408 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 48, NO.

2, MAY 2006

Approximation of Aging Effect on Dielectric Tissue

Properties for SAR Assessment of Mobile Telephones
Jianqing Wang, Member, IEEE, Osamu Fujiwara, Member, IEEE, and Soichi Watanabe, Member, IEEE

Abstract—In electromagnetic dosimetry of children heads for

mobile telephones, the dielectric properties of biological tissues for
adults are so far being used due to the lack of the ones of children.
In this paper, we derived an empirical formula according to Licht-
enecker’s exponential law for the complex permittivity of various
tissues as a function of the hydrated rate or the total body water
(TBW). We first examined its validity using the data measured by
Peyman et al. for rats, and then applied the formula to the dielectric
properties of 7-year-old and 3-year-old child head models by means
of the relationship between the TBW and the age. With the dielec-
tric properties for children derived in such an approach, we ana-
lyzed numerically the spatial peak specific absorption rate (SAR)
for a 900-MHz mobile telephone in adult and child head models.
As a result, we found that the dielectric properties for children do
not affect significantly the 1- or 10- g averaged spatial peak SAR as
well as the penetration depth. The finding could be qualitatively ex-
plained as cancellation of the increased conductivity and decreased
electric field penetrating into the tissue because of the same degree
of increase between the conductivity and permittivity in children
compared to adults. Even in an extreme case, the age effect on the
spatial peak SAR of dielectric properties is still within 10%.
Index Terms—Children, dielectric property, FDTD method, mo-
bile telephone, penetration depth, specific absorption rate.
I. INTRODUCTION
NCREASING use of mobile telephones by children has
I raised a public concern on whether or not the children heads
absorb more electromagnetic energy or allow deeper electro-
magnetic penetration than adult ones. Since basic safety lim-
its for mobile telephones are defined in terms of the absorbed
power per unit mass, or the spatial peak specific absorption rate
(SAR) as averaged over any 1 or 10 g of tissue (not exceeding
1.6 W/kg for any 1 g of tissue [1] or 2 W/kg for any 10 g of
tissue [2], [3]), comparison of the spatial peak SAR between
adults and children has been made for head models with various
ages. However, the results are still contradictory, as well known
in Gandhi’s and Kuster’s debate [4]–[6]. Factors for the spatial
peak SAR evaluation in child heads may be attributed to the
mobile telephones’, position used, resolution of head models,
antenna input impedance, and dielectric properties. On the ba-
sis of a Japanese children’s statistical database on various parts
of head, we previously developed two realistic children’s head
models via scaling a magnetic resonance image (MRI) based
adult head, and followed both Gandhi’s and Kuster’s calcula-
Manuscript received June 17, 2004; revised February 22, 2006.
J. Wang and O. Fujiwara are with the Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya
Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan (e-mail: wang@nitech.ac.jp;
fujiwara@odin.elcom.nitech.ac.jp).
S. Watanabe is with the National Institute of Information and Communica-
tions Technology, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan (e-mail: wata@nict.go.jp).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEMC.2006.874085
Fig. 1. Cole-Cole plot for the dielectric properties of rats around 900 MHz.
The solid and dashed lines are the approximated dielectric properties for the
high-water and low-water content tissues, respectively.
tions [7]. We reproduced their results and demonstrated that the
spatial peak SAR in adult or children heads actually depends on
the variations of the resistive components of the antenna input
impedance. A problem, however, is that all the above-mentioned
calculations for child head models employed the dielectric prop-
erties of adults due to the lack of those of children.
Peyman et al. recently reported a higher tissue conductivity
for young rats [8], which suggests a possibility of SAR underes-
timate due to the employment of adult’s tissue conductivity. In
this paper, based on the data measured by Peyman et al. for rats,
we attempt to derive an empirical formula for the complex per-
mittivity of various tissues as a function of ages according to the
total body water (TBW). Applying the formula to the dielectric
properties of child head models, we calculate the spatial peak
SARs for a 900-MHz mobile telephone with respect to the ages,
using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method [9].
The age effects on spatial peak SAR and penetration depth of
dielectric properties of the head tissues are then given.
II. DERIVATION OF AN EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR DIELECTRIC
PROPERTIES OF AGED TISSUES
For the complex relative permittivity of a biological tissue,
we can express it as





σ 1
ε̇r = εr − jεr = εr − j = εr 1 − j (1)
ωε0 ωτ
where ε0 is the permittivity in free space, εr is the relative
permittivity, σ is the conductivity, ω is the angular frequency, and
τ = ε0 εr /σ. By plotting Peyman’s dielectric property data for
aging rat tissues at 900 MHz in a Cole-Cole plot form, as shown
in Fig. 1, we found that all the five tissues, i.e., the skin, muscle,
skull, brain, and salivary gland, have an almost constant ratio of
ε

r to ε
r or an almost constant τ . Since τ is nearly independent

0018-9375/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE

WANG et al.: APPROXIMATION OF AGING EFFECT ON DIELECTRIC TISSUE PROPERTIES FOR 409

of the age, we can derive it from the average of different ages

for various tissues. On the other hand, a biological tissue can
be considered as a composition of water and organic material.
The water amount should change with age, while the organic
material depends only on the tissue type. Therefore, εr in (1)
should dominate the change of dielectric properties with age. In
addition, it is known that Lichtenecker’s exponential law holds
for εr in composite dielectric materials [10]. We can thus express
εr for any tissue as

εr = εαrw · ε1−α
rt (2)

where εrw is the relative permittivity of water (74.3 at 37◦ C

[11]), εrt is the relative permittivity of organic material, and α
is the hydrated rate which is related to the mass density ρ and the
TBW by α = ρ · TBW. It should be noted that εrt depends only
upon the tissue type and is not a function of age. Substituting (2)
into (1) for adult tissue, we can represent εrt using the relative
permittivity εrA , relaxation time constant τ , and hydrated rate
αA for adult tissue. After a primary operation to eliminate εrt
in (1), we have
α −α A 1−α


1
ε̇r = εrw · εrA 1−j
1−α A 1−α A
. (3)
ωτ

Equation (3) gives an empirical representation of the complex

permittivity (relative permittivity εr and conductivity σ) for a
tissue with a hydrated rate α. It is therefore available to derive
the dielectric properties at different ages from (3) as long as the
TBW is known as a function of age and the dielectric properties
are known at adult.
We first checked the validity of (3), using Peyman’s measured
data for rats. We referred the TBW of rats as a function of age
from the literature [12], [13] and used the relative permittivity
εrA and the constant τ of adult rats in the derivation of young rat
data. Fig. 2(a) and (b) shows derived εr and σ, respectively, for
the skin, muscle, skull, and brain at 900 MHz. Also shown in
symbols are Peyman’s measured data. Table I gives the values of
derived εr and σ, as well as the differences in percentage from
Peyman’s measured data in the parentheses. As can be seen,
the differences from the measured data were within ±20% for
all the tissues in young rats. The large difference in adult skull
should not be attributed to the approach itself. Peyman et al.
also reported the largest variation in measured dielectric prop-
erties for skull in [8], which was explained by the increase of
fat content in bone marrow with the growth. The empirical for-
mula of (3) is therefore a reasonable representation of dielectric
properties for various aged tissues.
III. CALCULATION MODELS
Fig. 3 shows a child head model, together with a 900-MHz
mobile telephone model, i.e., a λ/4 monopole antenna mounted
on a rectangular metal box with dimensions of 4 × 2 × 11 cm.
The monopole antenna was mounted on the right-hand corner
of the metal box, which was in the far end with respect to the
side of the earpiece. The earpiece location on the metal box was
aligned to the center of the auditory canal.
Fig. 2. Comparison of derived and measured dielectric properties of rat tissues
as a function of age at 900 MHz. (a) Relative permittivity and (b) conductivity.
To examine the age effect of dielectric properties on the spa-
tial peak SAR, we employed a 7-year-old head model and a
3-year-old head model. As described in [7], based on a Japanese
statistical database on children’s head, we divided the head into
seven parts and then derived the scaling factor for each part. Us-
ing the different scaling factors, we generated the two child head
models via scaling an MRI-based Japanese adult head model. In
comparison with the statistically averaged dimensions of chil-
dren’s head, the scaled two child head models have an accuracy
of within ±20%, respectively. This means that the scaled child
head models are a reasonable approximation to actual children’s
head shape, although they are not a prefect representation of the
anatomy of children. Similar to the original adult head model,
the two child head models have a resolution of 2 mm and consist
of 17 different tissue types. Since the pinna is pressed against
the head during the use of mobile telephones, we adjusted its
shape to have a thickness just touching the vertically aligned
handset in order to simulate a pressed situation. As a result, the
thickness of the pinna was 16 mm in adult, 16 mm in 7-year-old,
and 14 mm in 3-year-old head models.
For the adult head model, we employed the dielectric prop-
erties that were derived with the 4-cole-cole extrapolation by
Gabriel [14] for various tissues. For the child head models, we
applied the empirical formula of (3) in which εrA and τ were
based on adult’s tissue data in [14], and the hydrated rate α
410 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 48, NO. 2, MAY 2006
TABLE I
RAT’S DIELECTRIC PEOPERTIES DERIVED FROM AN EMPIRICIAL FORMULA AND THIER DIFFERENCES [%] IN PARENTHESIS FROM MEASURED DATA
Fig. 3. Mobile telephone and 7-year-old head models.
TABLE II
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ADULT AND CHILDREN THE CHILDREN’S ONES
ARE DERIVED BASED ON THE TOTAL BODY WATER (TBW) FOR AGES
was based on the TBW database for humans as a function of
age, which is shown in Appendix (Fig. A1). Table II gives the
dielectric properties for both adult and children. The latter was
derived with the above-mentioned empirical formula.
It should be noted that the TBW is not guaranteed to be
the same in various human tissues because the developmental
change of tissues may be quite different. However, in view of
the acceptable accuracy for dielectric properties of rat tissues
derived from the TBW, applying the data in Table II for the SAR
calculation of children should be a reasonable approximation.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Spatial Peak SAR
Fig. 4 shows the FDTD-calculated 1-and 10-g averaged spa-
tial peak SARs for an antenna output of 0.27 W. It should be
Fig. 4. FDTD-calculated 1- and 10-g averaged spatial peak SARs for the adult
and child head models with different dielectric properties at 900 MHz. The
antenna output was 0.27 W. Also shown are resistive components of the antenna
input impedance.
noted that the 1- and 10-g averaged spatial peak SARs were cal-
culated according to the standard averaging procedure defined
in IEEE Std C95.3-2002 [15]. That is to say simply, the spatial
average SAR was evaluated in cubical volumes that contain a
mass within 5% of 1 or 10 g, and the cubical volume centered
at each voxel was expanded in all directions until the desired
mass reached with no surface boundary of the averaging volume
extending beyond the most exterior surface of the head. Since
the pinna should be considered as an extremity, we excluded it
during the averaging process. As a result, we found that both the
1- and 10-g averaged spatial peak SARs had almost the same
values as those with the adult dielectric properties. In com-
parison with the adult dielectric properties, the child dielectric
properties resulted only in a difference of 1.3% at maximum for
the 1- and 10-g averaged spatial peak SAR. This implies that
the age effect on the spatial peak SAR of dielectric properties is
negligible.
Fig. 4 also shows the resistive components of antenna input
impedance Re[Zin ] with bars. First, Re[Zin ] for child head mod-
els exhibited smaller values than that for the adult head model,
and consequently, the spatial peak SARs in child head models
were somewhat higher. This phenomenon has been discussed
in detail in [7], and whether higher peak SAR occurs in the
child heads actually depends on the antenna input impedance.
Second, for the same child head models, the child dielectric
properties did not result in a significant change in Re[Zin ], and
consequently no significant change was observed in the 1- or
10-g averaged spatial peak SAR.
However, as shown in Table I, the derived dielectric prop-
erties for rats exhibit a difference of ±20% at maximum from
WANG et al.: APPROXIMATION OF AGING EFFECT ON DIELECTRIC TISSUE PROPERTIES FOR 411

the measured data. In particular, the empirical formula gave a

higher permittivity of 18% for the skull and underestimated the
conductivity of brain by 19%. Such an uncertainty may also
exist for human tissues. To clarify its influence on the SAR, we
made another two simulations. In the first simulation, we em-
ployed 20% higher permittivity and conductivity for the brain
(grey matter and white matter) and 20% less permittivity and
conductivity for the skull (bone and bone marrow) in the 3-year-
old model, compared to the child properties derived from the
empirical formula. As a result, we could confirm that the cal-
culated 1- and 10-g and ten-gram averaged spatial peak SARs
only varied within 4% compared to the data in Fig. 4. In the sec-
ond simulation, as an extreme case, we employed 20% higher
Fig. 5. Calculation method of penetration depth.
conductivity and 20% lower permittivity for both the brain and
skull, which should result in the greatest error in predicted SAR
because the high conductivity will increase the SAR and the
TABLE III
low permittivity will increase the penetration depth. The re- PENETRATION DEPTH DERIVED FROM ANATOMICAL HEAD MODELS
sult showed an increase of 4.8% for the 1-g averaged peak
SAR and an increase of 9.2% for the 10-g averaged peak SAR,
compared to the data in Fig. 4. This means that the age effect
on the spatial peak SAR of dielectric properties is unlikely to
exceed 10%.

B. Penetration Depth
To clarify whether there is a deeper penetration in the child
heads, we attempted the calculation of penetration depth of elec-
tromagnetic fields for mobile telephones, which is considered
as the distance where the SAR decreases to e−2 of the value
at head surface. However, there is not a standard method for
the penetration depth calculation. One method often used is
to apply the exponential regression to approximate the SAR
profile along a horizontal line starting from the mobile tele-
phone side to another side of the head, and then derive the
penetration depth where the SAR decreases to e−2 of the sur-
face value. This method, however, does not give a unique so-
lution because there are so many choices for the horizontal
lines.
We therefore proposed a new method for the penetration depth
calculation. Although the method was described for a mobile
telephone aligning with the head, it should be applicable to the
more popular usage of mobile telephones such as the cheek
and tilted positions defined in compliance testing. As shown
in Fig. 5, we first defined the SAR value at the head tissue
voxel nearest the antenna feeding point as the SAR at the head
surface. We then searched all the voxels where the SAR values
were within (e−2 ± 1%) times the SAR at the head surface.
From the average distance between these voxels to the defined
head surface voxel, we derived an averaged penetration depth,
which is a unique and reasonable solution.
Table III gives the penetration depths for the adult, 7-year-
old, and 3-year-old head models. Also shown in the table are
the standard deviations and the voxel numbers that met with
(e−2 ± 1%) times the surface SAR value. As can be seen in
the table, the electromagnetic penetration for the adult and
children had almost the same depth, both around 50 mm at
900 MHz. Moreover, it is interesting to note that the penetration
depth in children heads is actually somewhat shallower than
that in the adult head because the electromagnetic field attenu-
ation in higher dielectric property tissues or children tissues is
larger.
C. Physical Consideration
The above results are easy to understand when we consider
a plane wave incident to a semi-infinite multislab of tissues.
Different from the near-field exposure for anatomical head
models, an analytical expression is now available which
provides a physical insight into the results. As a primary step
for the physical insight, we considered a plane wave incident
normally to the multislab.
Fig. 6(a) shows the semi-infinite multislab structure consist-
ing of skin, fat, muscle, skull, and brain. Referring to the data of
human head tissue thickness given in [16], we determined two
models, Models A and B, which have the typical tissue thick-
ness for adults and children, respectively, as given in Table IV.
For the multislab structure, we replaced it by a transmission line
model as given in Fig. 6(b). At depth x from the surface x1 (= 0),
we have (4), shown at the bottom of the next page, based on the
transmission line theory, where ρm , σm , γm , and z0m are the
mass density, conductivity, propagation constant, and charac-
teristic impedance, respectively, and zim is the input impedance
looking toward the right side for the mth layer. Denoted by εrm ,
the relative permittivity for the mth layer, we have

γm = jω µ0 ε0 (εrm − jσm /ωε0 ) (5)

µ0
Z0m = (6)
ε0 (εrm − jσm /ωε0 )
412
Fig. 6. (a) Five-layer slab model with a plane wave incident normally to it. (b)
Equivalent transmission line model.
TABLE IV
TISSUE THICKNESS OF MULTISLAB MODEL
Zi(m +1) + Z0m tanh[γm (xm +1 − xm )]
Zim = Z0m (7)
Z0m + Zi(m +1) tanh[γm (xm +1 − xm )]
Zi5 = Z05 .
Fig. 7 shows normalized SAR profiles for the two multislab
models with different dielectric properties, which demonstrates
the exponential SAR decrease with depth, although there were
two steep falls in the fat and skull layers. The penetration depths
were around 43 mm in Model A and were somewhat smaller
than that derived from the anatomical human head models. It
should be noted that for Model A with the adult, 7-year-old,
and 3-year-old dielectric properties, we found that the higher
dielectric properties give a higher SAR level at the surface of the
brain layer, but a more rapid SAR decrease with deepening into
the brain tissue. Moreover, Model B with 3-year-old dielectric
properties and thinner (child) tissue thickness exhibited a more
rapid SAR decrease and shallower penetration depth than Model
A with thicker (adult) tissue thickness. These phenomena are
identical to the FDTD-calculated results for the anatomical head
models. From the definition of SAR, a higher conductivity acts
toward increasing the SAR. On the other hand, the permittivity
also increases in child tissue, which acts toward decreasing
the electric field penetrating into the tissue. The two effects
cancel out because of their same degree of increase between
the conductivity and permittivity so that the spatial averaged
SAR does not change significantly between the adult and child
head models.
 
SAR(x) x ≥ xm (m ≥ 2) : ρ1σm
×  Πm −1 cosh{γ
= ρm σ1
SAR(x1 ) x < x2 : | cosh{γ1 (x − x1 )} − (Z01 /Zi1 ) sinh{γ1 (x − x1 )}|2
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 48, NO. 2, MAY 2006
Fig. 7. Normalized SAR profiles for the two five-layer slab models with dif-
ferent dielectric properties.
V. CONCLUSION
Because of the higher conductivity reported for young rats,
a question has risen for the employment of adult’s dielectric
properties in the peak SAR evaluation of child heads. To answer
this question, we have derived an empirical formula according
to Lichtenecker’s exponential law for the dielectric properties
of various tissues as a function of the hydrated rate or the TBW,
and confirmed its validity using the rats’ data measured by Pey-
man et al. Applying the formula via relating the TBW to the
ages, we have derived the dielectric properties in 7-year-old and
(8) 3-year-old child head models. We then have calculated the spa-
tial peak SAR for a 900-MHz mobile telephone with respect to
the ages. As a result, we have found that the dielectric properties
for the child head models do not affect significantly the 1- or
10-g averaged spatial peak SAR. Even in an extreme case, the
increased 1- or 10-g averaged spatial peak SAR is still within
10%. This finding could be explained as a cancellation of the
increased conductivity and decreased electric field penetrating
into tissue because of the same degree of increase between the
conductivity and permittivity in children compared to adults.
Moreover, the calculation of the penetration depth in child head
models has exhibited an almost same value as or somewhat
smaller value than that in the adult model.
Of course, the validity of the proposed approach to derive the
dielectric properties for aged tissues was confirmed only in rats
and not in humans. Its validity to humans needs to be proven via
high-precision dielectric property measurement, which should
be a subject for further studies.
APPENDIX
The hydrated rate α is related to the total body water (TBW)
by α = ρ · TBW where ρ is the tissue density. Fig. A1 shows the
TBW as a function of age for humans, which is based on the data
in [12]. As can be seen, the TBW varies to a great extent under
3-year-old, but becomes insignificant to ages over 3-year-old.
2
 cosh{γ m (x−x m )}−(Z 0m /Z i m ) sinh{γ m (x−x m )} 
−x )}+(Z /Z −x

k =1
(x
k k +1 k 0k i k +1) sinh{γ (x
k k +1 k )} (4)
WANG et al.: APPROXIMATION OF AGING EFFECT ON DIELECTRIC TISSUE PROPERTIES FOR
Fig. 8. TBW of humans.
In a total trend, the TBW may be fitted with the equation given
in Fig. 8. To obtain the hydrated rate α needed in (3), the tissue
density ρ is necessary for the derivation of dielectric properties
from the TBW. However, there is no enough data to take into ac-
count the change in ρ with the water amount, and consequently
we have to assume a direct link between α and TBW by a fixed
tissue density, as tabulated in Table II. The errors in total for
this approach, including those due to the fixed tissue density,
are acceptable in rat’s case, as can be seen in Table I.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Mr. H. Kodama, Nagoya In-
stitute of Technology, for his assistance in deriving the empirical
formula of dielectric properties.
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Jianqing Wang (M’99) received the B.E. degree in
electronic engineering from the Beijing Institute of
Technology, Beijing, China, in 1984 and the M.E. and
D.E. degrees in electrical and communication engi-
neering from the Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan,
in 1988 and 1991, respectively.
He was a Research Associate at the Tohoku Uni-
versity and a Senior Engineer at Sophia Systems Co.,
Ltd. In 1997, he joined the Nagoya Institute of Tech-
nology, Nagoya, Japan, where he is currently a Pro-
fessor. His research interests include biomedical com-
munications and electromagnetic compatibility.
Osamu Fujiwara (M’84) received the B.E. degree in
electronic engineering from the Nagoya Institute of
Technology, Nagoya, Japan, in 1971 and the M.E. and
D.E. degrees in electrical engineering from Nagoya
University, Nagoya, Japan, in 1973 and 1980, respec-
tively.
From 1973 to 1976, he worked in the Central Re-
search Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Japan,
where he was engaged in research and development of
system packaging designs for computers. From 1980
to 1984, he was with the Department of Electrical
Engineering at Nagoya University. In 1984, he moved to the Nagoya Institute
of Technology, where he is presently a Professor at the Graduate School of
Engineering. His research interests include measurement and control of electro-
magnetic interference due to discharge, bioelectromagnetics, and other related
areas of electromagnetic compatibility.
Dr. Fujiwara is a Member of the IEE of Japan and of the IEICE.
Soichi Watanabe (S’93–M’96) received the B.E.,
M.E., and D.E. degrees in electrical engineering from
the Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in
1991, 1993, and 1996, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of In-
formation and Communications Technology (NICT),
Tokyo. His main interest is research on biomedical
electromagnetic compatibility.
Dr. Watanabe is a Member of the IEE Japan, IEICE
Japan, and the Bioelectromagnetics Society. He was
the recipient of a number of awards, including the
1996 International Scientific Radio Union (URSI) Young Scientist Award, 1997
Best Paper Award of IEICE, 1998 Young Researcher’s Award of IEICE, and
The Roberts Prize for best paper published in Physics in Medicine and Biology
in 2004.