Cells:

Structure and Function

Nunung Harijati,
 Teori Sel
Teori Sel menyatakan bahwa :
– Semua makhluk hidup tersusun atas satu
atau lebih sel
– Sel merupakan satuan struktural terkecil dari
makhluk hidup, sel melakukan semua proses
kehidupan
– Sel berasal dari sel yang lain
 Bagian Utama Sel
• Membran sel
• Sitoplasma
• Inti

Tiga bagian utama sel

Sel Prokariotik dan Eukariotik
 prokariot

Gram positif dan

Gram negatif
 Prokariotik Eukariotik
prokariot (pro, sebelum; ♣
karyon, nukleus) Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
Bacteria, Archaebacteria Animalia
Contoh: eukariot (eu, proper; karyon,
Streptococcus thermophilus nukleus)

Rod-Shaped Bacterium, E. coli, dividing by binary fission

(TEM x92,750). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel
 bakteri

Rod-Shaped Bacterium, E. coli, dividing by binary fission

(TEM x92,750). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel
 Summary of differences
Prokaryotic Cells
small cells (< 5 mm)
always unicellular
no nucleus or any membrane-bound
organelles
DNA is circular, without proteins
ribosomes are small (70S)
no cytoskeleton
cell division is by binary fission
reproduction is always asexual
Eukaryotic cells
larger cells (> 10 mm)
often multicellular
always have nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles
DNA is linear and associated with
proteins to form chromatin
ribosomes are large (80S)
always has a cytoskeleton
cell division is by mitosis or meiosis
reproduction is asexual or sexual
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
•Lysosomes •Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria •Ribosomes
• Chloroplast •Cytoskeleton •Nuclear Zone
•Centriole •DNA
• Ribosomes •Plasmid
•Cilium and
• RER •Cell Membrane
Flagellum
• SER Cell Wall
•Microvilli •Capsule
• Golgi body •Cell membrane •Flagellum
• Vacuoles •Cell Wall
 SEL EUKARIOT
Eukariot : algae, fungi, tumbuhan, hewan

Struktur sel eukariot secara mendasar : SAMA

• Organel : komponen internal bermembran

• Organel : inti, mitokondria, plastida, vakuola, ♣
retikulum endoplasma
• Struk td bermembran : ribosom, mikrotubul
• Sitosol : lrt berair dalam sel seperti gel
• Sitoplasma : sitosol + komponen subselluler ۞
(selain inti)
• Protoplasma : sitoplasma + inti
 Organel Sel
• Organel sel : suatu
struktur di dalam
sitoplasma yang
mempunyai tugas
khusus
– Mitokondria
– Retikulum
endoplasma
– Badan Golgi
– Vakuola
– Lisosom
 Membran Sel
• Membran sel
(=membran plasma)
merupakan lapisan
tipis yang menutupi
sel
• Fungsi : melindungi
bagian dalam sel,
regulasi transport
nutrisi/molekul, Membran sel
mempertahankan
integritas sel
Membran
* Struktur dasar : lipid bilayer, tersusun terutama
dari fosfolipid
* bersifat fluid

Fosfolipid : molekul amfipatik yang mempunyai kepala

hidrofilik dan ekor hidrofobik
 Inti
• Bentuk bulat
• Mengontrol semua
aktivitas dan
reproduksi sel
• Terdapat DNA yang
berisi informasi untuk
menjalankan aktivitas
sel
Inti

nuclear envelope
50 nm

>100 protein ∅ 65-75 nm

allow free 9 nm
>9 nm ditranspot
aktiv
 Kromosom Densely staining : heterokromatin
Light staining : eukromatin

Arg & ly , basic

Transkripsi gen mRNA

kromosom

Linker DNA
Core of histone

nucleo DNA
some
Nukleolus :
• Sintesis & pemasakan rRNA
• Asembling sub unit ribosom
• Per menit : 10000 ribosom dibuat oleh sel
• Ukuran besar : banyak mensintesis protein
Ribosomes
Ribosom
•Eu : jutaan Ribosom
•Tempat sintesis protein
•Menempel pada retikulum
endoplasma, atau
•Bebas pada sitoplasma
• Dua sub unit, diasembling di
nukleolus dari RNA dan protein
•Di sitosol berasosiasi dg
mRNA

* Ke lumen mitokondria atau

transpot ke vakuola /lisosom
 Sistem endomembran
• Secara fisik sinambung: nuclear envelope,
RE,Golgi,lisosom, berbagai vakuola,
membran sel
• Secara fisik tida k sinambung (vesikula-
>kantung membran)
Retikulum endoplasma

Binding protein
Disulfida
isomerase
Retikulum Endoplasma (RE)
RE kasar :
• Sintesis protein dan glikoprotein

RE halus
• Sintesis lipid (oil, steroid)
• Sintesis fosfolipid dan kolesterol
• Metabolisme karbohidrat
• Detoksifikasi obat larut lemak dan produk
metabolik berbahaya/beracun.
• Enzim cytochrome P 450 mengubah senyawa
(toksik) tidak larut air menjadi larut, kmd di move
out dr sel dan diekskresikan ke rine
Badan
Golgi

Modifikasi bag
KH glikoprotein

Mengubah
fosfolipid
membran

Produksi makro
molekul (pektin,
nonselluklosa)
 Badan Golgi
• Suatu struktur seperti kantong yang
berlipat-lipat
• Tempat maturasi protein setelah disintesis
di retikulum endoplasma
• manufacturing,warehousing, sorting, and
shipping produk dari RE (protein)
• Sebelum di-release dir sisi trans,produk di
tandai, dipilah-pilah dan diarahkan ke
tujuan
 Apparatus Golgi

4-10

*Tumb. Ratusan tumpuk, alga 1 tumpuk,

hewan 10 tumpuk
MT Golgi &
•RE halus------ cis budding
off
vesikula 50 nm
*RE kasar Æ Protein & glikoproteinÆbud
off-Æ proteoglikan
* Melakukan maturasi dan pemaketan
glikoprotein dan polisakarida
 Lisosom
• Lisosom : kantong bermembran berisi enzim
digesti
• Untuk membersihkan organel yang sudah usang
• Untuk fagositosis (amuba, protista)
• Berisi 40 enz. Hirolitik :protease, nuklease,
lipase, glikosidase
• Phagocytosis; lysosome digesting food
• Autophagy; lysosome breaking down
damaged organelles
 Plasma
membrane

Transport vesicle

Golgi apparatus

lysosom
food

autophagy

phagocytosis

Food vac + Hydrolytic enz

lysosome digest engulfed-
material
 Central Vacuole
• Main function = pressure = presses cell
contents against cell wall (plant wilts if vacuole
not filled with water)
• Small vacuoles = storage
• Ada 3 jenis vacuola :
a. Food vacuoles,
b. contractile vacuoles that pump excess
water out of the cel
c. central vacuole
Ringkasan endomembran
Organel yang mempunyai
DNA
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
 Mitokondria
• Tempat terjadinya
respirasi seluler
• Tempat dihasilkan
energi

Mitokondria
 Chloroplast
• Ditemukan pada tanaman
• Mempunyai membran dalam dan
membran luar (double membrane)
• Membran tilakoid internal mengandung
klorofil
• Klorofil menangkap dan merubah energi
matahari menjadi energi kimia
Chlorophyll captures light energy and
converts it to chemical energy
 Mitochondria and chloroplasts
• Mempunyai ribosom dan DNA (own
prokaryote-like genomes)
• Secara evolusi terbentuk dari bakteri yang
diendositosis
 Sitoskeleton:
Tubules and filaments
Fungsi Sitoskeleton : Support, Motility,
and Regulation

1. Cellular structure/shape
2. Movement of cell
3. Movement of molecules or
organelles within cell
Actin
microfilaments

Microtubules

Microtubules

Actin
microfilaments
Sitoskeleton (rangka sel)

Membran sel

Rough ER

ribosom

Intermediate filament 8-10 nm

mitochondrion Microtubule 25 nm
Microfilamen 7-8 nm
 The Structure and Function of the
Cytoskeleton
Property Microtubules Microfilaments ♣ Intermediate
♣ ♣
(Tubulin Polymers) (Actin filaments) filaments

Structure Hollow tubes; wall consists Two intertwined Fibrous proteins

of 13 columns of tubulin strands of actin, supercoiled into
molecules each a polymer of thicker cables
actin subunits
Diameter 25 nm with 15-nm lumen 7 nm 8-12 nm

Protein Tubulin, a dimer consisting Actin One of several

subunits of α-tubulin and β-tubulin different proteins
of the keratin
family, depending
on cell type
Main
functions
Animal cell

Not in animal
Chloroplast
Central vacuole
and tonoplast

cell wall

plasmodesmata
Plant cell

not in plant
lysosome
centriole
flagella
 Animal vs Plant

Animal Plant

No yes
central vacuole

yes no
lysosomes
No yes
Cell walls
No yes
chloroplas
 Extracellular matrix ♣
• The main ingredients of the ECM are
glycoproteins
• Substance in which multicellular animal
tissue cells are embedded
• Determines characteristics of tissue
 Vakuola

• Tempat menyimpan sementara (makanan, sisa

metabolisme, kelebihan air)
Sel Hewan dan Tanaman
Sel Hewan dan Tanaman

Sel Hewan Sel Tanaman

Vakuola Tidak ada Ada

Lisosom Ada Tidak ada

Dinding Sel Tidak ada Ada

Kloroplas Tidak ada Ada

Sel Hewan atau Sel Tanaman
 Struktur dan Fungsi Sel

ORGANISME

Uniseluler Multiseluler
proses kehidupan terjadi Proses kehidupan terjadi
pada sel yang sama pada sel dengan ukuran,
bentuk dan fungsi berbeda
Mengapa sel eukariotik mempunyai
organel bermembran

Spesialisasi
fungsi (kompleksitas)
Mengapa sel eukariotik mempunyai organel
bermembran

Untuk mempertahankan molekul dalam

konsentrasi tertentu pada kompartemen
 Cell-Surface Structures
• Eukariot Prokariot
cell wall
Cellulose or chitin peptidoglycan

Hans Christian Gram,

Gram-positive Gram-negative
bacteria have simpler bacteria have less peptidoglycan and
walls with a relatively are structurally more complex, with an
large mount of pepti- outer membrane that contains
doglycan lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates
bonded to lipids)
 Bakteri Gram positif dan Gram
negative
Violet dye,
Iodine,
rinse
alcohol,
red dye

♣
Gram staining : Samples are first stained with crystal
violet dye and iodine, then rinsed in alcohol, and finally
stained with a red dye such as safranin

Gram-positive bacteria have a

thick cell wall made of
peptidoglycan that traps the
crystal violet in the cytoplasm.
The alcohol rinse does not
remove the crystal violet.
which masks the added red
safranin dye
 Resisten antibiotik

Gram·negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan,

and it is located in a layer between the plasma membrane and
an outer membrane. The crystal violet is easily rinsed from the
cytoplasm, and the cell appears pink or red
 Sitoplasma
• Sitoplasma :
bagian dalam sel,
selain nukleus
• Sitosol : bagian di
luar organel sel
 protista
• Protista adl eukariot not belonging kingdom
plant, animal, funal
• Protista dapat :
unisel, koloni, multiseluler
mempy berbagai bent seluler ( flagellata,
amuba, plasmodia, filament multiselluler,
jaringan ‘parenchymatous’)
• Majority protista adalah aquatik, memp flagella,
silia.
• Nutrisi protista diperoleh secra Foto-S, parasitis,
predasi dan absorbsi
ECM
Struktur membran
 Fungsi mikrotubule ♠

• Maintenance of cell shape (compression-

resisting "girders")
• Cell motility (as in cilia or flagella)
• Chromosome movements in cell division
• Organelle movements
Fungsi mikrofilament (filamen aktin)
♠
• Maintenance ofcell shape (tension-bearing
elements)
• Changes in cell shape
• Muscle contraction
• Cytoplasmic streaming
• Cell motility (as in pseudopodia)
• Cell division (cleavage furrow formation)
 Intermediate filament ♠

• Maintenance of cell shape (tension-

bearing elements)
• Anchorage of nucleus and certain other
organelles
• Formation of nuclear lamina
Mikrograf
fibroblast-
tubulin
Mikrograf
fibroblast-
mikrofilant
Mikrograf
fibroblast-
intermediate
filamen
 Intercellular Junctions
• In Plant
Junction
tight in animal

anchoring

gap