CS65-Computer Networks Dept.

of EEE

IEEE 802 STANDARD

In 1985
1985,, the Computer Society of the IEEE
IEEE 802 Project started a project, called Project 802 802,, to set
standards to enable intercommunication among
equipment from a variety of manufacturers
manufacturers..
Project 802 is a way of specifying functions of
the physical layer and the data link layer of major
LAN protocols
protocols..

LLC is non-architecture specific. ie. It is the same for all

IEEE defined LANs.
MAC sublayer is specific to the LAN product used.

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CS65-Computer Networks Dept. of EEE

Logical Link Control (LLC) layer provides for the exchange

of data between service access points(SAPs), which are
multiplexed over a single physical connection to the LAN.
The LLC provides for both a connectionless(datagram like)
and connection oriented(virtual circuit like) service.
Following are the IEEE protocols used in Data Link Layer
– 802.1 - Internetworking
– 802.2 - LLC
– MAC Modules
• 802.3 - CSMA/CD
• 802.4 - Token Bus
• 802.5 - Token Ring
• 802.6 - DQDB
……
……
-and others.

Various IEEE Standards in MAC layer

The data unit in the LLC level is called “Protocol
The important
Data Unit (PDU)”.
ones are The PDU contains four fields
marked with *. – Destination service access point (DSAP)
– Source service access point (SSAP)
The ones – Control field
marked with – Information field
are hibernating.

The one
marked with †
The Service Access Point (SAP) is a conceptual location at which
gave up.
one OSI layer can request the services of another OSI layer.

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CS65-Computer Networks Dept. of EEE

STANDARD ETHERNET
The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at
Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)(PARC)..
Since then, it has gone through four generations
generations..
We briefly discuss the Standard (or traditional)
Ethernet in this section
section..

Frame Format : Start of Frame Delimiter (SFD):

– indicates start of frame - one byte with pattern 10101011
Destination Address:
– 6-bytes globally unique address assigned by manufacturer. ie.
NIC address.
– If the packet must cross from one LAN to another, the DA field
contains the physical address of router connecting that network.
When the packet reaches the target network, the DA field
contains the physical address of the destination device.
Source Address :
– 6-bytes physical address of the last device to forward the packet.
Preamble: That device can be the sending station or the most recent router
– 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 to receive and forward the packet.
– used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates, and identify
beginning of a frame

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CS65-Computer Networks Dept. of EEE

Length/type of PDU :
– 2byte information containing the length of PDU
– If the length is fixed, then it is used to identify the type of
network level protocol using this PDU.
802.2 Frame :
– This field of 802.3 frame contains the entire 802.2 frame.
– This PDU may vary between 46 to 1500 bytes
– This frame is generated by upper LLC sub-layer.
Pad:
– Zeroes used to ensure minimum frame length
CRC :
– contains error detection information.

Media Sharing
MEDIA SHARING

STATIC DYNAMIC
ALLOCATION ALLOCATION Operation of Ethernet
• Using FDM – No central control
– Stations are connected to a shared medium
– Ethernet signals are transmitted serially, one bit at a
SCHEDULING RANDOM ACCESS (Or) time, to every connected station
CONTENTION BASED – To send data,
•ALOHA • a station listens to the channel and if it is idle it transmits its
•CSMA data in the form of an Ethernet frame.
CENTRALIZED DISTRIBUTED •CSMA/CD – Access to the medium is determined by the MAC
•Token passing • CSMA/CD protocol
•Polling
•Token ring

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CS65-Computer Networks Dept. of EEE

The Ethernet MAC is based on the Carrier Sense Multiple

Access / Collision Detection protocol Station ‘A’ listens channel and when it is free starts
A station that wants to transmit Listens to the channel transmitting a packet addressing ‘D’.
– If the channel is idle, it transmits its data
– If the channel is busy it waits until it is free and then transmits its data.
If two stations transmit at the same time we have a collision ----
Jam signal

Station ‘B’ and ‘C’ are ready for transmission. But ‘B’
senses a transmission on channel so defers. ‘C’ is
unaware of transmission and begins its own transmission

Station ‘A’s transmission reaches ‘C’. ‘C’ detects

collision and ceases transmission. Sends jam signal.

Effect of collision propagates back to ‘A’ and it

stops its transmission
No station is transmitting but there are still
signals on the bus.

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CS65-Computer Networks Dept. of EEE

Performance measure of CSMA/CD

Invented to minimize collisions and increase the performance
A station now “follows” the activity of other stations
Simple rules for a polite human conversation
– Listen before talking
– If someone else begins talking at the same time as you, stop talking
In Carrier Sense Multiple Access(CSMA) technique, which is the
fore-runner of CSMA/CD, a station senses the carrier on the
channel before starting its own transmission. When the channel is
sensed to be idle, a station can take one of the three different
approaches to transmit a packet on to the channel
– Non-persistent CSMA
– 1-persistant CSMA
– P-persistent CSMA

Non-persistence CSMA 1-Persistant CSMA

When a station having a packet (frame) to transmit and
finds that the channel is busy, it backs off for a fixed Any station wishing to transmits, monitor the channel
interval of time. It then checks the channel again and if continuously until the channel is idle and then transmits
the channel is free then it transmits. The back-off delay immediately with probability one, hence the name 1-
is determined by the transmission time of a frame, persistent
propagation time and other system parameters. If the
When two or more stations are waiting to transmit, a
channel is already in use , the station does not
collision is guaranteed. Since each station will transmit
continuously senses it for the purpose of seizing it
immediately at the end of busy period.
immediately upon detecting the end of the previous
transmission. But waits a random period of time and
again checks for activity.

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CS65-Computer Networks Dept. of EEE

Reduces the chance of collisions
reduces the efficiency
p - persistent CSMA
To reduce the probability of collision in 1-persistant CSMA, not all the
waiting stations are allowed to transmit immediately, after the
channel is idle.
Process includes :
– Sense the channel.
– IF the channel is idle, THEN with probability p transmit and with
probability (1-p) delay one time slot and repeat the algorithm..
– IF the channel is busy, THEN delay one time slot and repeat the
increases the chance for collisions algorithm.
1-persistant the time slot is usually set to the maximum propagation delay.
p-persistant as p decreases, stations wait longer to transmit but the number of
Decreases the chance for collisions collisions decreases.
Improves efficiency Consideration for the choice of p :
– (n x p) must be < 1 for stability, where n is maximum number of
stations, i.e., p < 1/n

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