Salinan Terjemahan 4
Salinan Terjemahan 4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1677-2
Abstrak
Latar Belakang: Kurang Gizi Akut (wasting) adalah suatu kondisi dimana seorang anak menjadi terlalu
kurus untuk ukuran tinggi badannya karena berat badan turun atau gagal menambah berat badan.
Anak-anak yang wasting memiliki risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan
anak-anak normal. Ada sejumlah besar anak di Afrika dan Asia yang menderita segala bentuk gizi buruk.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan prevalensi kurus dan faktor terkait pada anak usia 6–59 bulan
di distrik Libokemkem, wilayah Amhara di Ethiopia.
Metode: Rancangan studi cross-sectional berbasis masyarakat digunakan dari tanggal 1 Juni hingga 30
Agustus 2017. Sebanyak 876 rumah tangga dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel
bertingkat bertingkat. Kuesioner terstruktur yang diberikan pewawancara digunakan untuk mengumpulkan
sosio demografi dan karakteristik lain dari peserta. Data antropometri dari anak-anak dikumpulkan
dengan menggunakan prosedur yang ditetapkan oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia / Dana Darurat Anak
Internasional Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Kebeles, unit administrasi terkecil negara, dikelompokkan
menjadi dua kelompok berdasarkan ada dan tidaknya program produksi beras. Kemudian, anak-anak
tersebut dipilih secara acak dari rumah tangga yang diikutsertakan dengan menggunakan teknik
pengambilan sampel secara acak sistematis. Untuk menjamin kualitas data, dilakukan pretest pada
5,00% dari total ukuran sampel. Data dikodekan dan dimasukkan menggunakan perangkat lunak Epi Info
versi 7 dan diekspor ke Paket Statistik untuk perangkat lunak Ilmu Sosial versi 20 untuk analisis lebih
lanjut. Analisis regresi logistik bivariat dan multivariat digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan yang
signifikan antara variabel independen dan dependen. Regresi logistik biner dijalankan untuk
mengidentifikasi variabel kandidat untuk regresi logistik multivariat. Variabel-variabel dengan p-value
<0,25 dimasukkan ke dalam analisis multivariat untuk memeriksa hubungan antara variabel independen
dan dependen. Asosiasi signifikan ditetapkan pada nilai p <0,05.
(Bersambung ke halaman berikutnya)
* Korespondensi: motbainor2@gmail.com
1
Sekolah Kesehatan Masyarakat, Sekolah Tinggi Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan,Bahir Dar
Universitas, PO Box: 79, 1000 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Daftar lengkap informasi penulis tersedia di akhir artikel
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Motbainor dan Taye BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19: 300 Halaman 2 dari 11
Tabel 1 Karakteristik sosio demografis peserta penelitian Distrik Libokemkem, wilayah Amhara, Ethiopia, 2017
Karakteristik / variabel Kategori Frekuensi (n) Persen (%) Ukuran keluarga 3 66 7,70 4–5 332 38,50
6 dan di atas 464 53,80
Pendapatan bulanan Di bawah 1500334 38,70 Diatas 1500 528 61,30
Suku Amhara 852 98,80 Tigrie 4 0,50
Oromo 6 0,70
Agama Ortodoks 846 98,10 Protestan 4 0,50
Muslim 12 1,40
Kepala Rumah Tangga Perempuan 100 11,60 Laki-laki 762 88,40
Kepemilikan lahan pertanian No 176 20,40 Ya 686 79,60
Kepemilikan Peternakan Tidak 171 19,80 Ya 691 80,20
Status Perkawinan Menikah 776 90,00 Perceraian 62 7,20
Janda 24 2,80
Tempat tinggal Pedesaan 609 70,60 Perkotaan 253 29,40
Gugus Tidak Program Produksi Beras 491 57,00 Program Produksi Beras 371 43,00
Pendidikan Ibu Tidak Pendidikan Formal 497 57,70 Pendidikan Formal 365 42,30
Pendidikan Ayah Tidak Pendidikan Formal 467 54,20 Pendidikan formal 395 45,80
Peternak pekerjaan ibu 578 67,10 Pedagang 284 32,90
Petani pekerjaan ayah 603 70 .00 Pedagang 162 18.80
Pemerintah mempekerjakan 97 11.30
Kekuatan Keputusan Ibu Tidak 173 20.10 Ya 689 79.90
Motbainor dan Taye BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19: 300 Halaman 6 dari 11
mengalami diare dalam 15 hari terakhir sebelum
waktu pengumpulan data (Tabel 2).
Tabel 3 Karakteristik dan asuhan ibu praktek peserta studi di distrik Libokemkem, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2017
Karakteristik / variabel Kategori Frekuensi (n) Persen (%) Usia Ibu dalam tahun ≤ 30.571 66.20> 30.291 33.802–3362
Jumlah total anak 1 149 17.3042.00
4 dan lebih 351 40,70
Jumlah total balita 1 449 52,10 2–3 413 47,90
Kunjungan ANC No 107 12,40 Ya 755 87,60
ASI Eksklusif Sebelum 6 bulan 84 9,70 6 bulan ke atas 778 90,30
Memulai ASI Sebelum 1 jam 401 46,50 1–24 jam 357 41,40
Setelah 1 hari 104 12.10
Makanan atau cairan pra-laktal Tidak 645 74,80 Ya 217 25,20
Makanan tambahan di bawah 6 bulan 101 11,70 Pada 6 bulan ke atas 761 88,30
Usia kehamilan saat lahir Sebelum 9 bulan 143 16,60 Pada 9 m Tanggal 719 83,40
Status Imunisasi Anak No 16 1,90 Ya 846 98,10
Vaksin Yang Diterima BCG Hanya 14 1,60 Penta valent 137 15,90
Campak 183 21,20
Semua vaksin 528 61,30
Tentang Keluarga Berencana No 379 44,00 Ya 483 56,00
Keluarga Berencana yang Digunakan Tidak 404 46,90 Ya 458 53,10
Urutan kelahiran 1 155 18.00 2–3 372 43.20
4 keatas 335 38.90
Tempat persalinan Di rumah 133 15.40 Pos kesehatan 63 7.30
Puskesmas 456
52.90 Rumah Sakit 210 24.40
kondisi kesehatan lingkungan frekuensi praktik
mencuci tangan diidentifikasi variabel sebagai
faktor yang signifikan: status pendidikan ibu, kandidat untuk analisis multivariat pada p-value
kekuatan pengambilan keputusan ibu, pemilik kapal kurang dari 0,25 dan variabel-variabel yang nilai p
tanah dan pendapatan bulanan. Usia anak, jenis kurang dari dari 0,05 dianggap terkait signifikan
kelamin anak dan adanya diare selama 15 hari dengan wasting.
terakhir sebelum survei juga dipilih untuk analisis Dalam analisis regresi logistik multivariat, cluster,
lebih lanjut berdasarkan kriteria. Selain itu dari jenis kelamin anak, usia anak, kekuatan pengambilan
karakteristik ibu dan praktik perawatan usia mulai keputusan dari
makanan pendamping dan dari
Motbainor dan Taye BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19: 300 Page 8 of 11
Variabel Frekuensi (%) Nilai-P
juga ditemukan bahwa, peluang anak yang ibunya
tidak memiliki kuasa untuk memutuskan bagaimana
uang yang diperoleh akan digunakan dalam rumah
Tabel 4 Faktor terkait dan status perbedaannya antara tangga adalah 3,89 kali lebih tinggi (AOR =
dua area menggunakan chi Uji-kuadrat, Kabupaten
Libokemkem 2017
Jumlah Nonprogram daerah kemungkinan anak-anak memutuskan bagaimana
3,89, 95% CI: 2.14, 7.10) yang ibunya memiliki uang yang diperoleh akan
Pendidikan Ibu) harus terbuang dari kekuatan untuk digunakan.
daerah program
Tidak ada pendidikan formal 208 (41.85) 289 (58.15) 497 0.41 Pendidikan formal 163 (44.65) 202 (55.35) 365 Daya
pengambilan keputusan 2.25, 95% CI: 1.25, 4.05) untuk menjadi kurus
Tidak 76 (43.93) 97 (56.07) 173 0.79 Ya 295 (42.82) 394 dibandingkan anak yang tidak diare dalam 2 minggu
(57.58) 689 Pendapatan bulanan terakhir. Usia anak saat memulai makanan
pendamping juga ditemukan sebagai variabel lain
<1500 Birr Ethiopia 130 (38.92) 204 (61.08) 334 0.05 ≥ 1500
yang secara signifikan terkait dengan wasting.
Birr Ethiopia 241 (45.64) 287 (54.36) 528 Jenis kelamin anak Peluang anak-anak yang mulai makanan pendamping
Perempuan 185 (44.79) 228 (55.21) 413 0.32 Laki-laki 186 sebelum 6 bulan adalah 2.32 kali lebih tinggi (AOR =
(41.43) 26.358.57) 449 Usia anak 2.32, 95% CI: 1.15, 4.70) untuk terbuang percuma
dibandingkan anak yang mulai MPASI pada usia 6
6–23 bulan 232 (41.28) 330 (58.72) 562 0.15 24–59 bulan
bulan ke atas (Tabel 5)).
139 (46.33) 161 (53.67) 300 Inisiasi pemberian makanan
pendamping Diskusi
<6 bulan 42 (42.58) 59 (58.42) 101 0.75 ≥ 6 bulan 329 (43.23) Intervensi yang dilaksanakan untuk mengatasi
432 (56.77) 761 Adanya diare beberapa masalah di masyarakat mungkin memiliki
hasil tambahan daripada tujuan utama program.
No 220 (44.27) 277 (55.73) 497 0.40 Ya 151 (41.37) 214
Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut intervensi pertanian
(58.63) 214 Frekuensi mencuci tangan
yang telah dilaksanakan untuk meningkatkan
<415 (33.76) 206 (66.24) 206 0.00 ≥ 4 266 (48.28) 285 produktivitas masyarakat dapat memberikan
(51.72) 285 kontribusi positif bagi perbaikan gizi kesehatan
masyarakat. Pasalnya, paket yang termasuk dalam
ibu, adanya diare selama 15 hari terakhir sebelum produktivitas pertanian sangat terkait dengan gizi
survei, pendidikan ibu, pendapatan bulanan dan usia anak. Literatur menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan
mulai MPASI diidentifikasi sebagai faktor signifikan antara intervensi pertanian dan hasil nutrisi [27].
yang berhubungan dengan wasting. Peluang Dengan cara yang sama, perbedaan status gizi anak
anak-anak dalam kelompok usia 6-23 bulan adalah di antara kedua wilayah tersebut mungkin disebabkan
3,34 kali lebih tinggi (AOR = 3,34, 95% CI: 1,47-7,59) oleh intervensi pertanian ini. Produksi tanaman kaya
untuk menjadi tidak sehat daripada kemungkinan nutrisi yang ditargetkan, kebun pekarangan dan
anak-anak dalam kelompok usia 24-59 bulan. diversifikasi sistem produksi pertanian hingga
Peluang anak-anak yang ibunya tidak memiliki buah-buahan dan sayuran serta budidaya perairan
pendidikan formal adalah 3,58 kali lebih tinggi (AOR = secara potensial dapat meningkatkan asupan nutrisi
3,58, 95% CI: 1,75, 7,32) menjadi lebih kecil daripada dan hasil nutrisi [27]. Although the current intervention
kemungkinan anak-anak yang ibunya memiliki is focusing on rice production and does not include
pendidikan formal. improvements in other types of agricultural products,
Peluang anak-anak dari rumah tangga dengan it shows that when the economic status of the
community is improved, the improvements extend to
pendapatan bulanan rendah adalah 3,30 kali lebih
child nutrition.
tinggi (AOR = 3,30, 95% CL: 1,54, 7,12) untuk
Food security does not always guarantee nutritional
disia-siakan daripada peluang anak-anak dari rumah
se curity by its own, but it can be a precursor for nutri
tangga dengan pendapatan bulanan tinggi. Demikian
tional improvements so long as the household
pula, peluang anak-anak di klaster atau wilayah
properly managed the available foods. Other research
penghasil bukan beras 3,16 kali lebih tinggi (AOR =
has shown that there tend to be nutritional
3.16, 95% CI: 1.58, 6.33) untuk terbuang
improvements when the households become foo
dibandingkan peluang anak-anak yang tinggal di
secured and have better eco nomic status [28].
klaster produksi beras. Itu
Besides the effects of the rice production program,
Kemungkinan yang terbuang pada anak laki-laki
yang 2,44 kali lebih tinggi (AOR = 2,44, 95% CI: 1.3, this research has also identified other factors
4,57) dibandingkan anak laki-laki fe. Kemungkinan associated with wasting. As supported by other
anak yang mengalami diare dalam 2 minggu terakhir studies, maternal edu cation was found to be
adalah 2.25 kali lebih tinggi (AOR = significantly associated with
Motbainor and Taye BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19:300 Page 9 of 11
Table 5 Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with wasting among 6–59
months of age children, Libokemkem district, 2017
Explanatory variables Wasting Crude Odds AOR (95% CI)
Ratio COR (95% CI)
Yes No
Clustered
Area with no rice production program 51 439 3.48 (1.83–6.62) 3.16 (1.58–6.33) ** Area with rice production program 12 359 1 1
Maternal Education:
No formal education 52 444 3.77 (1.94–7.33) 3.58 (1.75–7.32) ** Have formal education 11 354 1
Decision making power:
No 30 143 4.16 (2.46–7.05) 3.90 (2.14–7.10) ** Yes 33 655 1
Monthly income:
Below 1500 47 286 5.26 (2.93–9.44) 3.31 (1.54–7.14) ** Above 1500 16 512 1
Child sex:
Female 17 396 1
Male 46 402 2.67 (1.50–4.73) 2.45 (1.31–4.57) ** Child age:
6–23 55 8 3.97 (1.86–8.45) 3.34 (1.47–7.59) ** 24–59 8 292 1
Presence of Diarrhoea
No 23 4 73 1
Yes 40 325 2.53 (1.49–4.31) 2.25 (1.25–4.05) ** Age at complementary food start
Below 6 months 16 85 2.86 (1.55–5.26) 2.32 (1.15–4.70) ** At 6 months and above 47 713 1
Hand washing frequency
3 times and below per day 40 270 3.40 (2.00–5.80) 1.25 (0.60–2.58) 4 times and above per day 23 528 1
** = P < 0.01
child nutrition, which also found that women's em
wasting [29]. It is expected that when level of powerment is strongly associated with the quality of in
maternal education is improved, all types of child care fant and young child feeding practices [31]. Therefore,
practices could improve including child feeding nutrition improvements associated with this
practices. More over, educated mothers can change intervention might resulted from both child care
traditional beliefs like disease causation, improve practices and house hold economic improvements
breastfeeding, attitudes and practices and more which in turn result from women's empowerment and
easily apply the information they get from different control over decision-mak ing in the household.
intervention programs. Improvements in infant and child feeding practice as
Maternal decision-making power over the income of means of nutrition improvement was also observed in
the household was the other factor associated with this research. Those children who start their
wast ing. This variable is linked with different aspects complementary food at 6 months were less likely to
of the household that have direct or indirect be wasted than children who started their complemen
relationships with nutritional status of children tary food before 6 months.
including household food security, women's Children who were suffering from diarrhea within
empowerment and socio-economic status [30]. The the past 2 weeks of the survey day were more likely
finding is supported by another study done in Ghana to be wasted compared with children who had no
that evaluate the contribution of women's diarrhea
empowerment in agricultural productivity and
Motbainor and Taye BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19:300 Page 10 of 11
There might be potential recall bias among
respondents when they are answering questions
related to past events. Moreover, being
cross-sectional, the study did not address seasonal
diseases. It is a well-established fact that children variations of child nutritional status.
suffer ing from diarrhea are more at risk to be wasted
than their counter parts [15]. Here diarrhea is Conclusion
mentioned as associated factors with wasting in order Wasting was highly prevalent problem in the none
to give emphasis when designing intervention like that rice production area. Having rice production as a
of agricultural productivity improvements. When program as well as maternal education, decision
designing any sort of program, integrated intervention making power of the mother on the household
needs to be included to address this health problems income, monthly income, presence of diarrhea and
which has a direct effect on the nutrition status of complementary food initiation time were factors
children. significantly associated with wasting. Intervention
should focus on expanding the program for better
Limitation of the study production of rice cultivation in other kebeles to
1
improve the income by strengthening women School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences,
empower ment and saving at HHs like credit and Bahir Dar University, PO Box: 79, 1000 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. 2 GAMBY
Medical and Business College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
saving process with collaborate of stake holders.
Nutrition improve ment proved to be an important Received: 6 October 2018 Accepted: 19 August 2019
outcome of strengthen ing agricultural productivity
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