¢he main aim of this laboratory #0 is to get familiar and comfortable with the task of
operating the lab equipments such as the digital multimeter, the digital oscilloscope, and the
In addition, the lab helps to reinforce and confirm the validity of the theory learnt during
lecture such as the Kirchhoff¶s current law (KCL), the Kirchhoff¶s voltage law (KVL) and
4.c Protoboard
5.c Six resistors with a nominal value of 1 k, 2.2 k, 3.3 k, 4.7 k, 6.8 k and 10 k
¢his laboratory section requires one to apply the concepts learnt during lecture.
Ohm¶s law states that the voltage across conducting materials is directly proportional to the
·
Resistors have resistance and resistance between two points simply refers to the resistance to
the flow of current between those two points for a given voltage between them.
·
Kirchhoff¶s Voltage and Current Laws (KVL and KCL) help to provide a technique for
1.c 10=V1+V2
2.c 10=V1+V3
3.c 10=V1+V4
iccording to KCL, the sum of currents entering a node (or junction between two or more
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In the ¢able 1 above, the actual resistances of the resistors were measured using the
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¢he above ¢able 2 represents the equivalent resistance of the six circuits presented in the lab
manual from Figure 1. ¢he theoretical equivalent resistances were calculated using the
nominal and actual values of the resistors. ¢hey were calculated using the method presented
in the background section (See Calculation at the back). ¢hen, the measured resistances were
From ¢able 2, Circuit 2 and Circuit 3 have the same equivalent resistance values for the
theoretical and the measured. It is mainly due to the fact that they both have their resistors
arranged in a parallel manner, the only thing that is different is the way the parallel
arrangement is oriented (Figure 1 in lab manual). Circuit 5 is an open circuit, thus the resistor
would have an infinite resistance and there would not be any current.
From ¢able 3 above, the value of the iC voltage and the iC current are both zero since only
a 6V ÿC is being supplied and so there would not be any fluctuation in the circuit for voltage
and current. ¢his corresponds to the zero value for the iC voltage and iC current.
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¢he data presented in ¢able 4 is in a reverse position from that in Step 3 and now sinusoid
waveform with a 6 V amplitude at 1 kHz is being applied and thus the significant value will
For the data analysis in ¢able 5, 6 and 7, we have selected the following values for the 3
resistors: R1= 1 k, R2=4.7 k and R3=10 k. In ¢able 5 and 6 above, the theoretical
portion of the data was calculated using the nodal analysis method (See calculation at the
back). ¢able 7 shows that the 3 resistors in Figure 3 of the lab manual absorb power while the
voltage source supplies the power. ¢he slight difference between the values of the resistors in
the three columns of ¢able 7 might be attributed to the significant figures involved.
Otherwise, the three methods provide three equivalent ways of deriving power.
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Question 1
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From the above, the percentage errors between the theoretical and measured values are
basically small. ¢hus, the theoretical theory correctly predicts the calculation of the
Question 2
Question 3
Supplying 100 volts ÿC across the 1 k resistor would generate a power value of 10 W (See
calculation at the back). ¢his will exceed the power rating of the resistor which will cause it
to overheat and burn. Moreover, applying a 100 volt supply is not safe.
Question 4
¢here was a difference between the ÿC and the iC measurements on the ÿMM for Step 3
and 4. ¢his was because a ÿC voltage supply was used in step 3 while an iC voltage supply
was used in Step 4. ¢he voltage supply in Step3 is independent of time while that in Step 4 is
dependent on time. ¢his explains the significant results of the ÿC voltage and current in step
3 and also the significant results of the iC voltage and current in step 4.
In step 3, the iC voltage and current are both 0 V and 0 i respectively. On the other hand,
the ÿC voltage and current in step 4 are observed to be small in values. One plausible
explanation for those values might be due to the electrical noise in the digital multimeter.
Question 5
¢he peak-to-peak voltage measured on the oscilloscope in step 4 is basically twice the
amplitude of the voltage (2 V0) while the iC voltage on the ÿMM has a time component to it
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¢hus, this might explain for the difference in the two values.
Question 6
¢he current and voltage measurements of step 5 satisfy KCL and KVL (See calculation at the
back).
Question 7
Question 9
Reason: ill the resistors present in Figure 3 of the lab manual absorb power while the voltage
source is the only one that generates power. From the calculations done at the back and also
referring to ¢able 7, it can be seen that the power generated by the voltage source is
equivalent to the total power absorbed by the three resistors. ¢hus, we can conclude that
power is conserved.
Ê
¢he main conclusion that I can derive from this lab is that the Kirchhoff¶s current law (KCL)
and the Kirchhoff¶s voltage law (KVL) are satisfied as shown by the current and voltage