02/11/2020

UNSYIAH
Universitas Syiah Kuala

Fisiologi Mikroba (MBI313)

Kuliah 7
METABOLISME SUBSTRAT
NON-GLUKOSA
Dr. Suhartono, M.Sc  Jurusan Biologi FMIPA  Unsyiah

Introduction
• Hampir semua senyawa organik alami
dapat dimanfaatkan melalui metabolisme
utama
• Senyawa tersebut dirubah menjadi senyawa
antara/intermediat
• Termasuk:
• Hidrolisis polimer
• Penggunaan senyawa aromatik

‹#›

1
 02/11/2020

‹#›

Hidrolisis polimer
• Hidrolisis: memecah polimer
menjadi monomernya dengan
menggunakan molekul air
• Kebalikan dari reaksi dehidrasi

‹#›

2
 02/11/2020

(a) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer

1 2 3 4

Hydrolysis adds
a water molecule,
breaking a bond.

1 2 3

‹#›

(b) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer

1 2 3

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Dehydration removes
a water molecule,
forming a new bond.

1 2 3 4

Longer polymer
‹#›

3
 02/11/2020

‹#›

Monosaccharides (D-aldoses)

‹#›

4
 02/11/2020

Triose

Tetrose

Pentose

Hexose

‹#›

Hidrolisis Pati
• Pati:
• Amilosa: ikatan glukosida -1,4, didegradasi oleh
amilase
• Amilopektin: ikatan glukosida -1,6, didegradasi
oleh pululanase dan isoamilase
• Pati paling umum dijumpai pada tumbuhan
sebagai cadangan makanan
• Prokariot menggunakan amilase untuk
memanfaatkan pati menjadi sumber energi dan
karbon
• Bacillus, Pseudomonas, dan Clostridium

‹#›

10

5
 02/11/2020

Amilase
• -amilase:
• Endoglukanase yang menghidrolisis ikatan
glukosida -1,4
• Menghasilkan dekstrin, maltose dan glukosa
• -amilase:
• Eksoglukanase yang membuang gugus maltose
dari ujung –non pereduksi amilosa

‹#›

11

‹#›

12

6
 02/11/2020

Starch Structure

Amylopectin
‹#›

13

Hidrolisis Selulosa
• Senyawa organic yang paling melimpah
• Memiliki ikatan glikosida -1,4 tanpa rantai
samping
• Membutuhkan tiga enzim untuk hidrolisis
• endo--glucanase
• exo-- glucanase (- glucan cellobiohydrolase)
• cellobiase ( glucosidase).
• Beberapa bakteri: Cellulomonas flavigena and
Clostridium thermocellum menghasilkan ketiga
enzim

‹#›

14

7
 02/11/2020

‹#›

15

‹#›

16

8
 02/11/2020

‹#›

17

Hidrolisis lain: hemiselulosa,

pektin, dan kitin
• Hemiselulosa: heteropolisakarida yang terdiri
dari berbagai pentose dan heksosa dan
turunannya yang terikat dengan ikatan
glikosida.
• Mikroorganisme, terutama selulolitik, dapat
menggunakan heteropolisakarida sebagai
sumber energi dan C.
• Enzim ekstraseluler hemiselulase
• Xilosa: monoskarida pada hemiselulase
• Hemiselulase: xylanase

‹#›

18

9
 02/11/2020

Hidrolisis lain: hemiselulosa,

pektin, dan kitin
• Pectin: a methyl ester of -1,4-
polygalacturonate.
• Enymes:
• Pectin esterase hydrolyzes the ester bond to
produce methanol,
• Endo- and exotype pectinases degrade -1,4-
polygalacturonate to galacturonate.
• Bacillus polymyxa, Erwinia carotovora and
several other bacteria can produce these
enzymes.

‹#›

19

‹#›

20

10
 02/11/2020

Hidrolisis lain: hemiselulosa,

pektin, dan kitin
• Chitin: the structure of poly--1,4-N-acetylglucosamine and the
major constituent of fungal cell walls and the exoskeletons of
insects and crustaceans.
• The second most abundant in the biosphere after cellulose.
• Chitin has a crystalline structure and degradation requires more
than one enzyme.
• Chitinase is produced by many soil bacteria including
Chromobacterium violaceum, Serratia marcescens, Serratia
plymuthica, Serratia liquefaciens, Aeromonas hydrophila,
Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Pseudomonas chitinovorans, Bacillus circulans, Streptomyces
lividans, andStreptomyces griseus.
• The enzyme hydrolyzes -1,4 bonds to produce N-
acetylglucosamine.
• Chitin deacetylase removes acetate from chitin to chitosan, which is
hydrolyzed to glucosamine by chitinase

‹#›

21

‹#›

22

11
 02/11/2020

‹#›

23

Fosforilase Disakarida
• Some disaccharides are imported into the cell
and utilized through non-hydrolytic enzymes.
• These enzymes phosphorylate a
monosaccharide of the disaccharide using
inorganic phosphate liberating the other
monosaccharide in the free form.
• These enzymes are referred to as
phosphorylases.

‹#›

24

12
 02/11/2020

‹#›

25

Penggunaan Senyawa Aromatik

• The metabolism of aromatic compounds can be
divided into two steps.
• In the first step monooxygenases incorporate hydroxyl
groups into the benzene ring.
• Through this step, aromatic compounds are converted to one
of three intermediates:
• Protocatechuate: Aromatics with a hydroxyl group
• catechol : aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds with amino
groups and lignin monomers
• Gentisate: from naphthalene, 3-hydroxybenzoate, phenol
derivatives, 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoate, and other substances
• The benzene rings of these intermediates are opened
up by dioxygenases
• After the ring fission reactions, the products are metabolized
to succinate, acetyl-CoA, pyruvate and acetaldehyde

‹#›

26

13
 02/11/2020

‹#›

27

‹#›

28

14
 02/11/2020

‹#›

29

‹#›

30

15
 02/11/2020

UNSYIAH
Universitas Syiah Kuala

Terima kasih

31

16