7.

1 Amplitude Modulation

Statement for Q.1-3. power to the amplifier, for the system to operate at

An AM signal is represented by 100% modulation, would be

(A) 5 kW (B) 8.46 kW
vc ( t) = (10 + 4 sin 1000 pt) cos (2 p ´ 106 t) V
(C) 10 kW (D) 6.25 kW
1. The modulation index is
8. A 2 MHz carrier is amplitude modulated by a 500
(A) 10 (B) 4
Hz modulating signal to a depth of 60%. If the
(C) 0.4 (D) 2.5
unmodulated carrier power is 1 kW, the power of the

2. The total signal power is modulated signal is

(A) 108 W (B) 116 W (A) 1.83 kW (B) 1.36 kW

(C) 100 W (D) 132 W (C) 1.18 kW (D) 1.26 kW

3. The total side band power is 9. An AM transmitter is coupled to an aerial. The

(A) 8 W (B) 16 W input current is observed to be 5 A. With modulation

the current value increases to 5.9 A. The depth of
(C) 0 W (D) 32 W
modulation is
4. A 1 kW carrier is to be modulated to a 80% level. (A) 83.4 % (B) 88.6 %
The total transmitted power would be (C) 78.2 % (D) 74.3 %
(A) 2 kW (B) 1.32 kW
10. A carrier is amplitude modulate to 100 % by a
(C) 1.4 kW (D) None of the above
polar rectangular signal as shown in fig. P7.1.10. The
5. An AM broadcast station operates at its maximum percentage increase in signal power is
allowed total output of 100 kW with 90% modulation. m(t)

The power in the intelligence part is 1

(A) 28.8 kW (B) 71.2 kW t

(C) 35.6 kW (D) None of the above

-1

6. The aerial current of an AM transmitter is 16 A Fig. P7.1.10

when unmodulated but increases to 18 A when

modulated. The modulation index is (A) 83.3 % (B) 100 %

(A) 0.73 (B) 0.63 (C) 50 % (D) None of the above

(C) 0.89 (D) None of the above

11. A carrier is amplitude modulated by two sinusoidal
signals of different frequencies with individual
7. A modulating signal is amplified by a 80% efficiency
modulation depths of 0.3 and 0.4. The power in side
amplifier before being combined with a 10 kW carrier
band would be
to generate an AM signal. The required DC input

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396 Amplitude Modulation Chap 7.1

(A) 12 % (B) 9 %
m(t)
(C) 11.1 % (D) 10 % K1

12. In 50 % modulated AM signal, the carrier is T

t
suppressed before transmission. The saving in
transmitted power would be -K1
(A) 88.9 % (B) 11.1 % Fig. P7.1.17
(C) 72 % (D) 18 %
(A) 51 % (B) 11.8 %
13. A 20 kW carrier is sinusoidally modulated by two (C) 5.1 % (D) None of the above
carriers corresponding to a modulation index of 30 %
and 40 % respectively. The total radiated power is Statement for Q.18-21:
(A) 25 kW (B) 22.5 kW
The fig. P1.7.18-21 shows the positive portion of
(C) 30 kW (D) 35 kW the envelope of the output of an AM modulator .The
message signal is a waveform having zero DC value.
14. In a broadcast transmitter, the RF output is
represented as m(t)
45
xc (t) = 100[1 + 0.9 cos 5000 t + 0.3 sin 9000 t ] cos(6 ´ 106 t) V.
30
The sidebands frequencies are 15
(A) 5.991, 5.995, 6.005, 6.009 MHz t

(B) 953.5, 954.1, 955.7, 956.4 kHz Fig. P7.1.18-21

(C) 5, 9 kHz
(D) 795.8, 432.4 Hz 18. The modulation index is
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.6
15. A diode detector has a load of 1 kW shunted by a
(C) 0.4 (D) 0.8
10000 pF capacitor. The diode has a forward resistance
of 1 W. The maximum permissible depth of
modulation, so as to avoid diagonal clipping, with 19. The modulation efficiency is

modulating signal frequency of 10 kHz will be (A) 8.3% (B) 14.28%

(A) 0.847 (B) 0.628 (C) 7.69% (D) None of the above

(C) 0.734 (D) None of the above

20. The carrier power is
16. A non-linear device with a transfer characteristic (A) 60 W (B) 450 W
given by i = (10 + 2 vi + 0.2 v ) mA is supplied with a
2
i (C) 30 W (D) 900 W
carrier of 1 V amplitude and a sinusoidal signal of 0.5
V amplitude in series. If at the output the frequency 21. The power in sidebands is
component of AM signal is considered, the depth of
(A) 85 W (B) 42.5 W
modulation is
(C) 56 W (D) 37.5 W
(A) 18 % (B) 10 %
(C) 20 % (D) 33.33 %
Statement for Q.22-23:

17. A message signal is periodic with period T, as An AM modulator operates with the message
shown in fig. P7.1.17. This message signals is applied signal m( t) = 9 cos 20 pt + 7 cos 60 pt. The unmodulated
to an AM modulator with modulation index b = 0.4. carrier is given by 100 cos 200 pt, and the system
The modulation efficiency would be operates with an index of 0.5.

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Chap 7.1 Amplitude Modulation 397

22. The power in normalized message signal mn ( t)

x(t) Square- Law y(t)
would be m(t) S Device
Filter AM Signal

(A) 0.693 (B) 0.542

(C) 0.254 (D) None of the above cos wct

Fig. P7.1.26-27
23. The double-sided spectrum of xc ( t) would be

Xc(f) 26. The value of M, required to produce modulation

100 index of 0.8, is
(A) (A) 0.32 (B) 0.26
14.03
10.94
(C) 0.52 (D) 0.16
f
-260 -220 -200 -180 -140 140 180 200 220 260

27. Let W be the BW of message signal m( t). AM signal

Xc(f)
would be recovered if.
100 (A) fc > W (B) fc > 2W
(B) (C) fc > 3W (D) fc > 4W
14.03
10.94

-130 -110 -100 -90 -70 70 90 100 110 130

f 28. A super heterodyne receiver is designed to receive
transmitted signals between 5 and 10 MHz. High-side
tuning is to be used. The tuning range of the local
Xc(f)
50
oscillator for IF frequency 500 kHz would be
(C) (A) 4.5 MHz– 9.5 MHz
7.03
5.47 (B) 5.5 MHz – 10.5 MHz
f
-130 -110 -100 -90 -70 70 90 100 110 130 (C) 4.5 MHz – 10.5 MHz

(D) None of the above (D) None of the above

24. An AM modulator has output 29. A super heterodyne receiver uses an IF frequency
of 455 kHz. The receiver is tuned to a transmitter
xc ( t) = 40 cos 400 pt + 4 cos 360 pt + 4 cos 440 pt
having a carrier frequency of 2400 kHz. High-side
The modulation efficiency is tuning is to be used. The image frequency will be
(A) 0.01 (B) 0.02
(A) 2855 kHz (B) 3310 kHz
(C) 0.03 (D) 0.04
(C) 1945 kHz (D) 1490 kHz

25. An AM modulator has output

30. A super heterodyne receiver is to operate in the
xc ( t) = A cos 400 pt + B cos 380 pt + B cos 420 pt frequency range of 550 kHz – 1650 kHz, with the
The carrier power is 100 W and the efficiency is intermediate frequency of 450 kHz. The receiver is
40 %. The value of A and B are tuned to 700 kHz. The capacitance ratio R = Cmax Cmin
(A) 14.14 , 8.16 (B) 50 , 10 of the local oscillator would be
(C) 22.36 , 13.46 (D) None of the above (A) 4.41 (B) 2.1
(C) 3 (D) 9
Statement for Q.26-27:

Consider the system shown in fig. P7.1.26-27. 31. Consider a system shown in fig. P7.1.31. Let X ( f )
The average value of m( t) is zero and maximum value and Y ( f ) denote the Fourier transform of x( t) and y( t)
of |m( t)| is M. The square-law device is defined by respectively. The positive frequencies where Y ( f ) has
y( t) = 4 x( t) + 10 x 2 ( t) spectral peak are

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398 Amplitude Modulation Chap 7.1

(C) 400 Hz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz

Balanced HPF Balanced
x(t)
Modulator 10 kHz Modulator
y(t) (D) 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz

34. 12 signals each band-limited to 5 kHz are to be

~ ~ transmitted over a single channel by frequency
10 kHz 13 kHz
division multiplexing . If AM-SSB modulation guard
X(f )
band of 1 kHz is used, then the band width of the
multiplexed signal will be
(A) 131 kHz (B) 81 kHz
f (kHz)
-3 -1 1 3 (C) 121 kHz (D) 71 kHz
Fig. P7.1.31b
35. Let x( t) be a signal band-limited to 1 kHz.
(A) 1 kHz and 24 kHz (B) 2 kHz and 24 kHz
Amplitude modulation is performed to produce signal
(C) 1 kHz and 14 kHz (D) 2 kHz and 14 kHz g( t) = x( t) sin 2000pt. A proposed demodulation

2 sin 2pt technique is illustrated in fig. P7.1.35. The ideal low

32. In fig. P7.1.32, m( t) = , s( t) = cos 200pt and
t pass filter has cutoff frequency 1 kHz and pass band
sin 199pt gain 2. The y( t) would be
n( t) = . The output y( t) is
t
g(t) LPF y(t)
Multiplier Adder Multiplier
LPF
m(t) S y(t)
1 Hz
cos 200pt
|H(jw)|=1
s(t) n(t) s(t) Fig. P7.1.35

Fig. P7.1.32
(A) 2 y( t) (B) y( t)
sin 2 pt y( t)
(A) (C) (D) 0
2t 2
sin 2 pt sin pt
(B) + cos 3pt
2t t 36. Suppose we wish to transmit the signal
sin 2 pt sin 0.5 pt x( t) = sin 200 pt + 2 sin 400 pt using a modulation that
(C) + . pt
cos 15
2t t create the signal g( t) = x( t) sin 400pt. If the product
sin 2 pt sin pt g( t) sin 400pt is passed through an ideal LPF with
(D) + cos 0.75 pt
2t t cutoff frequency 400p and pass band gain of 2, the
signal obtained at the output of the LPF is
33. In the circuit shown in fig P7.1.33 between the
1
terminal 1 and 2 an a.c. voltage source of frequency (A) sin 200pt (B) sin 200 pt
2
400 Hz is connected. Another a.c. voltage of 1.0 MHz is
(C) 2 sin 200 pt (D) 0
connected between 3 and 4. The output between 5 and
6 contains components at 37. In a AM signal the received signal power is 10 -10 W
with a maximum modulating signal of 5 kHz. The
1 5
noise spectral density at the receiver input is 10 -18
W Hz. If the noise power is restricted to the message
3 4
signal bandwidth only, the signals-to-noise ratio at the
input to the receiver is
2 6
(A) 43 dB (B) 66 dB
Fig. P7.1.33
(C) 56 dB (D) 33 dB
(A) 400 Hz, 1 MHz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz
(B) 1 MHz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz ************

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Chap 7.1 Amplitude Modulation 399

Solutions The modulating signal m( t) assumes any of the two

values +1, or -1, with m( t) being a poler rectangular
signal so
1. (C) vc ( t) = 10[1 + 0.4 sin (1000 pt) cos (2 p ´ 106 t)] V
b2 m 2 ( t) = 1 , Pt = Pc [1 + b2 m 2 ( t)] = 2 Pc
b = 0.4 % increase = 100%

æ b2 ö
2. (A) Pt = Pc çç 1 + ÷ , Pc = (10) 2 = 100 , b = 0.4 11. (C) Let Pc be the carrier power.
è 2 ÷ø
Total side band power = b2 x 2 ( t)Pc
æ (0.4) 2
ö
Pt = 100 çç 1 + ÷÷ = 108 W where bx( t) = 0.3 cos w1 t + 0.4 cos w2 t
è 2 ø
b2 x 2 ( t) = (0.3 cos w1 t + 0.4 cos w2 t) 2
3. (A) Pt = 108 , Pc = 100 , Psb = 108 - 100 = 8 W 1
= ((0.3) 2 + (0.4) 2 ) = 0.125
2
æ b2 ö æ (0.8) 2 ö 2 Psb = 0.125 Pc
4. (B) Pt = Pc çç 1 + ÷÷ = 1000 çç 1 + ÷÷ = 1.32 kW
è 2 ø è 2 ø Pt = Pc + 0.125 Pc = 1125
. Pc
0.125 Pc
% side-band power = = 111
.%
æ b2 ö 1125
. Pc
5. (A) Pt = Pc çç 1 + ÷
è 2 ÷ø
50
æ (0.9) 2 ö 12. (A) b = = 0.5
Þ 100 ´ 10 3 = Pc çç 1 + ÷÷ 100
è 2 ø 1
æ b2 ö 2 æ (0.5) 2 ö
Þ Pc = 712
. kW Pt = Pc çç 1 + ÷÷ = Pc çç 1 + ÷÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
Pi = ( Pt - Pc ) = (100 - 712
. ) = 28.8 kW
Pt = 1125
. Pc
1
Saving will be Pc if carrier is suppressed.
æ b2 ö 2
6. (A) I t = I c çç 1 + ÷ Pc
è 2 ÷ø Saving = = 89.9 %
1125
. Pc
1
æ b2 ö 2
Þ 18 = 16 çç 1 + ÷ Þ b = 0.73 æ b2 b2 ö
è 2 ÷ø 13. (B) Pt = Pc çç 1 + 1 + 2 ÷÷ , b1 = 0.3 , b2 = 0.4
è 2 2 ø

æ 1ö æ 0.09 0.16 ö
7. (D) Pt = 10 kç 1 + ÷ , Pt = 15 kW, Pt = 20 ç 1 + + ÷ = 22.5 kW
è 2ø è 2 2 ø

Pi = 15 - 10 = 5 kW
14. (B) Side band frequencies are,
5
The DC input power = = 6.25 kW ( 6 ´ 106 ± 5000) rad and ( 6 ´ 106 ± 9000) rad
0.8
wsb = 5.995, 6.005, 5.991 and 6.009 MHz
8. (C) Pc = 1 kW , b = 60 % = 0.6 w
fsb = sb = 9535
. , 955.7, 954.1, 956.4 kHz
1 2p
æ b2 ö 2 æ (0.6) 2 ö
Pt = Pc çç 1 + ÷÷ = 1 çç 1 + ÷÷ = 118
. kW
è 2 ø è 2 ø 15. (A) fm = 10 kHz , R = 1000 W , C = 10000 pF
Hence 2 pfm RC = 2 p ´ 10 4 ´ 10 3 ´ 10 -8 = 0.628
1
1
æ b2 ö 2 -
9. (B) I t = I c çç 1 + ÷ , bmax = (1 + (0.628) 2 ) 2
= 0.847
è 2 ÷ø
1
æ 16. (C) vi ( t) = cos wc t + 0.5 cos wm t
b2 ö 2
Þ 5.9 = 5 çç 1 + ÷ Þ b = 0.886, depth = 88.6%
è 2 ÷ø i = 10 + 2 (cos wc t + 0.5 cos wm t) + 0.2(cos wc t + 0.5 cos wm t) 2
The AM signal
10. (B) b = 10
. or 100% = 2 cos wc t + 0.2 cos wc t cos wm t = (2 + 0.2 cos wm t) cos wc t

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400 Amplitude Modulation Chap 7.1

b=
0.2 1
= = 10% + 5.47( e j ( 260 pt ) + e - j ( 260 pt ) )
2 10 Hence (B) is correct option.

17. (C) The normalized message signal is 24. (B) xc ( t) can be written as
2 T
m( t) = t, 0 < t £ xc ( t) = ( 40 + 8 cos 40 pt) cos 400 pt
T 2
8
2
T 2
æ2 ö 1
2
modulation index b = = 0.2
m 2 ( t) =
T ò ç t ÷ dt =
èT ø 3
40
0 1
Pc = ( 40) 2 = 800 W
1 2
(0.4) 2
b2 m 2 ( t) 3
Eeff = = = 5.1% The components at 180 Hz and 220 Hz are side band
1 + b2 m 2 ( t) 1
1 + (0.4) 2 1 1
3 Psb = ( 4) 2 + ( 4) 2 = 16 W
2 2
Psb 16
18. (A) Ac (1 + b) = 45, Ac (1 - b) = 15 Eeff = =
Pc + Psb 800 + 16
1+b
=3 Þ b = 0.5
1 -b
A2
25. (A) Carrier power Pc = = 100 W , A = 14.14
2
19. (C) Normalized message
Psb 40 Psb
2 T Eeff = = Þ = 0.4
mn ( t) = t, 0 £ t £ Pc + Psb 100 100 + Psb
T 2
T 2 2 Psb = 66.67 W
2 æ2 ö 1
mn2 ( t) =
T ò
0
ç
èT
t ÷ dt =
ø 3
1 1
Psb = B 2 + B 2 = 66.67 Þ B = 8.161
2 2
1
(0.5) 2
Eeff = 3 = 7.69 % 26. (D) y( t) = 4( m( t) + cos wc t) + 10( m( t) + cos wc t) 2
1
1 + (0.5) 2 = 4m(t) + 4 cos w c t + 10 m 2 (t) + 20 m(t) cos w c t + 5 + 5 cos 2w c t
3
y(t) = 5 + 4m(t) + 10 m 2 (t) + 4(1 + 5 m(t)) cos w c t + 5 cos 2w c t

20. (B) Ac (1 + 0.5) = 45 Þ Ac = 30 , The AM signal is,

1 2 xc ( t) = 4[1 + 5 m( t)]cos wc t
carrier power is Pc = Ac = 450 W
2 m( t) = Mmn ( t)
xc ( t) = 4[1 + 5 Mmn ( t)]cos wc t
Psb
21. (D) Eeff = = 0.0769 5 M = 0.8 , M = 0.16
Pc + Psb
0.0769 0.0769 27. (C) The filter characteristic is shown is fig. S7.1.17
Psb = = ´ 450 = 37.5 W
1 - 0.0769 Pc 0.9231 fc - W > 2W Þ fc > 3W , fc + W < 2 fc Þ fc > W
Therefore fc > 3W .
22. (C) The maximum value of m( t) = 16
H(f )
1
mn ( t) = (9 cos 20 pt + 7 cos 60 pt)
16 m(t)
2
æ 1 ö æ9 2
7 2
ö
mn2 ( t) = ç ÷ çç + ÷÷ = 0.254 W
è 16 ø è 2 2 ø
f
W 2W fc-W fc fc+W 2fc

23. (B) Fig. S7.1.27

æ 1 1 ö 28. (B) Since High-side tuning is used, fLO = fm + f IF
xc ( t) = 100ç 1 + (9 cos 20 pt + 7 cos 60 pt) ÷ cos 200 pt
è 16 2 ø
f IF = 500 kHz,
= 10.94 cos (140 pt) + 14.06 cos (180 pt) + 100 cos (200 pt)
fLOL = 5 + 0.5 = 5.5 MHz, fLOU = 10 + 0.5 = 10.5 MHz
+ 14.06 cos (220 pt) + 10.94 cos (260 pt)
= 5.47( e j (140 pt ) + e - j (140 pt ) ) + 7.03( e j (180 pt ) + e - j (180 pt ) ) 29. (B) fimage = fL + 2 f IF = 2400 + 2 ´ 455 = 3310 kHz
+ 50( e j ( 200 pt ) + e - j ( 200 pt ) ) + 7.03( e j ( 220 pt ) + e - j ( 220 pt ) )

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Chap 7.1 Amplitude Modulation 401

30. (A) fmax = 1650 + 450 = 2100 kHz 1

= x( t) sin(2000 pt) cos(2000 pt) = x( t) sin ( 4000 pt)
2
fmin = 550 + 450 = 1000 kHz
1
1 X1 ( jw) = X ( j( w - 4000 p)) - X ( j( w + 4000 p))
f = 4j
2p LC
This implies that X1 ( j w) is zero for|w|£ 2000 p because
When frequency is minimum, capacitance will be
w < 2 pfm = 2 p1000. When x1 ( t) is passed through a LPF
maximum
with cutoff frequency 2000p, the output will be zero.
C f2
R = max = max
2
= (2.1) 2 Þ R = 4.41
Cmin fmin 36. (A) y( t) = g( t) sin ( 400pt) = x( t) sin 2 ( 400pt)
(1 - cos ( 800 pt))
31. (B) Since X ( f ) has spectral peak at 1 kHz so at the = (sin (200 pt) + 2 sin ( 400 pt))
2
output of first modulator spectral peak will be at 1
= [sin (200 pt) - sin (200 pt) cos ( 800 pt)
(10 k + 1k) Hz and (10 k - 1k) Hz. After passing the HPF 2
frequency component of 11 kHz will remain. The + 2 sin ( 400 pt) - sin ( 400 pt) cos ( 800 pt)]
output of 2nd modulator will be (13k ± 11k) Hz. So 1 1
= sin (200 pt) - [sin (1000 pt) - sin ( 600 pt)]
2 4
Y ( f ) has spectral peak at 2 k and 24 kHz.
1
+ sin ( 400pt) - [sin(1200 pt) - sin ( 400 pt)]
2 sin (2 pt) cos (200 pt) 4
32. (C) m( t) s( t) = y1 ( t) =
t If this signal is passed through LPF with frequency
sin (202 pt) - sin (198 pt) 400p and gain 2, the output will be sin (200pt).
=
t
sin 202 pt - sin 198 pt sin 198 pt 37. (A) Message signal BW fm = 5 kHz
y1 ( t) + n( t) = y2 ( t) = +
t t Noise power density = 10 -18 W/Hz.
[sin 202pt - sin 198 pt + sin 199 pt ] cos 200 pt
y2 (t) s(t) = y(t) = Total noise power = 10 -18 ´ 5 k = 5 ´ 10 -15 W
t
Input signal-to-noise ratio
1
= [sin ( 402 pt) + sin (2 pt) - {sin( 398 pt) - sin (2 pt)} 10 -10
2t SNR i = = 2 ´ 10 4
5 ´ 10 -15
+ sin( 399pt) - sin( pt)]
SNR i = 10 log10 2 ´ 10 4 = 43 dB
After filtering
sin (2 pt) + sin (2 pt) - sin ( pt)
y( t) = ***************
2t
sin (2 pt) + 2 sin (0.5 t) cos (15. pt)
=
2t
sin 2 pt sin 0.5 pt
= + cos 15. pt
2t t

33. (D) The given circuit is a ring modulator. The

output is DSB-SC signal. So it will contain
m( t) cos ( nwc t) where n = 1, 2, 3......
Therefore there will be only (1 MHz±400 Hz)
frequency component.

34. (D) The total signal bandwidth = 5 ´ 12 = 60 kHz

There would be 11 guard band between 12 signal. So
guard band width = 11 kHz
Total band width = 60 + 11 = 71 kHz

35. (D) x1 ( t) = g( t) cos (2000 pt)

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