simaRles orive SemTxvevaSi baduraze
gamosaxulebis konsistenturad aRiqvamT. rea-
sidideze, ise _ Tvalidan mis daSorebaze. ro- lurad tania ar aris Tanabari manZiliT da-
gorc iciT, daSorebaze informacias siRrmis Sorebuli, radgan eimsis oTaxi gonebamaxvilur
sxvadasxva maniSnebliT viRebT. sagnis sididis iluzias qmnis. is gveCveneba marTkuTxa formis
aRsaqmelad vizualuri sistema am informacias oTaxad, sinamdvileSi ki agebulia aramarTkuTxa
aerTianebs xatis sididis Sesaxeb retinalur zedapirebiT, romlebic siRrmesa da simaRleSi
informaciasTan. sagnis sidide, Cveulebriv, araTanabari zomis kuTxeebs qmnian, rogorc es
distaluri stimulis zomas Seesabameba. sididis fotos Tanmxleb naxazzea mocemuli. oTaxis
konstantoba niSnavs sagnis realuri sididis marjvena kuTxeSi myofi nebismieri adamianis
aRqmis unars, baduraze misi gamosaxulebis retinaluri gamosaxuleba ufro didi iqneba,
cvlilebisda miuxedavad. radgan igi orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvir-
Tu sagnis sidide manZilis maniSneblebis vebelTan, vidre oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi myofi aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, maSin manZilze zusti adamiani (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT
informaciis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas yovelTvis unda SexedoT saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored
damaxinjebulad aRviqvamT. erT-erTi aseTi aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven oTaxis
iluzia xdeba eimsis oTaxSi, romelic 5.26 yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri
suraTzea mocemuli. Tavis 120 sm simaRlis sistema zust informacias miiRebs oTaxis
gogonasTan, tania zimbardosTan SedarebiT, 180 uCveulo struqturaze).
sm simaRlis Tqveni avtori Zalze dabali Cans kidev erTi saSualeba, romliTac perceptuli
oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi, Tumca, uCveulod sistema sagnis realur sidideze gvawvdis
maRalia marjvena kuTxeSi. am iluziis mizezi informacias, msgavsi formis obieqtebis
isaa, rom Tqven oTaxs oTxkuTxedad aRiqvamT, sididis Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebaa.
magaliTad, saxlis, xis, an ZaRlis formis
sididis konstantoba (Size constancy) _ sagnis
aRqmisTanave, warmodgena geqmnebaT TiToeuli
realuri sididis aRqma, misi retinaluri gamo-
maTganis zomaze, Tumca, SeiZleba arc ki
173
saxulebebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
icodeT, ra manZili gaSorebT maTTan. rodesac
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

rogor iWerT mfrinav buraTs

odesme gqoniaT aseTi gamoc- moZravi burTi warmoqmnis (ix. vizualuri aRqmis ra aspeq-
dileba: Tqven dgaxarT Sors zemoT: invariantobis ganxilva tebis konsatantobis Senar-
marcxena mindorze, gesmiT Cog- gibsonis midgomaSi). mkvlevarTa Cunebas cdilobdnen isini
nis dartymis xma da xedavT erTi jgufi irwmuneba, rom mo- (Tqven, albaT axla gixariaT,
beisbolis burTs, romelic TamaSeebi sirbilis dros im rom realur cxovrebaSi am
Tqvenken mofrinavs? saidan gzas irCeven, romelzec verti- amocanis gadasaWrelad ar
iciT, Tu saiT unda gaiqceT kalur ganzomilebaSi burTis gWirdebaT aRqmis perceptuli
burTis dasaWerad? Tu Tavad moZraobis vizualuri aRqma problemis maTematikis gageba).
arasodes giTamaSiaT autfil- konsistenturi rCeba (Dannemiller mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
dze, jer kidev gaqvT saSualeba, et al., 1996). mkvlevarTa meore moTamaSeebis umetesoba burTis
gaocdeT romelime moTamaSis jgufis mixedviT ki, moTamaSeebi daWeras or fazad yofs (Jacobs
S Ta m b e W d a v i Ta m a S i T. irCeven gzas, romelic sirbilis et al, 1996; McBeath, 1996); I faza
sainteresoa, rogor xvdeba igi dros im kuTxis SenarCunebis axlaxan ganvixileT _ swrafad
saWiro adgilas saWiro dros? gaqceva saWiro adgilas mosax-
agdebuli burTis daWeris vedrad; II fazaze moTamaSeebi
situacias aRqmis mkvlevrebi, aneleben moZraobas da
sruliad samarTlianad, rTul SeiZleba saerTod gaCerdnen
percepciaTa rigs miakuTvneben: k i d e c . Ta m a S i s II f a z a S i
`burTis moaxloebis paterni adgilmdebareobisa da siRrmis
moicavs yvela ZiriTad sivr- maniSneblebi erTveba, radgan
ciTi mdebareobas da siRrmis burTi swrafad uaxlovdeba
maniSnebels, romlis gaTvalis- xelTaTmans. rodesac mo-
wineba ar xdeba traeqtoriis TamaSes burTi ukve xel-
bolo monakveTamde~ (McBeath et TaTmanSi aqvs, moqmedeba xSi-
al., 1995, gv.569). amis miuxedavad, rad jer kidev ar aris dam-
adamianebi sakmaod kargad Tavrebuli: man rac SeiZleba
iWeren burTebs. mkvlevrebis swrafad unda Seagdos burTi
amocana iyo iseTi Teoriis ukan infildze, rom mowi-
Seqmna, romelic erTmaneTTan naaRmdegem qula ar miiRos da
daakavSirebda gamoTvlebiT saSualebas aZlevs, romliTac ar dawinaurdes. amrigad,
miRebul sirTulesa da praq- b u r Ti f o n Ta n m i m a r Te b S i moTamaSeebi xSirad asruleben
tikul siadviles (gavixsenoT, konsistenturad moZraobs burTis daWeris kompleqsur
rom Tavis dasawyisSi miznad (McBeath et al., 1995, 1996). rogor moqmedebas da, amave dros,
davsaxeT, agvexsna, Tu rogor xdeba am Teoriebis Semowmeba? yuradRebas aqceven garemos
qmnis perceptuli procesebi rogorc wesi, mkvlevrebi video- mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
siadvilis iluzias). kameriT iweren, rogor iWeren SegiZliaT, cota xniT mowy-
ra tipis vizualuri maniS- moTamaSeebi maT mier gaSvebuli deT swavlas da burTiT iTa-
neblebis safuZvelze ikvlevT burTebs. kvlevis Semdegi etapia maSoT? es aRqmis am speci-
gzas burTisaken? mkvlevrebma moTamaSeebis moqmedebisTvis fikuri problemis Sesaxeb
gamoyves invariantuli maniS- maTematikuri funqciebis morgeba, sakuTari Sexedulebebis Camo-
neblebis 2 tipi, romelsac raTa vnaxoT, burTis frenis yalibebaSi dagexmarebaT
Tavi 5 / aRqma

warsuli gamocdileba Zalze daSorebul nacnob swored es gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad am


obieqtebze ver gawvdiT informacias, sididis Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul ambavs kengis Sesaxeb.
konstantoba SeiZleba dairRves. am problemas SegaxsenebT, rom kengma, romelmac mTeli
waawydebiT, rodesac adamianebs caTambjenis cxovreba xSir tyeebSi gaatara, ver aRiqva
saxuravidan gadaxedavT da isini WianWvelebad moSorebiT mobalaxe bizonebis gamosaxulebebi.
174 mogeCvenebaT. ucnob perceptul garemoSi kengi Tavdapirvelad
suraTi
5.26
eimsis oTaxi
eimsis oTaxi isea agebuli, rom erTi TvaliT saWvretidan xdeba misi dakvirveba;
fotoebic am moxerxebuli adgilidanaa gadaRebuli. eimsis oTaxi agebulia ara-
marTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic araTanabar kuTxeebs qmnian siRrmesa da
simaRleSi. saWvretidan dakvirvebisas vizualuri sistema mas Cveulebriv oTaxad
aRiqvams da tania da filip zimbardoebis simaRleebis uCveulo aRqmas iwvevs.

Seecada, misTvis ucxo aRqma cnobili konteq- dilebis saTanado perceptuli interpretaciis
stisTvis moergo da ivarauda, rom pawawina SesaZleblobas miscemda.
daSorebuli wertilebi mwerebi iyo. vinaidan formis konstantoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba
mas ar hqonda Sori manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis sididis konstantobas. Tqven sworad aRiqvamT
warsuli gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis obieqtis realur formas maSinac ki, rodesac
konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad sagani Sebrunebulia da Tavad obieqtisagan
moZravi manqana cxovelebs uaxlovdeboda da arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxis retinalur gamo-
retinaluri gamosaxulebebi TandaTan did- saxulebas qmnis. magaliTad, daxrili oTx-
deboda, kengi ganicdida SemaSfoTebel iluzias, kuTxedi baduraze trapeciis formis gamosa-
rom cxovelebi zomaSi icvlebodnen. Cven xulebas qmnis, daxrili wre _ elifsis formis
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi gamosaxulebas (ix. sur. 5.27). miuxedavad amisa,
kengi, tarbulis msgavsad, SeZlebda bizonebis Tqven zustad aRiqvamT maT formebs _ sivrceSi
danaxvas. miRebuli codna mas sensoruli gamoc- daxril wres an oTxkuTxeds. rodesac siRrmeze
swori informaciaa xelmisawvdomi, vizualur
formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebis sistemas obieqtis realuri formis gansazRvra
realuri formis aRqmis unari retinaluri
Tqvengan obieqtis sxvadasxva nawilebis daSo-
gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
rebis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeuZlia.
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

suraTi
5.27
formis konstantoba
monetis brunvisas misi xati icvleba _ gadaiqceva elifsad, Semdeg TandaTan
viwrovdeba da Txel marTkuTxeds emsgavseba, Semdeg kvlav elifsad
gadaiqceva da dasasrul _ wred. am cvlilebebisda miuxedavad, igi
yovelTvis mrgval monetad aRiqmeba. 175
am suraTebidan romeli gamoxatavs
madonas gancdas mas Semdeg, rac
MTV-m uari Tqva misi ukanaskneli
klipis gaSvebaze?

orientaciis konstantoba erT nawils saTanado mimarTulebiT abrunebT,


Tu wignis yurebisas Tavs gverdze gadaxriT, danarCen nawilebs jer kidev moubruneblad
garemo gadaxrilad ar mogeCvenebaT. orientaciis aRiqvamT. SexedeT popvarskvlavis _ madonas or
konstantoba aris sayaroSi sagnebis realuri Semobrunebul fotosuraTs. Tqven, albaT,
orientaciiis aRqma, baduraze maTi orientaciis amCnevT, rom erTi-erTi maTgani odnav aris
cvlilebis miuxedavad. orientaciis konstan- Secvlili pirsa da TvalebTan, magram suraTebi
toba eyrdnoba Sida yuris vestibularuli sakmaod hgavs erTmaneTs. axla wigni SemoabruneT
sistemidan miRebul informacias (ganxilulia da kvlav SexedeT fotosuraTebs. igive foto-
me-4 TavSi) Tavis daxrilobaze. vestibularuli suraTebi absoluturad gansxvavebulad gamoi-
sistemidan miRebuli informaciisa da reti- yureba. erTze isev madonaa, meoreze ki _
naluri orientaciis kombinirebiT, Cveni vizu- amazrzeni monstria, romelic sakuTar dedasac
aluri sistema, Cveulebriv, garemoSi arsebuli ar eyvareboda! Tqven ver SeniSneT es aSkara
obieqtis zust aRqmas ayalibebs. gansxvaveba wignis amobrunebamde, SesaZloa
nacnob garemoSi warsuli gamocdileba rea- imitom rom ver SeZeliT saxis yvela nawilis
lur orientaciaze damatebiT informacias iZ- erTdroulad amobruneba. amobrunebuli
leva. Tumca, Tqven SeiZleba gagiWirdeT rTuli samyaros sworad danaxvas da saxeebis uCveuli
da ucnobi figurebis amocnoba, Tu isini orientaciaSi aRqmas wlebis manZilze
uCveulo orientaciiTaa mocemuli (ix. sur. 5. perceptuli treiningi sWirdeba.
28). rodesac figura rTulia da sxvadasxva
nawilebisagan Sedgeba, orientaciis aRsaqmelad
feris konstantoba
TiToeuli nawilis mimarTuleba cal-calke
unda moawesrigoT (Rock, 1986). ase rom, sanam ganvixiloT suraTi 5.29. rodesac suraTze
gamosaxul aguris kedels uyurebT, zog agurs
orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orien- ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar
tation constancy) _ samyaroSi sagnebis realuri aRiqvamT, aramed aRiqvamT kedels, romelSic
Tavi 5 / aRqma

mimarTulebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamo- yvela aguri erTnairi ferisaa da zogierTi
saxulebis mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad. maTgani CrdilSia moqceuli (Goldstein, 1959). esaa
feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebis feris konstantobis magaliTi: feris kon-
xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis si- stantoba aris ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad
TeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an
tendencia. siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.
176
suraTi
5.28 suraTi
5.29
90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrika feris konstantoba
cnobiT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents? feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi,
xSirad, sakmaod Znelia naklebad nacnobi ratom aRiqvamT kedels erTnairi agurebiT
figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT. agebuls.

adre ganxiluli yvela sxva konstantobis gufebis ramdenime principi Camoayalibes, maT
msgavsad, feris konstantobasac sakmaod xSirad Soris, siaxlovis, msgavsebis da msgavsi bedis
ganvicdiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, principebi.
davuSvaT, gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli perceptuli procesebi samyarodan axal
oTaxidan naTel, mzis SuqiT ganaTebul quCaSi informacias yoveli calkeuli fiqsaciiT iRe-
gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT ben. baduras stimulaciis paterni moZraobis
meti sinaTle airekleba Tqvens Tvalebze, vidre maniSneblebs iZleva. siRrmis aRqma informaciis
_ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi is mravali konvergenciuli wyarodan yalibdeba.
TiTqmis erTnairad naTlad geCvenebaT. aq,
binokularuli disparati da konvergencia
faqtobrivad, feris konstantoba moqmedebs,
siRrmis binokularuli maniSneblebia, romel-
radgan sagnidan areklili sinaTlis procen-
Tac Tvalebis horizontaluri mdgomareoba
tuli raodenoba daaxloebiT igive rCeba, sinaT-
iwvevs. fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi sagnebis
lis absoluturi odenoba ki icvleba. naTeli
TeTri maisuri ireklavs arsebuli sinaTlis fardobiT daSorebulobaze iZleva informacias.
80-90%-s, Savi jinsi – daaxloebiT 5%-s, amitom, mxatvrebi iyeneben iseT piqtorul maniSneblebs,
rodesac maT erTi da igive situaciaSi vxedavT, rogoricaa: gadafarva, wrfivi perspeqtiva da
maisuri yovelTvis ufro naTeli Cans, vidre teqsturis gradientebi, raTa organzomilebian
jinsi. naxatebze samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT mTeli rigi Seqmnan.


organizaciuli procesebi, romlebic aRqmis zomis konstantobas aRviqvamT daSorebis
procesSi monawileoben. am Tavis bolo qveTavSi maniSneblebisa da nacnobi sagnebis sididis
ganvixilavT identifikaciisa da cnobis pro- Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebiT; formis
cesebs, romlebic mniSvnelobas aZleven garemos konstantobas xels uwyobs siRrmis Sesaxeb
sagnebsa da movlenebs.
informacia. orientaciis konstantoba efuZneba
vestibularul SegrZnebebsa da sagnis realuri
orientaciis Sesaxeb warsul codnas; feris
Sejameba konstantoba imitom arsebobs, rom nebismieri
figuris fonis win aRqmis tendencia imdenad ganaTebis pirobebSi sagnebi maTze dacemuli
Zlieria, rom iluzorul konturebis aRqmas sinaTlis met-naklebad erTi da igive procen-
iwvevs. geStaltfisqologebma perceptuli daj- tul raodenobas ireklaven. 177
identifikacia da cnoba suraTi
5.30
`drudlebi~
aqamde aRwerili perceptuli procesebi (Droodles)
distaluri stimulis fizikuri Tvisebebis _
es ra cxovelia? xedavT
samganzomilebian sivrceSi sagnebis poziciis,
(A) gamosaxulebaSi Cits,
zomis, formis, teqsturisa da feris _ Sesaxeb romelmac mozrdili Wia-
sakmaod zusti informaciis wyarod SeiZleba yela daiWira (B)-Si ki _
miviCnioT. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod am infor- Jirafis kisers? es orive
suraTi SeiZleba Tqven-
maciis safuZvelze mainc ar gecodinebodaT,
Tvis raRac Zalian nacno-
ra sagnebTan gaqvT saqme, an ginaxavT Tu ara bis gamosaxulebad miviC-
isini odesme; garemos imitom aRiqvamT nacnobad, nioT, Tumca, maT, rogorc
rom SegiZliaT adre nanaxi sagnebis cnoba da wesi, ver cnobT saiden-
tifikacio informaciis
identifikacia. ase rom ar iyos, Tqveni gamoc- arqonis gamo, Tumca sak-
dileba ucxo planetaze mogzaurobas daem- marisia am informaciis
sgavseboda, sadac yvelaferi ucxo iqneboda _ mowodeba, rom iolad
amoicnoT isini.
ar gecodinebodaT, ra geWamaT, ra dagexuraT
Tavze, ras gasclodiT an rogor ageTvalaT
bevr SemTxvevaSi, perceptuli identifikaciis
dro. identifikacia da cnoba perceptul xats
gasaioleblad, SesaZlebelia ukve xelT arse-
mniSvnelobas, sazriss aZleven.
buli informaciis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, zoo-
parkSi namdvilad icnobT zogierTi saxeobis
cxovels. iq metad geqnebaT vefxvis naxvis
aRmavali da daRmavali molodini, vidre Tqveni saxlis ukana ezoSi.
procesebi rodesac molodinebi gavlenas axdens aRqmaze,
sagnis identifikaciisas amJamad nanaxi war- fenomens daRmavali gadamuSaveba (`zemodan qve-
sulSi miRebul, Senaxul codnas unda moT~) ewodeba. daRmaval gadamuSavebas samyaros
SeadaroT. sensoruli monacemebis garemodan aRqmaSi warsuli gamocdileba, codna, motivebi
miRebas da tvinSi gadagzavnas amorCevisa (ex- da kulturuli foni Semoaqvs. daRmavali
traction) da analizisaTvis aRmavali gadamuSaveba gadamuSavebisas umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqcio-
(`qvemodan zemoT~) ewodeba. aRmavali nireba gavlenas axedns sagnebisa da movlenebis
gadamuSaveba empiriul realobas efuZneba da gagebaze. daRmaval procesebs konceptualurad
informaciis mcire nawilebs Seexeba. is (anu cnebebis doneze, an hipoTeziT) aRZrul
stimulis konkretul fizikur niSnebs abstraq- gadamuSavebasac uwodeben, radgan mexsierebaSi
tul xatebad gardaqmnis. am tipis gadamuSavebas Senaxuli cnebebi gavlenas axdens sensoruli
monacemebiT aRZrul gadamuSavebasac (data driven monacemebis interpretaciaze. daRmavali proce-
processing) uwodeben, radgan identifikaciis sebis mniSvnelovnebis Cveneba SeiZleba naxatebiT,
sawyis wertils garemodan miRebuli monacemebi romelTac `drudlebi~ (droodles) ewodeba (Price,
warmoadgens. 1953, 1980). dasaxelebebis gareSe es naxatebi
yovelgvar azrs moklebulia; Tumca, rogorc
aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ gare- ki moxdeba maTi identificireba, advilad
moSi xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze da-
davinaxavT maTSi Cadebul azrsac (ix. sur. 5.30).
fuZnebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Se-
Tavi 5 / aRqma

degebi aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul rep- aRmavali da daRmavali procesebis ukeT gar-
rezentaciebisken miemarTeba. Cevis mizniT, metyvelebis aRqmas mivubrundeT.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ per- Tqven uTuod geqnebodaT SemTxveva, rodesac
ceptuli procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli gicdiaT saubris gagrZeleba Zalian xmaurian
gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da wveulebaze. aseT situaciaSi Tqven mier war-
konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis moTqmuli yvela sityva erTmniSvnelovnad ver
178
interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze. aRwevs mosaubris yuramde. Tqveni naTqvamis
nawils uTuod dafaravs Caxveleba, xmauriani laferi sakmaod swrafad xdeba _ savaraudo
musika da sicili. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi sityvebis aRmavali identifikacia da yvelaze
iSviaTad acnobiereben, rom isini fizikur sig- albaTuri swori variantis daRmavali SerCeva
nalebs xarvezebiT iReben. am fenomens fonemuri – Tqven veRar igebT, rom bgera `Z~ gamoto-
rekonstruqcia ewodeba (Warren, 1970). rogorc vebulia. perceptuli sistema garwmunebT, rom
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, fonema aris bgeris mini- sityva dasrulebuli iyo (Samuel, 1997). Semdgom,
maluri, Sinaarsiani erTeuli enaSi. fonemuri xmaurian garemoSi moxvedrisas, kmayofili iqne-
rekonstruqcia xdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi biT, rom perceptuli procesebi ase efeqturad
daRmaval gadamuSavebas gamotovili fonemebis avseben bgerebs!
Sesavsebad iyeneben. msmenelebs xSirad uWirT informaciis gadamuSavebis daRmavali proce-
gansazRvra, maT xmauriT nawilobrivad dafa-
sebis bolo magaliTad 5.31 suraTze gamosaxuli
ruli sityvebi esmiT, Tu sityvebi esmiT xmaur-
adamianebi ganvixiloT. Tu maTi popularoba
Tan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel signals,
xanmokle ar iyo, Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas,
Tumca, ar faravs mas.
magram aseTebi arian isini realurad? albaT,
davuSvaT, xmaurian wveulebaze Tqveni megob-
ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc.
ris naTqvami ise wydeba, rom Tqven yuramde
am karikaturebis identifikaciis unari mowmobs,
mxolod aRwevs _ `saxlSi unda wavide (xmauri)
aRli myavs gasaseirnebeli~. Tu xmauri faravs rom samyaros aRqma mxolod sensoruli recep-
bgera `Z~-s, mosalodnelia, ifiqroT, rom mar- torebidan Semosul aRmaval informaciaze ar
Tlac srulad gaigoneT sityva `ZaRli~. sain- aris damokidebuli. Tqveni codnis _ daRmavali
teresoa, ratom? Cven gvaqvs calkeuli bgerebi, informaciisa da danaxulis _ aRmavali infor-
romlebic sityvebs qmnian da Tavad sityvebi. maciis gaerTianebis unari am karikaturebSi
roca bgerebi /a/, /R/, /l/ da /i/ Sedian am edi merfisa da hilari klintonis cnobis saSua-
sistemaSi, isini aRmavali gziT, sityvis doneze, lebas gaZlevT. faqtobrivad, kvleva gviCvenebs,
gvawvdian informacias. amis safuZvelze gviya- rom karikaturebis amocnoba ufro advilia,
libdeba versiebi, Tu ra SeiZleboda eTqva mego- vidre cnobili adamianebis ufro `zusti~ gamo-
bars. Semdeg ukve daRmavali procesebi erTveba. xatulebebisa, radgan karikaturebSi is maxa-
konteqsti gexmarebaT, arsebuli versiebidan siaTeblebia gamokveTili, romlebic adamians
`ZaRli~ SearCioT, rogorc am frazisTvis gamorCeuls xdis (Mauro & Kubovy, 1992; Rhodes
yvelaze Sesaferisi sityva. vinaidan es yve- et al., 1997).

suraTi
5.31 aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

rogor cnobT am cnobil


adamianebs?
cnobT TiToeul maTgans? am
adamianebis saxeebis nacnobobis
safuZvelze _ daRmavali
gadamuSaveba _ am karikaturebSi
`realur~ adamianebs amoicnobT.

179
identifikaciis procesi gulisxmobs perceptSi
sagnebis cnoba mocemuli informaciis Sedarebas katis mexsie-
rebiT xatTan, magram rogor xorcieldeba es
metyvelebis aRqmis magaliTidan SeiZleba
Sedareba? erT-erTi variantia, rom sxvadasxva
gadavideT zogad midgomaze, romelic mkvlev-
sagnebis mexsierebiTi xatebi moicaven sagnis
rebma sagnis cnobis aRmaval procesebSi Semoi-
Semadgenel komponentebs da informacias am
tanes. maT gamoyves safexurebi, romelTac per-
komponentebis urTierTkavSirze (Marr & Mishihara,
ceptuli sistemebi mTliani perceptuli xatis
1978). irvin bidermanis mixedviT (Irvin Biederman,
cnobisaTvis iyeneben. enis SemTxvevaSi, metyve-
1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992), yvela obieqti
lebisas aRqmis procesebi, calkeuli sityvebis
SeiZleba Sedgebodes geometriuli ionebis anu
amosacnobad, aerTianebs bgeraTa Tanmimdev-
geonebisagan. geonebi ar aris formebis didi an
robebis Sesaxeb garemodan miRebul informacias.
SemTxveviTi erToblioba. bidermani irwmuneboda,
ra erTeulebiT agebT samyaroSi arsebuli
rom yoveli 36 geonis erTianoba Semdegi wesiT
obieqtebis reprezentaciebs? magaliTad, rogor
SeiZleba ganisazRvros: TiToeuli samganzomi-
wyvetT, rom nacrisferi ucnauri formis, saSua-
lebiani geoni qmnis organzomilebiani baduras
lo zomis bewviani arseba namdvilad kataa?
stimulaciis unikalur paterns. es unikalurobis
savaraudod, Tqven gaqvT katis mexsierebiTi xati.
wesi saSualebas unda gvaZlevdes, sensoruli
stimulaciis paternidan mivxvdeT, ra sagania
garemoSi mocemuli. 5.32 suraTze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli standartuli nawile-
bisgan obieqtebis ageba.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom aseT nawilebs
realuri mniSvneloba aqvT sagnis cnobisaTvis.
amisaTvis isini cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen
danawevrebuli sagnebis suraTebs, sadac srulad
iyo, an ar iyo mocemuli Semadgeneli nawilebi
(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.33 suraTis
pirvel svetSi mocemulia Cveulebrivi sagnebis
konturebi. Sua svetSi igive obieqtebi
xarvezebiTaa mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva
nawilebis cnobis da maTi urTierTkavSiris
gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi
xels gviSlis komponentebisa da maT Soris
kavSiris aRmoCenaSi. gveTanxmebiT, rom mesame
svetSi mxolod monaxazis saxiT mocemuli
obieqtebis cnoba yvelaze Znelia? kontrasti
gvarwmunebs, rom obieqtis cnoba SezRuduli
informaciiTac SesaZlebelia (fonemebis aRdgenis
msgavsad), magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
informacia aucilebel komponentebs Seicavs.
miuxedavad amisa, mxolod komponentebis
suraTi
5.32 amocnoba yovelTvis ver iqneba sakmarisi
Tavi 5 / aRqma

obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr,


cnoba komponentebis safuZvelze 1994). erT-erTi siZnele, rogorc es 5.34 suraTzea
suraTze mocemulia samganzomilebiani obieqtebis mocemuli, isaa, rom obieqtebs xSirad sruliad
Semadgeneli nawilebi da maTi gaerTianebis nimuSebi. gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis
figuris zeda naxevarSi mocemuli obieqtebi
Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba sruliad
sxvadasxva zomis cilindrebiTaa agebuli; figuris
qveda naxevarSi ki, ramdenime sxvadasxva nawilis gansxvavebulad Candes sxvadasxva perspeqtividan.
180 gaerTianebiT nacnobi obieqtebia agebuli. am siZnelis dasaZlevad calkeuli ZiriTadi
suraTi
5.33
nawilebis gavleba obieqtis cnobaze
Sua svetSi vizualuri informaciis xarvezebi
nawilebs ar azianebs, marjvena svetSi ki _ azia-
nebs. gveTanxmebiT, rom Sua svetSi ufro advilia
suraTi
5.34
obieqtebis cnoba?
erTi da igive obieqti sxvadasxva
perspeqtivisaTvis unda SeinaxoT calkeuli perspeqtividan
mexsierebiTi xatebi, romelTac standartuli
sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Tqven sagnis sxvadasxva
sagnebis ganxilvisas gamoiyenebT (Tarr & Pinker, nawils xedavT. am sirTulis dasaZlevad Tqven rTuli
1989). rodesac garemoSi romelime obieqts figuris mraval xats inaxavT mexsierebaSi.
xedavT, SeiZleba gonebaSi perceptis transfor-
mireba mogiwioT, raTa gaarkvioT, zustad nacnobi adamianebi moulodnel adgilas,
Seesabameba Tu ara is romelime am xats. amrigad, magaliTad, sxva qalaqSi, an sxva socialur
nacrisfer, ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis jgufSi? gacilebiT meti droa saWiro maT
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
bewvian cxovelSi rom kata amoicnoT, is unda sacnobad am situaciaSi da xandaxan arc ki
amoicnoT, rogorc garkveuli rakursiT moce- xarT darwmunebuli, rom Nnamdvilad isini arian.
muli geonebis Sesatyvisi kombinacia. saqme is ki ar aris, rom isini gansxvavebulad
gamoiyurebian, aramed konteqstia sxva _ Tqven
ar eliT maT am situaciaSi. sivrciTi da droiTi
molodinis da konteqstis konteqsti, romelSic sagnebi amoicnoba,
gavlena mniSvnelovan informaciul wyaros warmoadgens.
nacrisfer, saSualo zomis, ucnauri formis konteqstidan gamomdinare, Tqven geqmnebaT
bewvian arsebas ufro advilad icnobT, Tu mas molodini, Tu ra obieqtebis naxvaa mosalod-
Cveul adgilas, Tqven saxlSi naxavT. es aRqmis neli, an moulodneli irgvliv.
daRmavali aspeqtia: molodinebma SeiZleba perceptuli organizacia damokidebulia
gavlena moaxdinon aRqmaze da danaxulis rogorc molodinze, ise _ sagnis xilvad Tvi-
interpretaciaze. odesme, SemTxveviT, ginaxavT sebebze. sagnis cnoba aris konstruqciuli 181
interpretaciis procesi _ identifikacia
SeiZleba Seicvalos imis mixedviT, rac ukve
iciT, Tu sad xarT da ras xedavT irgvliv.
waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi:

THE CAT sworia? axla isev SexedeT TiToeuli


sityvis Sua asos. es ori aso zustad erTnairia,
Tumca, pirvels aRiqvamT rogorc H-s da meores,
rogorc A-s, ratom? naTelia, rom aRqmaze suraTi
5.36B
gavlena moaxdina inglisuri sityvebis codnam.
konteqsti, romelsac qmnis T_E, metad SesaZ- xandazmuli qalbatoni
lebels xdis H-s da naklebad SesaZlebels _
roca Zveli wesebi ver ergeba axal situacias.
A-s maSin, roca C_T konteqstisTvis sawinaaRmde-
amas me-9 TavSi vnaxavT, problemis gadawyvetis
goa swori.
procesis Seswavlisas. perceptuli seti aris
mkvlevrebma araerTxel daasabuTes aRqmaze
mocemul konteqstSi garkveuli stimulis
konteqstisa da molodinis gavlena setis Ses-
SeniSvnisTvis mzaoba. magaliTad, axalbeda
wavliT. seti (set) aris stimulis garkveuli saxiT
dedisaTvis es SeiZleba bavSvis tirilis
aRqmis da masze reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
gagoneba iyos.
arsebobs sami tipis seti: motoruli, fsi-
xSirad seti gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT orazro-
qologiuri da perceptuli. motoruli seti aris
vani stimulis interpretacia. SexedeT sityvaTa
mza, swrafi pasuxis gasacemad mzaoba. morbenali
am or rigs:
varjiSobs motoruli setis daxvewaze, raTa
sastarto gasrolis xmaze rac SeiZleba swrafad bebia, babua, da, Zma, deda, ma?a
gamovides sastarto blokidan. fsiqologiuri ana, sofo, nino, Tea, nata, ma?a
seti aris mzaoba. ganixiloT iseTi situacia,
rogoricaa amocanis gadaWra, an TamaSi, das- waikiTxeT CamonaTvali? ra sityva mogividaT
wavlili wesebis, instruqciebis, molodinebis, TavSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi `ma?a~-s wakiTxvisas?
an Cvevebis daxmarebiT. fsiqologiurma setma Tu Tqven `mama~ da `maia/maka~ gaifiqreT, es imitom
SeiZleba Tavidan agvaridos amocanis gadawyveta, moxda, rom sityvaTa CamonaTvaliT SegimuSavdaT
seti, romelmac sityvebis Zebnisas garkveuli
mimarTulebiT warmarTa Tqveni mexsiereba.
saxeldebam SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, ro-
melic orazrovani figurisTvis perceptul sets
iZleva. Tqven ukve naxeT, azrs moklebuli `dud-
lebi~ (doodles) rogor gadaiqca azrian obieq-
tebad. yuradRebiT SexedeT qalis gamosaxulebas
5.35 A suraTze. Tqvenma megobarma (da ara Tqven)
naxos suraTi 5.35 B. Semdeg erTad SexedeT 5.35C
Tavi 5 / aRqma

suraTs. ras xedavs TiToeuli Tqvengani? iqonia


Tu ara raime gavlena mocemuli saxeldebuli
orazrovani gamosaxulebebis naxvam am gamo-
saxulebis aRqmaze? Tqven SegiZliaT, eqsperi-
suraTi
5.36A menti sxvebze gaimeoroT da naxoT, iRebT Tu
axalgazrda lamazi ara igive Sedegebs.

182 qali
xSirad asrulebs or gansxvavebul rols,
romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT azartul TamaSsa
da interieris dizains. rogorc azartuli
moTamaSe, aRmqmeli mowadinebulia, niZlavi
dados, rom mocemul Semaval sensorul masalas
warsuli gamocdilebisa da personaluri
Teoriebis terminebiT gaigebs. rogorc mgznebare,
sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebuli interieris
dizaineri, aRmqmeli mudmivad cdilobs
stimulebis ise organizebas, rom isini ukeT
moergon situacias da metad urTierTdakavSi-
rebulad gamoiyurebodnen. araTavsebadi da
suraTi
5.36C mouwesrigebeli xatebi ukuigdeba da naTeli,
sufTa da Tanmimdevruli xazebiT Canacvldeba.
axla ras xedavT? aRqmis procesi rom mTlianad aRmavali
yofiliyo, Tqven erT, aq da amJamad mocemul
konkretul realobas iqnebodiT mijaWvu-
imisaTvis, rom konteqstma aRqmaze moaxdinos
li.…SegeZlebodaT Tqveni gancdebis fiqsireba,
gavlena, saWiroa: mexsiereba ise iyos organi-
magram ver gadaitandiT maT momavalSi, verc
zebuli, rom konkretul situaciebTan dakav-
samyaros dainaxavdiT gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva
Sirebuli informacia saWiro dros xdebodes
situaciaSi. perceptuli gadamuSaveba mxolod
xelmisawvdomi. sxva sityvebiT, saTanado (an
daRmavali procesi rom yofiliyo, Tqven
arasaTanado) molodinebis Camosayalibeblad
daikargebodiT sakuTari molodinebisa da
Tqven unda SegeZloT mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
imedebis, fantaziis samyaroSi. am or ukidu-
codnis gamoyeneba. zogjer `mexsierebiTac~ iseve
resobas Soris saTanado balansiT miiRweva
xedavT, rogorc TvalebiT. me-8 TavSi ganvixi-
aRqmis ZiriTadi mizani: samyaros iseTi gancda,
lavT mexsierebis Tvisebebs, romlebic SesaZle-
romelic optimalurad emsaxureba adamianis,
bels xdis aRqmaze konteqstis gavlenas.
rogorc biologiuri da socialuri arsebis
(romelic moZraobs da egueba socialur da
fizikur garemos), moTxovnilebebs.
bolo gakveTili
am TavSi naswavlis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT
SexedeT 5.3 suraTs. Tqven ukve gaqvT mTeli sqemis
gasagebad saWiro codna. 5.3 suraTis ganxilva,
Sejameba
aseve, dagarwmunebT, rom mniSvnelovani daskvna, identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da
romelic aRqmis Seswavlidan unda miiRoT, isaa, daRmaval procesebs, romlebic erToblivi
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

rom mastimulirebeli movlenis sapasuxo moqmedebiT samyaros naTel, TvalsaCino gagebas


perceptuli gamocdileba pirovnebis, rogorc uzrunvelyofen. sagnis amocnoba iwyeba sagnis
mTelis, reaqcias warmoadgens. sensoruli Semadgenel nawilebad, anu geonebad dayofiT.
receptorebis gaRizianebiT miRebuli infor- obieqtis amosacnobad nawilebis codna xSirad
maciis garda, saboloo aRqma damokidebulia rakursis, anu xedvis kuTxis codnasac saWiroebs.
imaze, Tu vin xarT, visTan erTad xarT, ra gindaT, sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti, romelSic
ras eliT da ra Rirebulebebi gaqvT. aRmqmeli sagania mocemuli, ayalibebs molodins; is
gavlenas axdens sagnis cnobis unarze. mkvlev-
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli rebma aRqmaze konteqstis gavlena setis
saxiT reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba. efeqtebis SeswavliT daasabuTes.

183
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi

sistemis uZravad da masSi


SegrZneba, organizeba, yuradRebis procesebi mocemuli nawilebis moZ-
identificireba da yuradReba aris Semavali ravad aRqmis tendencia.
cnoba sensoruli informaciis baduras organzomilebiani
perceptuli sistemebi ubra- nawilis SerCevisa da danar- informaciis samganzo-
lod ki ar iReben gare Cenis ignorirebis unari. milebiani siRrmis aRqmad
samyaroze informacias, ara- pirovnuli miznebi da ga- gardasaqmnelad vizu-
med aqtiurad axdenen mis remoSi arsebuli sagnebis aluri sistema iyenebs
intepretaciasa da orga- Tvisebebi gansazRvraven Cve- iseT informacias, rogo-
nizacias. ni yuradRebis mimarTule- ricaa: obieqtis zoma da
aRqma samsafexuriani pro- bas. obieqtamde manZili.
cesia. is Sedgeba SegrZne- yuradRebis miRma darCenili Tqven gaxasiaTebT obieq-
bis, perceptuli organi- informacia Zalze mcired tebis zomis, formis,
zaciisa da identifikacia- moqmedebs mimdinare gamoc- orientaciisa da feris
cnobis safexurebisgan. dilebaze. mixedviT ucvlelad aR-
gadamuSavebis sensorul sa- yuradRebamdeli gadamuSave- qmis tendencia.
fexurze fizikuri energia ba vizualuri garemos efeq-
gardaiqmneba nervul ener- turad gadasinjvis saSua-
giad da sensorul gancdad. lebas iZleva. identifikacia da cnoba
organizaciis safexurze per- perceptuli gadamuSavebis
ceptuli procesebi Segr- bolo safexurze, rodesac
Znebebs TvalsaCino xatebad organizaciuli xdeba obieqtis identi-
aerTianebs da sagnebis da procesebi aRqmaSi fikacia da cnoba, per-
paternebis aRqmas ganapiro- cepti mniSvnelobas iZens
organizaciuli procesebi
bebs. sensoruli monacemebis Se- aRmavali da daRmavali
identifikaciisa da cnobis gadamuSavebis erToblivi
sabamis aRqmis xatebs qmni-
safexurze sagnebis percep- an. moqmedebiT.
tebi dardeba mexsierebiT konteqstma, molodinebma,
es procesebi perceptebs fo-
xatebs, raTa isini amovic- nidan win wamoweul figu- perceptulma masalam
noT rogorc nacnobi da az- SeiZleba gansazRvros
rebad aerTianebs.
riani sagnebi. TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia dausrulebeli orazro-
aRqmis amocanaa distaluri vani monacemebis erTi
dausrulebeli figurebis
(eqsternaluri) stimulis dasrulebulad danaxvisa mimarTulebiT amocnoba,
gansazRvra proqsimaluri meore, Tanabrad SesaZleb-
da calkeuli obieqtebis
(sensoruli) stimuliT mo- msgavsebis mixedviT dajgu- lis, nacvlad.
wodebuli informaciidan. amgvarad, aRqma eyrdnoba
febis tendencia.
orazrovneba iqmneba maSin, TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc warsul codnas
rodesac SesaZlebelia er- da molodins, ise _ sen-
tendencia _ aq da amJamad
Ti da igive sensoruli in- mocemuli sivrciTi da sorul stimuls.
Tavi 5 / aRqma

formaciis sxvadasxva per- droiTi konteqstidan ga-


ceptebSi (xatebSi) organi- momdinare _ moaxdinoT sag- ZiriTadi cnebebi
zeba. nis nawilebis organizeba da
aracnobieri daskvna
perceptuli iluziebis Se- interpretireba.
aRmavali gadamuSaveba
saxeb codnam SeiZleba Se- Tqven, aseve, gaxasiaTebT
aRqma
zRudos Cveulebrivi percep- realuri sensoruli sti-
aRqmis konstantoba
184 tuli procesebi. mulis miuxedavad, aTvlis
aSkara moZraoba ganaTebis konstantoba proqsimaluri stimuli
konvergencia geStalt-fsiqologia retinaluri disparati
daRmavali gadamuSaveba identifikacia da cnoba fardobiTi moZraobis
dasrulebuloba iluzia paralaqsi
(Sevsebuloba) iluzoruli konturebi seti
distaluri stimuli marTuli gadasinjva siaxlovis kanoni
diqotomiuri mosmena mizanmimarTuli SerCeva stimuliT aRZruli
ekologiuri optikis moCvenebiTi moZraoba seleqcia
Teoria msgavsebis kanoni yuradReba
Φ fenomeni msgavsi bedis kanoni yuradRebamdeli
figura orazrovneba gadamuSaveba
foni orientaciis konstantoba sididis konstantoba
formis konstantoba perceptuli organizeba

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

185

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