CHAPTER 14: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

SECTION A: Common mistake made by the student

Incorrect/Misunderstanding Correct
1. Some students has spelt the process of The spelling is “ saponification”
the preparation of soap as” safonification”

2. Some students has labeled the The hydrocarbon part is hydrophobic and
hydrocarbon part of the soap molecule as anion part is hydrophilic
hydrophilic and the anion part as
hydrophobic

3. For paracetamol, they have mention the Name of the medicine is paracetamol
brand name which is panadol

SECTION B: DIAGNOSTIC QUESTION

(a) Objective question

1 Which of the following oils cannot be used to prepare soap?

Antara berikut, minyak yang manakah tidak boled digunakan untuk menyediakan sabun

A Palm oil
Minyak sawit
B Olive oil
Minyak zaitun
C Paraffin oil
Minyak parafin
D Coconut oil
Minyak kelapa

2 Which of the following is true about soap or detergent?

Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang sabun atau detergent

A Soap forms scum in soft water

Sabun membentuk kekat dengan air lembut
B Detergent forms scum in hard water
Detergent membentuk kekat dengan air liat
C The presence of magnesium ions in detergent forms scum
Kehadiran ion magnesium dalam detergent membentuk kekat
D Scum decreases the effectiveness of the cleansing action of a soap
Kekat mengurangkan keberkesanan tindakan pencucian sabun

1|Page Chemicals For Consumers

3 Which medicine can relieve a headache?
Antara berikut ubat yang manakah dapat menghilangkan sakit kepala?

A Aspirin
Aspirin
B Cortisone
Kartison
C Barbiturate
Barbiturat
D Streptomycin
Streptomisin

4 The information shows the structural formula of a soap molecule.

Maklumat berikut menunjukkan formula struktur molekul sabun
CH3(CH2)14COO- Na+
Which of the following is the name of the anion part of the soap molecule?
Antara berikut yang manakah nama bagi bahagian anion molekul sabun?
A Lauric
Laurik
B Glycerol
Gliserol
C Palmitat
Palmitat
D Alkylbenzene
Alkilbenzen

5 In the saponification process, sodium chloride is added to the mixture of palm oil and
sodium hydroxide solution to…
Dalam proses saponifikasi, natrium klorida ditambah kepada campuran minyak sawit
dan larutan natrium hidriksida untuk…

A speed up the reaction

mempercepatkan tindak balas
B produce a softer soap
menghasilkan sabun yang lebih lembut
C reduce the solubility of soap
mengurangkan keterlarutan sabun
D break up the palm oil molecules
memecahkan molekul-molekul minyak

2|Page Chemicals For Consumers

6 Food additive which are used to slow down the decaying process of food include
Bahan tambah makanan yang digunakan untuk melambatkan proses pereputan makanan
termasuklah

I aspartum
aspartum
II benzoic acid
asid benzoic
III sodium nitrate
natrium nitrat
IV sulphur dioxide
sulfur dioksida
A I and IV only
I and IV sahaja
B II and III only
II and III sahaja
C I,II and IV only
I,II and IV sahaja
D II, III and IV only
II, III and IV sahaja

7 Sugar is used to preserve fruits. The preservation action of sugar is due to

Gula digunakan untuk mengawet makanan. Tindakan gula adalah berdasarkan

A its sweetness
kemanisan
B its dehydrating property
Ciri penyerapan air oleh gula
C its action in slowing down oxidation of oil
Tindakannya melambatkan pengoksidaan minyak
D its action in slowing down the activity of microorganism
Tindakannya melambatkan aktiviti bakteria

8 The following chemical equation shows the reaction between stearate ions
CH3(CH2)16COO- and alkyl sulphate ions, ROSO3- with calcium ions, Ca2+ in hard water.
R represents the hydrocarbon long chain.
Persamaan kimia berikut menunjukkan tindakan diantara ion-ion stearat
CH3(CH2)16COO- dan ion-ion alkyl sulfat ROSO3- dengan ion-ion kalsium Ca2+ dalam air
liat. R mewakili rantai hidrokarbon.
2 CH3(CH2)16COO- (aq) + Ca2+ (aq) [CH3(CH2)16COO]2Ca(s)

3|Page Chemicals For Consumers

 2ROSO3- Na+(aq) + Ca2+(aq) (ROSO3-)2Ca2+(aq) + Na+(aq)
What is the effect of the addition of calcium ion on the concentration of stearate ion
or alkyl sulphate ion?
Apakah kesan penambahan ion kalsium ke atas kepekatan ion-ion stearat atau ion-
ion alkyl sulfat?
A The concentration of stearate ion increases
Kepekatan ion stearat bertambah
B The concentration of stearate ion decreases
Kepekatan ion stearat berkurang
C The concentration of alkyl sulphate ion increases
Kepekatan ion alkyl sulfat bertambah
D The concentration of alkyl sulphate ion decreases
Kepekatan ion alkyl sulfat berkurang

9 A student is stung by an insect with an alkali sting.

Which of the following substances is the most suitable to be applied to the part stung to
treat the student?
Seorang pelajar disengat oleh seekor serangga dengan sengat bersifat alkali.
Antara berikut bahan yang manakah paling sesuai untuk digunakan untuk merawat
pelajar pelajar tersebut?

A Vinegar
Cuka
B Ethanol
Etanol
C Toot paste
Ubat gigi
D Cooking oil
Minyak masak

10 The joint of a student’s leg is swollen and painful.

What medicine is suitable to be given to the student?
Sendi kaki seorang pelajar telah bengkak dan dalam keadaan sakit
Apakah ubat yang sesuai untuk diberi kepada pelajar tersebut?

A Insulin
Insulin
B Penicillin

4|Page Chemicals For Consumers

 Penisilin
C Barbiturate
Barbiturat
D Paracetamol
Parasetamol

(b) Subjective Question

1. Soap is sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acid.

Sabun ialah garam natrium atau kalsium daripada asid lemak
(a) State two materials used to prepare soap.
Nyatakan dua bahan kimia yang digunakan untuk menyediakan sabun

(i)……………………………………………………………………………

(ii) …………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Name the process of production of soap
Namakan proses penyediaan sabun.

………………………………………………………………………………
(c) State two medium where soap cannot function effectively
Nyatakan dua medium di mana sabun tidak boleh berfungsi dengan
berkesan .

(i)……………………………………………………………………………

(ii) …………………………………………………………………………..
2. Detergent is sodium salt of sulphonic acid.
Detergen ialah garam natrium daripada asid sulfonik
(a) Name three materials used to prepare detergent
Namakan tiga bahan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan detergen

(i) …………………………………………………………………………..
.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………..

(iii)…………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Name an example of detergent.
Namakan satu contoh detergen

………………………………………………………………………………

(c) What is the advantage and the disadvantage of using detergent as cleaning
agent?

5|Page Chemicals For Consumers

 Apakah kelebihan dan kekurangan menggunakan detergen sebagai agen
pencuci

Advantage: …………………………………………………………………
Kelebihan

Disadvantage: ………………………………………………………………
Kekurangan

3. Food additives are added to food to enhance the quality of food.

Bahan tambah makanan ditambah kepada makanan untuk meningkatkan kualiti
makanan
(a) State 3 uses of food additives
Nyatakan 3 kegunaan bahan tambah makanan

1:……………………………………………………………………………

2.: ………………………………………………………………………….

3: …………………………………………………………………………..

(b) Name the type of food additive that is commonly used to

Namakan jenis bahan tambah makanan yang biasa digunakan untuk

(i) prevent food from being oxidised

mengelakkan makanan daripada dioksidakan

…………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) make food stay fresh longer.

menjadikan makanan tahan lama

…………………………………………………………………………...

(iii) improve the texture of food

meningkatkan tektur makanan

…………………………………………………………………………….

4. Figure below shows the structure of an incomplete anion part of detergent particle.

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

6|Page Chemicals For Consumers

 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 + Na+

Question Answer

(a) Complete the anion

part in the space provided

(b) Which part of the

particle is hydrophilic?

Give your reason

(c) Which part of the

particle is hydrophobic?

Give your reason

5. Figure below shows the structure of an incomplete anion part of detergent particle.

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 + Na+

Question Answer

(a) Complete the anion

part in the space provided

7|Page Chemicals For Consumers

 (b) Which part of the
particle is hydrophilic?

Give your reason

(c) Which part of the

particle is hydrophobic?

Give your reason

6. (a) The effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap is reduced when used in hard
water.
Complete the equation below for the formation of soap scum

CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+ + Ca2+ ……………………………………

Sodium stearate (Soap)

CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+ + Mg2+ ….………………………… ……

Sodium stearate (Soap)

(b) Detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.

Complete the equation below for the formation of soluble salt of detergent

CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3-Na+ + Ca2+ …………………………………….

sodium dodecyl sulphate
(detergent)

CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3-Na+ + Mg2+ ..……………………………........

sodium dodecyl sulphate
(detergent)

SECTION C: PAPER 2

a) Stuctured Question

(a) Diagram 1.1 shows the set-up of apparatus to prepare soap.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyediakan sabun.

8|Page Chemicals For Consumers

 Distilled water / Air suling
Palm oil /Minyak + Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida
sawit
+ Solution/ Larutan P Soap/Sabun
Cool/ Sejukkan

Mixture/Laruta
n

Heat/Panaska

Diagram / Rajah 1.1

(i) Name the process of preparing soap.

Namakan proses penyediaan sabun.

………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Name solution P.
Namakan larutan P.

………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(iii) State the purpose of adding sodium chloride to the reaction mixture
in the experiment.
Nyatakan tujuan menambahkan natrium klorida kepada campuran
tindak balas dalam eksperimen itu.

………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(iv) Diagram 1.2 shows the structure of a soap ion.

Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan struktur satu ion sabun.

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

C-O-
CH 2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
||
O

9|Page Chemicals For Consumers

 Part / Bahagian X Part/ Bahagian Y

Diagram
Rajah 1.2

Which part is soluble in the water and grease based on

Diagram 1.2?

Bahagian manakah yang larut dalam air dan gris berdasarkan

Rajah 1.2?

Water/air:…………………………………………………………..

Grease/gris…………………………………………………………[
[2 marks]

(b) Two cleaning agents, P and Q,are used to wash clothes in river water and sea
water. Table 1 shows the result obtained.
Dua bahan pencuci, P dan Q digunakan untuk mencuci pakaian
menggunakan air sungai dan air laut. Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan yang
diperolehi.

Cleaning agent River water Sea water

Bahana pencuci Air sungai Air laut
Form scum
Does not form scum
P Membentuk kekat
Tidak membentuk kekat
Does not form scum
Does not form scum
Q Tidak membentuk kekat
Tidak membentuk kekat

Table 1
Jadual 1

(i) What are the type of cleaning agents P and Q?

P:……………………………………………………………………………

Q:……………………………………………………………………………

10 | P a g e Chemicals For Consumers

 [2 marks]
(ii) What is the meaning of scum?
Apakah maksud kekat?

……………………………………………………………………………
[1
mark]
(iii) Name two ions in sea water that cause the formation of scum.
Namakan dua ion dalam air laut yang menyebabkan pembentukan kekat.

1. …………………………………………………………………………

2. …………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(iv) State one advantage of cleaning agent P compared to Q.
Nyatakan satu kelebihan bahan pencuci P berbanding dengan bahan
pencuci Q.

……………………………………………………………………………
[1
mark]
b) Essay Question
(a) A patients suffered from tuberculosis that caused by a certain bacteria.
What type of medicine that can be used to treat the patient ?
Seorang pesakit menghidap batuk kering yang disebabkan oleh bakteria tertentu.
Apakah jenis ubat yang boleh digunakan untuk merawat pesakit itu?

Explain why the patient must complete the whole course of the medicine that his
doctor prescribes to him even if he feels better.
Terangkan mengapa pesakit tersebut mesti menghabiskan semua ubat yang
dipreskripsikan oleh doktor walaupun jika dia berasa sihat.
[5 marks]

(b) Diagram 2 shows the structure of anion parts of a soap and a detergent.
These anions consist of part A and part B as shown in the diagram 2
Diagram 2 menunjukan struktur bagi bahagian anion bagi satu sabun dan satu

11 | P a g e Chemicals For Consumers

 detergen. Anion-anion ini terdiri daripada bahagian A dan bahagian B seperti
ditunjukan dalam diagram 2

Anion of a soap

Anion of a detergent

Part A Part B

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

Name part A and part B of the anions.

State the solubility of part A and part B in the cleansing action.

Namakan bahagian A dan bahagian B dalam anion itu.

Nyatakan keterlarutan bahagian A dan bahagian B dalam tindakan pembersihan.
[4 marks]
(c) The statement below is about soap and detergent.
Pernyataan di bawah adalah tentang sabun dan detergen.

The cleaning action of detergent is more

effective than soap in hard water.
Tindakan pencucian detergen lebih
berkesan daripada pencucian sabun dalam
air liat.

You are given a piece of cloth stained with grease.

Anda diberi sehelai kain yang terkena gris.
(i) Describe briefly the experimental procedure, observation and conclusion to
prove the above statement.
Huraikan dengan ringkas prosedur experiment, pemerhatian dan kesimpulan
untuk membuktikan pernyataan di atas.
[5 marks]

(ii) Explain how soap works in removing grease from a piece of cloth.

12 | P a g e Chemicals For Consumers

 Terangkan bagaimana sabun bertindak dalam menanggalkan gris daripada
sehelai kain.
[6 marks]

13 | P a g e Chemicals For Consumers

14 | P a g e Chemicals For Consumers