2G Review: GSM
Services
Architecture
Protocols
Call setup
Mobility management
Security
HSCSD
GPRS
Architecture
Protocols
QoS
EDGE
UMTS
2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS
Transmission
ATM based
Base station Base station ISDN
Base station MSC GMSC
controller GSM Core
GSM (Circuit
RAN switched)
Base station
HLR
GSM AuC
EIR
Uplink Downlink
890 MHz 915 MHz 935 MHz 960 MHz
Uplink
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4,615 ms
= 1250 bit time
p s)
s
ps
bp
0,8 s
kb
(27 kbp
ps
kb
4k
kb
,8
-10
,8
22
9,6
33
64
Channel Modulation
Voice coding Framing
coding (GMSK)
114 bit/slot
114 + 42 bit
current MSC 10 10 13 10
16
8, 9: get current status of MS
BSS BSS BSS
10, 11: paging of MS
11 11 11
12, 13: MS answers
14, 15: security checks 11 12
16, 17: set up connection 17
MS
∑ Signalling
Paging
Cost
RA RA Location
Update
RA
RA RA RA
Location
Update
Location
Update
Location
Update
Mobile Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel Jan. 2008 9
Handover
The problem:
Change the cell while
communicating
Link quality
exceeded (e.g. Timing cell 1
advance in GSM) Handover margin
(avoid ping-pong
Overload in current cell effect)
Maintenance
cell 2
„Make-before-break“ strategy
HO decision
HO required HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
HO complete HO complete
clear command clear command
SRES 32 bit
RAND
Ki RAND RAND Ki
AuC 128 bit 128 bit SIM
128 bit 128 bit
A8 A8
cipher Kc
key 64 bit mobile network (BTS) Kc
64 bit
data encrypted SRES
data
BTS data MS
A5 A5
adaptive EDGE
modulation
Macro diversity
space
Spectral
efficency diversity Intelligent antennas
time Equalizer
adaptive
interference redundancy HSCSD
GPRS
continuous
Dynamic bursty
Frequency Interference
channel cancelation
hopping
allocation (multi-user Data
detection)
traffic
Downlink
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2
Uplink
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2
Transmission
ATM based
Base station Base station ISDN
Base station MSC GMSC
controller GSM Core
GSM (Circuit
RAN switched)
Base station
HLR
AuC
EIR
GSM+GPRS
SGSN
Inter-
net
GPRS Core GGSN
(Packet
Switched)
Multiplexing
TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 carrier
Multislot capability
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
MS BSS SGSN
Um Gb Gn GGSN Gi
appl.
IP/X.25 IP/X.25
SNDCP GTP
SNDCP GTP
LLC LLC UDP UDP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
RLC BSSGP
MAC MAC
FR FR L1/L2 L1/L2
radio radio
BSSGP: Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol (control plane: routing & QoS)
SNDCP: Subnetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol (mapping, segmentation,
header compression)
Mobile Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel Jan. 2008 19
GPRS services
End-to-end packet switched traffic (peak channel rates)
28 kbps (full use of 3 time slots, CS-1: FEC)
171.2 kbps (full use of 8 time slots, CS-4: no FEC)
EDGE Technology:
EDGE can carry data speeds up to 236.8 kbit/s for 4
UE 1
timeslots (theoretical maximum is 473.6 kbit/s for 8
timeslots)
Adaptation of modulation depending
on quality of radio path
GMSK (GSM standard – 1 bit per symbol)
8-PSK (3 bits per symbol) NodeB
Adaptation of coding scheme depending
on quality of radio path (9 coding schemes)
Gain: data rate (gross) up to 69,2kbps (compare to
22.8kbps for GSM)
UE 2
complex extension of GSM!
MCS−1 (R=1/2)
MCS−2 (R=2/3)
5 MCS−3 (R=6/7)
MCS−4 (R=1)
MCS−5 (R=3/8)
MCS−6 (R=1/2)
4 MCS−7 (R=3/4)
MCS−8 (R=1)
Troughput S [kbps]
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
C/I [dB]
Mobile Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel Jan. 2008 22
2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS – UMTS R99/R3
Transmission
ATM based
Base station Base station ISDN
Base station MSC GMSC
controller GSM Core
GSM (Circuit
RAN switched)
Base station
Base station
Base station SGSN
Radio network Inter-
controller net
GPRS Core GGSN
Base station UTRAN (Packet
Switched)
Transmission
Base station IP based
Base station SGSN
Radio network Inter-
controller net
3G Core
GPRS Core GGSN
Base station UTRAN (Packet
Switched)