Judul : Kinetic study of hydrolysis of coconut fiber into glucose

Penyusun : Muhaimin dan Sri Sudiono

Publikasi : Department of Chemistry Education, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty Islamic
University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta. Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta
Riviewer : Asrianti Rahmatianingsih (NIM : 41204720118032)

Tujuan Penelitian
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh waktu dan suhu terhadap glukosa sebagai
hasil konversi sabut kelapa.

Latar Belakang Penelitian

Pemanfaatan bahan bakar fosil sebagai sumber energi dapat menimbulkan sumber emisi yaitu CO2.
Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, banyak orang yang mencari sumber energi alternatif untuk
menggantikan sumber energi fosil. Satu dari sumber energi alternatif adalah biomassa. Biomassa
merupakan bahan yang dapat terurai secara hayati, limbah dan residu dari tumbuhan dan merupakan
bahan mentah yang terbarukan, murah dan banyak tersedia di bumi.

Mekanisme Kerja
Berdasarkan Gambar 1 menunjukkan bahwa proton dari asam yang berinteraksi cepat dengan oksigen
glikosida yang menghubungkan dua unit glukosa (I), membentuk asam konjugat (II). Pemutusan ikatan
CO dan penghancuran asam konjugasi menghasilkan perantara karbokation siklik (III). Protonasi juga
dapat terjadi pada cincin oksigen (II '), menghasilkan bukaan cincin kationik karbonium dan non-siklik
(III'), belum ada kepastian karbokation kemungkinan besar akan terbentuk. Modifikasi kedua yang
mungkin terjadi dengan kemungkinan terbesar terprotonasi ke siklik kation. Kation karbonium akhirnya
dimulai di sekitar Anda menambahkan molekul air dengan cepat membentuk hasil akhir yang stabil dan
melepaskan proton [8].
Bahan dan Metode
Bahan baku yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sabut kelapa dari home industri di Kulonprogo,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Sabut kelapa tadi dikeringkan selama delapan jam pada suhu 110°C. Hidrolisis asam dari sabut kelapa
Sampel 30 gram ditambahkan ke 300 ml H 2 SO 4 0,1 N dalam labu leher tiga. Sampel dihidrolisis selama
5 jam pada 100°C pada 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 dan 300 menit, sampel diambil untuk menentukan kadar
glukosa. konsentrasi. Konsentrasi glukosa dari filtrat diukur menggunakan metode Nelson-Somogyi
[10,11]. Prosedur yang sama juga dilakukan. Diulang selama 30, 48, 72, dan 95°C.

Hasil dan Pembahasan

1. Pengaruh suhu terhadap konsentrasi glukosa
Studi pengaruh temperatur terhadap hasil proses hidrolisis bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi
glukosa yang optimum. Berdasarkan Gambar 3. menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak temperatur
dinaikkan maka konsentrasi glukosa yang terbentuk pada proses hidrolisis semakin besar. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa pada saat temperatur dinaikkan maka proses tumbukan antar molekul akan
semakin sering, selain itu molekul selulosa rantai panjang yang terdapat di dalamnya akan lebih mudah
untuk dipotong menjadi monomer glukosa.

2. Pengaruh Waktu terhadap Konsentrasi Glukosa

Semakin lama waktu hidrolisis maka laju reaksi akan semakin tinggi. Ini terlihat dimana konsentrasi
glukosa meningkat seiring dengan lamanya waktu dan diasumsikan hidrolisis selulosa yang terkandung
dalam sabut kelapa juga berkurang menjadi glukosa. Pada Gambar 4 tampak bahwa konversi glukosa
pada menit ke 120 dan 240 telah menunjukkan penurunan, namun pada menit ke 300 terjadi
peningkatan konsentrasi glukosa, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa waktu proses hidrolisis belum mencapai
kestabilan dan masih meningkatkan konsentrasi dan mendapatkan kondisi paling baik perlu dilakukan
hidrolsis lebih lama.
3. Menentukan urutan reaktan
Untuk menentukan orde reaksi ada beberapa cara yaitu dengan metode integral, metode grafik, metode
laju awal, metode fraksi waktu dan mekanisme reaksi [12]. Penentuan orde reaktan hidrolisis sabut
kelapa dilakukan dengan metode grafik. Menurut Gambar 4 digunakan untuk menentukan orde reaktan.
Reaksi hidrolisis buah kelapa diasumsikan mengikuti reaksi orde satu, karena banyaknya volume air
dalam proses hidrolisis sehingga konsentrasinya dianggap tidak berubah dan dapat diabaikan.

4. Menentukan konstanta laju

Reaksi hidrolisis sabut kelapa lambat lambat, sehingga perlu ditambahkan katalis untuk penguraian
selulosa. Katalis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah asam sulfat. Salah satu alasan penentuan
laju reaksi dari proses hidrolisis adalah untuk mengetahui secepat apa pun reaksi berjalan dan juga
untuk mengetahui apa pun yang konversi besar yang dihasilkan. Untuk proses hidrolisis urutan urutan
pertama. Hasil penelitian hidrolisis sabut kelapa dengan variasi temperatur yang berbeda dapat dilihat
pada berikut ini (Gambar 6).
5. Menentukan Energi Aktivasi Hidrolisis Serabut Kelapa

Gambar 7 menunjukkan kemiringan grafik 1 / T vs Lnk sebesar -7691,5 artinya energi aktivasi merupakan
nilai anti tangen grafik, sehingga nilai energi aktivasi proses hidrolisis sebesar 7691,5 kJ / mol. Energi
aktivasi dipengaruhi oleh konstanta laju reaksi, semakin besar laju reaksi maka semakin kecil energi
aktivasi sehingga reaksi akan berjalan dengan cepat. Semakin cepat reaksi berjalan maka konversi
glukosa melalui proses hidrolisis sabut kelapa akan cepat terbentuk [16].

Kesimpulan
Konsentrasi glukosa hidrolisis sabut kelapa yang optimum adalah 0,419104 mg / mL pada suhu 95 ° C.
Semakin lama waktu hidrolisis dan semakin tinggi temperatur hidrolisis glukosa yang dihasilkan pada
proses hidrolisis maka semakin tinggi coco. Konstanta laju pada 30 ° C, 48 ° C, 72 ° C, 95 ° C adalah: 3.10-
4 min- 1; 8.10- 4 min- 1; 84,10- 4 min- 1, dan 205.10- 4 min- 1. Energi aktivasi (Ea) untuk hidrolisis sabut
kelapa adalah 7,69. 103 kJ / mol.
Daftar Pustaka
YB Huang and F. Fu, Green Chem. 15, 1095 - 1111 (2013).
L. Kupiainen, “Dilute acid catalysed hydrolysis of cellulose-extension to formic acid,” Doctoral thesis,
University of Oulu, 2012.
X. Li, “Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock using aqueous ammonia pretreatment and
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF): process development and
optimization,” Master thesis, Iowa State University, 2010.
S. Rao, “Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Fiber,” Master thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
K. J. Dussán, D. D. V. Silva, E. J. C. Moraes, P. V. Arruda and M. G. A. Felipe, Chemical Engineering
Transactions 38, 433-438 (2014)
Kinetic study of hydrolysis of coconut fiber
into glucose
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 1823, 020092 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4978165
Published Online: 17 March 2017

Muhaimin, and Sri Sudiono

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© 2017 Author(s).
Kinetic Study Of Hydrolysis Of Coconut Fiber Into Glucose
Muhaimin1,a) and Sri Sudiono2)
1
Department of Chemistry Education, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty,
Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta
2
Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta
a)
Corresponding author: muhaimin@uii.ac.id

Abstract. Kinetic study of hydrolysis of coconut fiber into glucose has been done. The aim of this research was to study
of the effect of time and temperature to the glucose as the result of the conversion of coconut fiber. The various
temperature of the hydrolysis process were 30 oC, 48 oC, 72 oC and 95 oC and the various time of the hydrolysis process
were 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes. A quantitative analysis was done by measured the concentration of the
glucose as the result of the conversion of coconut fiber. The result showed that the rate constant from the various
temperature were 3.10-4 minute-1; 8.10-4 minutees-1; 84.10-4 minute-1, and 205.10-4 minute-1, and the energy activation was
7,69. 103 kJ/mol.

INTRODUCTION
The utilization of fossil fuels as an energy source can cause emission sources, namely CO 2. To overcome this
problem, many people are looking for alternative energy sources to replace fossil energy sources [1]. One of
alternative energy resources is biomass. Biomass is biodegradable materials, waste and residues from plants and it is
a renewable raw material, cheap and widely available on earth [2].
Lignocelluloses component consists of cellulose (40-50%), hemicellulose (25-35%) and lignin (15-20%) [1,3].
Cellulose is a biopolymer that is widely available in nature and has been used as an alternative energy source [4].
Cellulose consist of glucose units that is connected β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Damage of the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds
by acids produces glucose or oligosaccharides [5]. Conversion of cellulose to glucose can be achieved by acid and
enzyme as catalyst in hydrolysis process [6]. The hydrolysis of cellulose using acid is a complex heterogeneous
reaction (Fig 1) [7].
Based on Fig 1 shows that a proton from the acid that interact quickly with oxygen glycosides that connects the
two units of glucose (I), forming a conjugate acid (II). Termination of the C-O bond and the destruction of the
conjugate acid produces cyclic carbocation intermediates (III). Protonation can also occur in the ring oxygen (II'),
produces carbonium cationic ring opening and non-cyclic (III'), there is no certainty the carbocation are most likely
to form. The second possible modification occurs with the largest possible protonated to the cation cyclic.
Carbonium cations eventually began around you add the water molecules quickly form a stable end result and
releases the proton [8].
The method of chemical Hydrolysis is the method that low cost and fast [9]. The factor that might have impact
on the cellulose into glucose concentration are temperature, acid concentration, and duration of time [6]. So, the aim
of this research was to study of the effect of time and temperature to the glucose as the result of the conversion of
coconut fiber.

International Conference on Chemistry, Chemical Process and Engineering (IC3PE) 2017

AIP Conf. Proc. 1823, 020092-1–020092-6; doi: 10.1063/1.4978165
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1491-4/$30.00

020092-1
 OH CH2OH OH CH2OH OH
HOH2C H H H
O O O O O O
O OH OH
OH OH OH
OH OH OH OH
O OH O O
OH OH
CH2OH OH CH2OH OH CH2OH
OH
II' I II

CH2OH OH
CH2OH CH2OH OH
O H O O HO
OH C OH O
OH OH
+H2O OH +H2O OH CH OH
H O HO OH
OH O
OH
OH CH2OH
OH OH CH2OH

+H
III
III'
OH
OH
OH
O OH

CH2OH

FIGURE 1. Mechanism of acid catalyzed hydrolysis of β-1-4 glucan [7]

MATERIAL AND METHODES

Raw material
The raw material used in this experiment was coconut fiber from home industry in Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia. The coconut fiber was dried for eight hours at 110 oC.

Acid hydrolysis of coconut fiber

30 gram sample was added to 300 ml of H2SO4 0.1 N in three neck flask. The samples were hydrolysed for 5
hours at 100 oC, at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 300 minutes, samples were witdrawn to determne the glucose
concentration. The concentration of glucose of the filtrate was measured using the Nelson-Somogyi method
[10,11].The same procedure was repeated for 30, 48, 72, and 95 °C. The illustration of the hydrolysis process was
shown in Figure 2.

Condenser

Thermometer

Water Bath Three neck-Flask

Hot Plate

FIGURE 2. Hydrolysis Process

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The effect of temperature to glucose concentration

Studies on the effect of temperature on the results of the hydrolysis process aims to determine the glucose
concentration optimum. The influence of temperature was studied by means of varying the temperature hydrolysis
process coconut fiber, and sampling was conducted during a certain time interval from minute 0 to minute 300. The
result of the effect of temperature to glucose concentration was presented in Fig 3.

FIGURE 3. The graph of temperure vs glucose concentration

According to Fig 3. showed that the more the temperature is raised, the concentration of glucose formed in the
hydrolysis process increasingly large. At 30, 48oC, 72oC and 95oC amount of concentration that forms on successive
hydrolysis process is 0,045; 0.102; 0.391; and 0.419 mg/mL. This indicates that when the temperature is raised then
the process of collision between molecules will be more frequent so that the concentration is formed also increases,
in addition to the long chain cellulose molecules contained in it will be easier to cut into glucose monomers.

The effect of time to glucose concentration

The effects of time on the hydrolysis of coconut fiber can be seen in Fig 4. It showed that the longer the time of
the hydrolysis of coconut fiber, the conversion of cellulose to glucose tends to increase. Besides, the tendency of
molecules to collide each other more widely in line with the length of time hydrolysis. The longer the time the
hydrolysis of coconut coir then the reaction rate will be higher. This was seen in the 15th minute in which the
glucose concentration increased with the length of time and assumed hydrolysis of cellulose contained in the
coconut fiber was also reduced to glucose. In the Fig 4 appeared that the conversion of glucose at minute 120 and
240 have shown a decrease, but at minute 300 glucose concentration increases rises, it indicated that the time for the
hydrolysis process has not yet reached stability and still increase the concentration and to obtain conditions the most
well needs to be done hidrolsis much longer.

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 FIGURE 4. The graph of time vs glucose concentration

Determining of the order of the reactant

To determine reaction order there are several ways, namely the integral method, graphical method, the method of
initial rates, the fraction of time method and the reaction mechanism [12]. Determination of the order of the reactant
of hydrolysis of coconut fiber was done by the graph methode. According to the Fig 4 was used to determine the
order of the reactant.
Hydrolysis reaction of coco assumed to follow a first order reaction, because of the large volume of water in the
hydrolysis process so the concentration was considered unchanged and can be ignored.

FIGURE 5. The graph of time vs

Fig 5 appeared that formed then a linear line between ln [λ∞- λt] vs t with a value of regression (R2) was equal to
0.949 or close to 1. Thus, the data hydrolysis process results meet the rules of first order.

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 Determination of the reaction order based on the level of data consistency that gives the regression value close to
1. Sulistyo and Arifin [13] on the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction cassava flour with natural zeolite catalyst
showed hydrolysis of cassava with natural zeolite catalyst follow pseudo first order reaction against the
concentration of starch. Meanwhile Artati and Andik [14] for his work on the hydrolysis of starch banana stated that
the reaction order for starch hydrolysis bananas following the first order. That is, from a few studies have been done
about hydrolysis to obtain glucose following the first order, and this is no different with the research on the
hydrolysis of coconut husk which also produces glucose.

Determining of the rate constant

Chemical reactions is taking place at a rate that is different. No reaction take place quickly and there is a reaction
that takes place slowly. To accelerate a reaction is necessary to add a catalyst [12]. The hydrolysis reaction of the
coconut fiber is slow, so it necessary to add catalyst for decompotition of cellulose. The catalyst used in this study
was sulfuric acid. One reason for the determination of the reaction rate of the hydrolysis process was to find out how
fast the reaction was running and also to know how big the resulting conversion. For the hydrolysis process followed
first order. The results of the study the hydrolysis of coconut husk with different variations in temperature can be
seen in the following (Fig 6):

FIGURE 6. The graph of time vs

The higher the temperature, the higher the hydrolysis reaction rate constant value. Value of the reaction rate
constant is the slope of the line on the graph of time to ln[λ∞-λt]. According to Fig 6 showed that the rate constant
from the various temperature were 3.10-4 minute-1; 8.10-4 minutees-1; 84.10-4 minute-1, and 205.10-4 minute-1, and
the energy activation was 7.69. 103 kj/mol.

Determining the Activation Energy of coconut fiber hydrolysis

Determination of activation energy (E) and collision frequency factor (ko) calculated from the reaction rate
constant (k). Arrhenius equation showing the relationship between the temperature of the reaction rate constants
[15].

From the Arrhenius equation, a plot of ln k vs 1/T will have a slope (m) that means energy activation.

020092-5
 FIGURE 7. The graph of 1/T vs ln k

Fig 7 showed that the slope of the graph 1/T vs Ln k was -7691.5 means that the activation energy was the value
of anti-tangent of the graph, so the value of activation energy of hydrolysis process was 7691.5 kJ/mol. The
activation energy is influenced by the reaction rate constant, the greater the reaction rate, the smaller the activation
energy so that the reaction will be run quickly. The faster the reaction runs the conversion of glucose through the
process of hydrolysis of coconut coir will be quickly formed [16].

CONCLUSION
The optimum concentration of glucose of hydrolysis coconut fiber was 0.419104 mg/mL at 95°C. The longer the
time of hydrolysis and the higher the temperature hydrolysis of the glucose produced in the hydrolysis process the
coco higher. The rate constant at 30 °C, 48°C, 72°C, 95°C are: 3.10-4 min-1; 8.10-4 min-1; 84.10-4 min-1, and 205.10-4
min-1. The activation energy (Ea) for the hydrolysis of coconut fiber was 7.69. 103 kJ/mol.

REFERENCES
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University of Oulu, 2012.
3. X. Li, “Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock using aqueous ammonia pretreatment and
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF): process development and optimization,” Master thesis,
Iowa State University, 2010.
4. S. Rao, “Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Fiber,” Master thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
5. K. J. Dussán, D. D. V. Silva, E. J. C. Moraes, P. V. Arruda and M. G. A. Felipe, Chemical Engineering
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Sirup Glukosa Melalui Proses Hidrolisis Dengan HCL 3%,” Undergraduate thesis, UNSU Medan, 2009.
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