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Th~ .. .llir~col'lt~mls or tb,l~ publimti.an are copyright andcannot m Wh~II"o.o~~ ",,'~:hOH1: wrill:e:n p~Ojrolil£ll~i! from~ tt~_epl[l1l)il;s!"!e~, Dk'tt'!ihllq.~-.;.I 1~1~tt;;!J~ in ~n.:W~ii~l! M~I~'l' of ,i\iI'It:irk;t ill" 10 S,'I!' ""n1 N'S PRESS M 17~ J'itfiLit .i\v.:ntl!~,"~e,,, y~~, NY :IOO'W
he' reproduced
in
~I}rmanner
TheM~tI!;md
Us hQ<ple
Ol~Graba,r
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Each day , over a period ef three days, an unusual ('\OJjjS~en~qtion of people emerged out of the planes ar.ti.vi.['I£t Iht: a
new, cavemcus, iilll~[nat~arm~ ..irpQrt .~nC'I.iro. Theycame
reomauiils offilrl eleg,1ml nin.e[~1'li~h·cernil,;],ryp~]r~cebuilt in cooneerien Vi,,'Lth opening of the Suez Cana~ llnd the firsl (he
peifform'loce of Vea.'di:'s A fdcl. The new a:n:iV.IISwtll'e met
from Indonesia,
.~nd helpers
fo]lowed ,I
Denmark, Great Brirnin, A!Jl;StrL.."1, SWil~~fklnd, haly..RJ,!t'.sl'il and the Unin;:d States. There were h~s[o3'ians of the am, of the professor! ..~as wen
celebrated il.WI:ilUlions
~ISlhe C"ur,{toj'iR~
series ·off learned and soci..I e'l."erlts,wnooe highpoint was the pre.sen~'i:tiQn off the fO~;Il;thA{la Kilo:. n A \V01.rds: .rnr .A,;_~hi· l~CHlr(;"in the $~acukur s~trullgof Cr~iro'sCii~.~de~, ..l)ly s~ii~
smr.n:('lTI~I1J]I) for th~oc(~usuO:l'l. Nirul of these poopl.~ knew each .Many had
filet before On'lJ~f
van.ely. from
••nd museumsas
or higher leafl:lting
bd'O~n:!'l~ting il'!
l'l~8l
Cauro, or, a~the very least, [hey' had heard of ~~lcb m'h;er. and most
S~'11an,el' prewge,11'le1\ii:Weil'e
gistsand
social sci~nc-es;fro!1l Europe, Non;h A;nl);eriC'o1.and Western Asia.. 1!l'l;~rn ~reBrfbshcrltiCS living in sol,llDi'l;em
fr.i[i),C¢.
on individt! ..~pmfe..'i&ocmal careess iI.1J so luany differen[ bods, d'li<!( they wO"ldd evelll~mdly belon,g toa lo~ally unk]ue gm~lp,
<l!
ones from
There
wilh a logo,
witl'loui~ J1.111es Qfrnernb~rs,hip., praertee, Or bel')l<"wiour I:mt wdth a indss~.onanda 'Qnlmil~nt If i~ had to have iii. name,
the dnb"'f()I,I~d probdb~yb~C"JU('ld,q!.ltil'e ~w.ky,.. trdly, th~ .
.1\.·11IS1l1113 1:Jj""e
'Netwmk concerned with theAg;l Khan Award f"(lr Arcb:~~:ecture the bmdloiwhere in .Bu~:t si1cmld not. have a i :rnetIJIDershi:p cards,
ruJil.lle,
decoraror from B'lhram and an [ro:tqi lll.edi:: .. I doot"O.r[rom New Ynr!.:. There-were QffllCi,ltsfrorn !]1<i0Y public and pl'1iv;n:C~liJ[ema(if.)n::fL1 org1]nis:U:it)os, Therewere q~t;li~e few 11
mere students
and work'.
nr art, iI.rc.l'iiwclure
an. over
.ility every three ye-<ll'S, when the Awm"ds OJ re given, and even if smaller £J:OUPS from the
For" even lJ it 1s a tangible
l'e'•
.11
seff-gener-
"llW network.
grew, then, eut of its O'Wn 1l.n~vu~ues, limes for m bure'lIJlCr'JttC reasons, ~l other times because of rhe quesi'> tI1t<lt its tiong~lwdSmnsing:. The main reason for It'>HdliievenlCI1l, however it is to be judged ]:I'om the outside,
mti&'l.ion .is 1I.IJJiq~le, 1bu~:,even more 00, because the ra nge
:as"
S~Ci~lH~~l.~,ready
\:l/tmtwas he~ng said or whatwas about people carne with itheir spouses.and
r~otmlw)Jtil"J:en:ll,g$, '.IS indivi.du.d!:1 under flt1ty de-clr.ty predominared, \'(i':Qmen, while not in tile nYoljorilly. were also SU rprisi~'gly prominent .unthe crowds w<"!]ting pati~mly the fur
appropriate cheeks of passports and visas a~Cairo airport the 'ii'ljsi~ors[0 [heur hotel, a S'lrlki:ng" ro~~
crmmrnpom'1' Buses brought
first lum to [he cI':mt':!I('Jter f the mission and then of [he o people commitrred There are
10
1"1111'0 W1lIiys W
renan lathe speeches ~nd other public statements which acco.mp<ll:'.Jed the first A'JIi'RIXIs.in 19S0 and 10 rhe mllny papers whichcan be fotlndin the proceedings of the
semin;.lfS 5pCInli.on;!d
hy the A;W!t
Khruo
Aw.ard.
in
~hC;;"earlier
Ag-iU
K_:_hOlJl W
de-sign ~h~ Awal'ds d~;lI~lle,l~ oom,~ are fljnl sin1pile ~VeOJ:S his whuchcrm 'be erlIstlclanC)lrepb.c.ed b¥ new and bette, ones.
sixreenyears
OJ'so.
From. an. these diocUlllent,> the sense of a mission does indeed emerge: to lnoorpor .•~teand understend the as-
'n'l!~have
m-,;y welllead to aless rnechanistle and more furudamenml, ult~:m~le:]ymare j_mo~gim.h'Ve,defi:niti.on of $I mission. for" 10
consider dliJ.n~e as a new revetment on the same bodly is
te miss the depth of a problem and of an <l[~menlwhose
S01;IIrt;O!S
rounding wealth of fou neen hundred ),'e,u.'sof an tslamic "'Li(;hi!it;:(.·lll;~re buill. nlOt"1~yt}y MII;!,~i imi', for thdr MUfilim h!'(lthC;;"fSand :;iSlC;;"r:-; and fl)]' do! lh05C;;" whQ ~lved in lands !;J,;IIc:J hy .M~!r4it~lS;oescape fmm the c;;u!1$~Ii.J.l!ing t blandness of ~x~~I~nai, 1nd mos{lly ~'>T~m,imro:rt..~; to ICJ(lk wi_~~'lJ ~
111e enoanouswcrld of Mu~jini~ in M~'I, ur'ope OJ n.d E Africa<lndi now, hy th~ oo!1Jtempo.rozyextension (}f{l'liese threeold 'CQminent~un.~h~ Am~ri(;".!Ls ~]ndin A~I~lrJiill s a
care,
.im:en.igeflre
and affa'f[~on
11[
die tradltlonal
S[IiJ,UlIre;
of the envtronments
wen, wascteated
e~I:llosj.ons,
to
(he erbnic :1 nd OLlIHlrnl ~lneglances offthose ~:nvOhredin each one of~he.m. These were the Arab expansion, fl.lJthin the severah new
,.1 ndeigJ.lIth {;"erli~urt'e::owking over m •• ny bndswidl <I rich past whichwere .~imoM, lw'lfs related to a cbs.sk:al <lIli~]quity: prinlarily TUKo·M()!ngol explosion in a ~hetwelfth and :[l1.i~te~mhcC;;"n{u rieswhlc .. e:l'lla.rg~dlhe h
,df the future <lind rhe ~LC;;'..,thetic!, if not ~he ~C;;"f;hnuhJg~C".d, P!1~S·
"'\'O~$ .. no.
as~h>@)'W€'1\e fine.enor
effon::.~ and ~lctivilljes
a['(:~hlte<:1t.ural :ldenrri~y.ofreliance on I~ltive rathertaun ii!1.lpomedpL<lL'IIk't:s smd tal.e[lJts, of an k~Dlogi(_'t!n.y significolnt rathet In••ll 11l1erely <lI1lttq~:J'.l'h. i npast, of technologies <lpp:[Upr~,~le UJ each ~3sk,.o:f new pm'tnernhips between decistou !I'I,lking <Iod el(J:!c"''il;[~:~(In, pride in the .~c<umpLish· m~nJtsofd'l!~ pasr of the kinds on whid, Ollie' bu~,k~,af
(}f
India: in. Tnefifk'(ml'h dvaugh to[!l@ ~\I'ent~ElI[h CenJll,U.y, a gene:ml.iy slower btl] very e.f:i'ecHve. ultum~, mi~.ibilry and c I,nnssiomlry expansion 11.'lIvolvnng Amb.s, Berbers, 'Iurks of
rnany differe'LlIl strUpL"S, lranises and Mongols
prim.ldiy .into
l-\f'rkil, So:u~:he<lM Asi<l <l1.'1d Far Mst, and fi:rmUy the the If'dnsfeJ", in u)toor, more .frequently,. in segl'l1.e'!lI[s, of <lI::I}I' one existing Musl~msroup to almost (;:\'e1)'(J~n~.r art of the p
globe ln [h~ second h;,llf of ~he~:'liv~miern ~llwn,r. ']i],'lere:Q
harbour
sampling of
sec~uri!ln fac[non
of Jslam.
The last of these expansions ~s,fo:rthe mosr pan, a very gen:erated bypoli~[c!ll and oconomic
j,m~lci
..,.,r~th xpectae
tiom, but it: takes time' fa. habss tochauge. Yet, ln theory OII::Ld often in practice, considerable progress has been 'Id'lieved .in ,establis':l1ill1lg local or regional norms fur archileCUII:f:!, in devdlJpins (.. iumk<l~. ~mnldng ,1,( ne'oiriy,every level ofpl~n['lirng fund oonb';ll\ii.'~ion,n n'lil1ing Y01"lllg professieni als to have ~~ g.e~l!l>er $e·.nsj[]viry'to [heir
PilSI [han [h~
had
f;lir to say that it will. become ,Ul m.po1"l:ant compenenr of MusHm ".uln.ilre ar hll'Q,e as wen ml oJ E1;~ropea[l'.nld AnlJ.el'i~ '~n culmres .-1gl:f!er.i~io.n from IWW, because its members wlll ent~r dle ranks of cuT~.uf".;[I.eco()rInmic fund even pO!uticll~ power ever:l"whe~pc[haps eX!c~pl Japan. in The fUrstthree of thes-e expa:nsi'l,n~ were almo.~l enhrely generated by intemal Mus~im .forces and needs, They
crea:ted, .in (;~ifferent lsnds, a
to thewo:dd!s
O'\1ii"DI rultL1:re
unnfled by comparison
varied ]n lts
ecmposltlen.
Y(lt, Ih~~ is <lnm,lh~t w.ay of d~finungth,l~ n',i~ion ~hr.~oy b ~~~[ung rganisationa.l, etiu(':iq;iimmt. o
the e ...rli~.f his~DIYof the bmd.s ]nvoJve.d,,;o,f]tn {'"()l1:tilnuing memnrij.esoi ~h.t:,ul of the Pha.r~ohfi;. of the Rorrmn empiire,
of [h~ Achr.lcmenids and Sllss~.l1Iids,OfO!r~he Gupws in
tive~ an.d then me-J.suri:ng thefi]].~.lga.lm~la.cCOJ1J.lplishmefu.". For the cl!1tll.:lml and po.~i!i.('al pilenomeml which. crea!ted, the
Egypt, others
th:eMed~rrermne-.1n
Ci;lme
(the oom~[i[ion between Sum,:uand Shi'ia allegiances, the dominati.ol] of many lands by the Ottomans or the MlIgi1a~S and the varying power of .mystLcaland escterlc \!"I~ues).These are thecernuries, :L'O'lI,gWy [rom the eignlht£l the seventeeruh, or nearlyall the masterpi~"':'l of I5Iarnic archirecune, from the Dome of the Rock in Je!)l.m5<llemto the Ta~Mg!l¥l!l ln A,gna, of all the dti~.~, from Ba.ghd~d to f~]~eh!pl,if"'Sikri. which were created by MIL1's~
MuiSJ.im. ulmJreitself c
oh:heiil~ long
I.::m~-]slamici:slOl'Y h
and often
And, ~:u:ilOfSA particularly. it: W".tS the time or nile creation of several !an:b'l.l!a~$.df <"lrchirecrure which a!~.~ .. e shared SOJne r~l~~lr~.y~~were 001 ,dlthe ..... but 'Ilii'l'lich, in the lme.
~wegot~~. creared a r:om~a.nYft.:o,oQgnised arihi~~[lUm~ .f:!I~.llHy of ltSown. To sonl.f: oom~lllpomry thinkers and
cri[~cs O)~ hiSIDIj.'of [h:LISI~neiilglll became independent
by that faith.
shoots such as Marxis111 and the [~uS5i ...nrevohJi~ion. This expansionwaa polu~k,dly and economic ...!!y expl.oi.tlUlve, bUlU[ was airo, and fo:!" Our purposes romt impol!!amJy so, c~dn,lral iniliat i~ p:rmrJioed a Je<ldy made ani! pre-poikllged model fO$ ]iving,~~l1'Iing. and SQCliI~ !x:ooviour and i:me1"Jc, t~on_'rh~rnodeJs came with several doottrines, from. hedonism to cemmunism, which, on the one hand, lu:stified these models mo.li<llly and phul05ophimU.y <lind, on the mher, crnimed l.m~Vel:'S'l] valuea :f'O:rthem. Q'lJi~ea hiil has been wru~~en recently about these models <100",bout the \\\1"Y5 in which tl1ey'i'!lerepacbag<;-d innine'tl;le.mh<¢.mury i!l~ern<l~i()nal ex.hibitiQns ill. Europe and Allli~ric;;t. TIley S[n~ ;;I~ repreSentOOh1CUrrerl![ ad\fertislllln~nts. :foramomobHes Q:r~!e(uonic equipnl.em .. Beyond the pecbJigJ[lg. the fila
remains that European mQ(fe~ in. everythung [ro:rn clothes
the operative
the
no:m:n.for Muslims
an over
The character and the :~hythms of these factors of rupture have varied enermously
changed eli.1dlls~vd.y >lcoord~I'I£. to inlemalrhydlnl!.'l. 1"0 others, ilt5 historywas <liW<l.Y8 i:mim<lltdy connected to what
happened around it. far Islamic culture alone shared
cU~[JUres e:llahliSJ\edbefo.re
rhe
somenmes unw~[[ingly, in the pon.ij.ca~ . or cU!Uilr:;d events and the psyt.'hologlclI'l or emononal make-up .of western il:mJnorthernEueope, Africa, and, to a smaller degree, the
s.un:lttc world, The oorutrnlst between rhesetwe
i:nterprernlions of the
impos.o;j.b[eto esl,~bli.. h a unified ch_l'On.ologyin the fonnas tiun or development of eilhet (me. Nor .isir impormn[ far ffi~f purposes in thils. ~ay [0 aFgue fDr or ag:;,'lJ~nst any relationship between them, \Vhat FIlli!lt:ers the apparent. is result; :iI. NllJisJinl worid whkh has beenreproducing alien
ron-ns [or nea~.y
~I]
imd]ec~ml~ and
aesthetic: 1l1.ec1.1aI.lls111S
oonl~muingchanges to
b:is.to.ry an archkecture, and eulture.Js not merely an of ... ademic debate f'O. illraises the fil'St or the deeper i5SU~ e whose elaberarion has become p!ilrt of the n'lissicm taken on br the AS<! KJw!!J. WJroL n~<lt issue is whethef~he A
oJiiginality
Put h.1ihese tenus, as. .itso ofren is,~his result ili;. in,h:.ed t depressing. So:medJIDg assumed tobe good, a S~ of moral and ",e5d'letic~]:" ditions, Js replaced l:ry 5oll"tethingwhiCh a
may no~ <I~Vi.I"'Ys00 bad but which is mrminly a~i~l'L BUl doesn I.~~de have [0 I~ pm. in these tennsl The argument could thaI all the l.och]1o.~ogtca.~ advances of the pastrwn
and
great eernurles
evenff
of lslamtc occasten-
to:, making
deosiensebout
the artsand the envtronmenc, or whether" these very qual~ties a:re the product ofrem<lrkable'powe:rs of Cl!~!t!ll.rn] ass:lmi1<!iti.cm. The win. to' adapt aad the.lbility 1:0do 50 C;:l'l:<LliV'eiy derive from a deep-seared O;:[tailllty about one's ,h:s~:ililyand al)[)ulr OIJE:';S identilY· lWQ r-<lCl'(ns led to the diSliUptioo of these U".;J,dilioris which had survived so many centurles. One r which is onl.'jl'
chaUengesand to find soluuons tointernal or exremal problems. "Theother ra.ot:oris .B'lIropeane.'l:parnlion whi.ch began in die sixteenth century ..ndended by CQntrolling the whole planet afiter Wo.rld W!ilJ LIt: lnclndeavanous and
hundred y~r.; s.imlU~d ot: he eonsldered nor defined by the n names of the .Iandisfrom. whi.d:I they came. Mkrores ffi<liy ha vebeen discovered by <1lFrencnman, chemical tables by OJ. [~t!8Sian <li1.'1d X-I£<IYSby a Gern'lan, but biology, ohenmny, Of rndi.ol.ogy are not iderui:!led by !1a:~Lotl~ll even ~ded~O'g~Or C<lJ bbdLs, and we ,In ,Ire ~ware (lf~he .scLl(:nlific di~as~r whichbeFeU bjol(,~Q~~ 5dence.~ .in [h~ SOiiJie[Unioll when an :ummpl \V'.l\~;m!lde [0 do so. These chliiln,bl'esandinventions werea.c.ciden~any Weste.m and shoukll::atherbe seen as appl'opilia!te means, whaiever their origin, for resolving problems of he<lllt~],shelter. OOlJ.lc<ltl.on.md co:nmull.1:Ucati'Ofl. Change became radlcal and iirr~tr.ievaJDle since lha:[ f,neftd moment, 8om~trn1e .in me ea:rt.y moetet:flth. OI:mury. when <I nladl]ne moved fo1<~~ef a horse, and sun(:e a more ~~o nebl.ll~01:~&rurne. ]olhe eig~tec;'.n[hcenrmy, when h'~ma.niry
id.enrtifimtion o:fone
Illtletil,g
th~d1!liiJn~ng~.sof
person, To be mote accurate ne;hhe,r these lInive~Uy humanistic droughts and ideobg~es nor the C<lpad~ UJ
today; and , fi:na]ly, to ask .IDrGe.flli.~y .rlldOP~il~Ywh~~he.r a pollueal and kieologica.i frnmework of
bu~ldwere alw;<ly5used wi5ely and ethkdUy. But the poil]Jt hasdeady been made. by eoologistSin recent yea:r.>, th.ax worldcao_not esaapr:it:) caeness and dlatsj..obai solutions muS'[ be sought lior human. issues, ~ij;S1s U.~y a are for nerural enes, 'fhe mi~~on, then becomes no~ong~r m bemoan a past which is gone, but to heralda future of common asplratlcns in which di[fel,-ences all] be accom-
me
nations should not be superseded by >I generoas and hum.ane unuvex5.dism. Uni...eJSlaIPOQ,'e.iis present whenever tiill!l.y ilnpO:ruJirli~ issues Or (..'OtlISider.dJileums of money are invo.lved. h is s even pos.-sibie d~[ mul~i.-muiotmlm'e~l:g~, uch asthe ..nns i s ~[ldl,l!>lry. l][!d!nai!l~ai"u~gloc1l1 aUe.sJancesad~rJitageous
to~'heir wea]th, \Wilh mHthese-issues Ih~d'W!!:r~!1g~ A:waro is not silnp~y ro rontilll1€ doing praCliClIUy has done
00 [0
dl~
it
modated, but not allowed to dominate, Onec an alSue that thls discussion should have taken
'Il(;'h~(
pbce threegenef'o1.tions <I~'O and that it ~s nolonger releV'al:ll~ ro anything bUlt a partiOU!larsulb-tr~be of hi~to.rians who 'C:.oJJoype'wbr~i!'!gon what mjgh~ have h ...ppened, POI' in s rt'.:iIIH:y, :sin(:eWorld \War n,(hedotnloant pl~~nOnlenon
aluong .MltIsIkm., as, among mrti:]ny othercultures and the development of aHeguanoes of As~.a, ennnes
America and Mrn.rn, has been the groVii'tlll of the nation SDIle
~Qgeographical
reward acoollliPli.shments generated outs.die of it, simp~.y hoping that such rewards
wm become
am inoearive fO,
othe,r5lO continue in the' same creative W<ly. The AVirnrd .sho~uld alsoprovlde imdlectual and ethical direc1:lon for the cenJ1:l.iIrj' ~o()o.m.ellt:ldro make these directio:n8<lndtne info.!llla~ion and debaJ~e-s \lvhid'): led ro 'them avaii01.b!e eo all seekers. It is IlliIn:ieul~lrly important to stress theoO'tion o.f
'dehiruteT• sumCf:: Award 11iIiIs~ed, onthe whole successthe f!JUy, 10 avoid docmnaire envimnment posmons an mJfCh.t~:ecture and the and to ~tlIow foa~' free disclLIssionof the a
which are very often3mi~r .. ry and whose sys;tems of rule, varied though I~hey are, all claim a uniqueq'lJalily 1:0 what they <Ire, different. fKm'l rhe qjmdities of their neighboul'8_ A( a time when e'le«1'ooic rtechnolob'Ytl<lnsforros almosrall the !1leChf,l!nL,~~nsf.or~vei!Yrypeof l~uman olc(ivity ilOOCIeesof s fOffilulaeun. a ootniPu~:eri~~e(I x~pressi(m,and when almost e
no m~i0.i enrerpnse can. be inl[~~led wid.o!U.~the partfclpalion of anierernsuenal
oftJenw.~th hoerible consequences, by rule lll-educared spparstus of rulers in al!bitrary n ..~ion"5ta~es. Every day the news providea examples of the deep oo_n~:rodic~jom,betweeu, on the one hand, lheparodli,d
di!7Jmas ·ofiroclividJl;I~1 citit;$, f<l!nwresand minootygr-Q!JIp$ in
personalities. ~o mJrefue 'people' oJ the AWllIrd?Th~y csn be d:Mded imo t~.lIree groups which, M.;ethe org;~l::liisa~ucmants ~lnd of
a large drry Of rem(l1~ l1~ai and, ontneomer th~ I:llinralisin.,g direams and expecl11[10nS [ronsmj[~:edby media and made possible by murtn-n:ationa.~companies. TI].e~ln. n.es~h~ third element In the mission which has, ~l: seems [0 me, evolved from thea.ctiviti.es of the .l\.ga Khan Award: toexplain and develop the p.raotiCil~, and psychological or iJ!Jlt:d]ec:~UR~ opnons fadng hiumanity in the rwe:nty-first century, \;'Vheth.er Ithey are ~n~heifaucesnal lands or in the <inatliy~ rnous qua:meltsafenomnousand 'Wlr~edm~r(')polises, shou ~d, lUsl~:m., eek to malnraln ill'l a new skin whst d'lc:ir M s gt<ltldpa~ms had been orshould lh.ey prodatm their new
identity? And.wha.t i:nte.l1uedffiry'posit:tons can be imagined?
[I
of bees, function with the ssme purpose in mind but. often withom eneou ntering each other, exrept every three ye>li:S fOr thepresentation O§OlW<l[..aS. I $11<111 these groups the rn~] ,1]U'ennae, the ':gene]:;l] M...W and the heroes. "h.eu~" <I.e (K."'QIS]OM1Jy moveme:lJ!~'S between the first ~~'O c"tegories:i rri1(il las! one" however, eonslsts mos[~y of memQries, bu[~~s
impertaece L~,as I shan. uy
[0
indiicme, crucial,
oorrecdy, th.r~most of th~mwil] not!iHnat.e, .rela:tweiy receody cempleied eJ)semlil~,~ey":re not [es[:rkted[~)
new on~.5 and C:.JJno hack <l!~m05ta genew:l~ion. 'The g Awa~" in d1Jis respect, di:fff!rs from most pr,u'-!e....ul1l.ij1a(U~
is ruUIS througlllthree
<lJ.]owsfor the passage offtime and fm the recognition that inuuediacy of <lW>lre11less does not alWlllYs mean Go:ntinlllj:ty in hnpact In met, quite frequendyil takes time far the true
and who, wHlllithe h~l!p of his personal :lrt:.i<lt~.on."b:~ps with governments ()rganif.~;I~j,()n~, and
m physiea~ entl:r.ii~s.
and non-government
(''O:fII~:r()~ it:'ifeV(!nt.!es..
enviroument,
be and the impcmant pol nl is that .lre1lowNhip of people exi~t$ whQ,a:ncmym(}~!rJy and\.\I:i:mou( <lny personal. (other~ha!l the nglu ~o!],omina~~ themselves)
.S>C<H1I,
wha,lis
is the Secr.;t<lrl<lJof the::A~;v,nil which .us the nerve (,;etJI~~II the whole oper.uicm,the pr.a.c~ic<l] Orga!'!i~~fof all (ij? it... O1dNi(ies., the kee~.! of its aKh!ive; and th~ source dlm1;lgJj whnch ~.nfoEllla[ti.on, p!ubliC'JIlOnlS,mages, diSC'lIs'~ionsand i Idells are pfeservedam:1 am be made aV'd.l~ah1!e~alJywhelre
un t11iewo:rkL One of there The other two dements
'11.'e not (10minUOllls,
send mit Jilliforl:1wtiorl, IO those who 3re what Imn the ;gene~.] ~'1aff.. Theirs ls a process uf learnmg snd of Jud.genlent
rndi-
V.Udll~'I~'S among themcan p!uh,lhly becrhielsedfor f'l~h.lre on both counrs and it i... c.mly by experienee t[1roll their errors m a y be fouad <LmJ corrected, ln the meantime, the infO:lfJrm~ tiut! d~eyhave provided by nomin<lJting m(}l;e~h,,:n .a thousand proj&1S i.~ ~;uti<ir~ed(x..1.1lmenl thecharacter of Ol. Oil the bUih:H!]g ent«:rprise a.f!}'W'here ill theworldand a
d.t'U1CU1SI!!'.'l!ticfiI.
.dd'V;:)I,~ghthere too <lr<.~lIitec[s predominate, bu~ w~h the r(!;e$un'iled aibl]iry lu see and understand the wide, ]mp~io,t. ~lo~~of [i1Ung_.,>. wid1 the i!:nr.]gl:na~jorntoinv~m direcnew
tions and with~!h~ wisdom to j,udg.~ whatever is. proposed.
Tne comminee'..,. lThljo:r
k~ili~ and
propo.sal\~ PUl ~o ]l by the Secret a rial OJiby .lny other orp;ani~u,tlon, W initnm.e prDgmmmt!!'O ..nda0Ll.vities,
~C)
architerture
reseurces
of
for
as dlie}'eonealn a of buildiill£l;
QCl;,.lsl.on<!l]y,dxJ~u~dle fe-J:;ibil]ly of bng [runge PR)j~Cf.~\ and gen~·t:'''Uy to .'>C;'rveas ...nintdlf2c1[u.~i <lind pnldic.d $p._r!ir'lgJ'lorX<lW For ev~ing iflvo'!vung U'lieA '\1\i'a~d.U"h~ '
origin~lHry.of dfie Sn~e-]'I]ng CommJj~rr~~ In.(hemet that, lies
ilirtOe a]1 (}fi~ members and onen hasbeen,
~M)e otherw:i:'leemp~oyed. ~Ind
N.1othermiginal
J'my iN .~n
are
.10ren!1". not because j,t g.ttheffi in_form..;r~o.!J!, burbecanse il: b.roadt~ it ttcons~'" of 5~n l{):ol!l~ individua~s chosen
~~(1,.'ord~nga~ll.e.;;taIbIL~hed (lC]:L1~~ibflumtbe[l;\leen. ~:o ~ln:hH:t:CL'i. and .111L1I1'Ianis[Ssocial sci~mis[S, Ml~'>1.ifns and. or llon-MuslI1:1l11..';, YDUng and nld, celebrated figures ohseore actors, men and 'Women, ],ts discussions and are' secret
and .its
decisions
concesn fm the avowed aJj:n([~ of the :~n~['~~;I.;u~,io:n. The fourthaspect oJ the ·gene:r:r~l.5t,dri"> i!nplemt:n~l;;:;d dU:I1:ns the dd~be(".1Jjot!sof U~~M"'~1er ]lnry <lnd,()ns~~t. s of U1eret'l'!_ljleod re'i.dew ~~lmstlila~ in"res(igoa~eproic;.-e!ilfor
Wil')Jid'lthe
j;lJIji'
deal of tim.e
busy p'l'Ofe.s.8ion.dlives toevaluateberween a hundred ,Hld filfty and l'\7!IO hundred :;u!bm~,uoopl'OJeCL~,. ut, B even when chosen from Ol.mo.ng:ndivi.dLl~lis who had 1~1I1 i
lISi>QCia[~d. wu~:hthe AW.(I.m, d]~y are rmJy Hmi~edin. [ill:lir .. evaluanon by their own preJudices and .kfil.ow~edgc and hy
[lrIei[mmm~~llu~m
~IS, a~ the
coumr~es\
Intelligent
~nd~h:e.ir
n.g:, [hey come from dJ07.~n~ of repo:~" are, for' the most part, mod~h~of
and obs:e~.V'Jtj)on.Their data
rnJtk'l~ research
p;illt
heginning
ofthe·p:roocess ef the
AVWlru,
:I:ncmy~
of the secrt:l'<11'iat:'sOIIiclluves, dleir :m()M but impo.ruu'ltfi.ln(tion is· that they are involved in .1.,-,"'itic;)] W!;,~ of the Awmd''!-oeeneeen.the ac~,u..] operarlon of ~'f:n[~y ItH.,!ik wotb of ,u'Cl'liitecture and the i!np;l'lij~ is making om
d~(~ who use~h~m_
become
mous nomi:mlw.r1'i guanuuee H m:m;kn'[1l1y..pproprro~te selectlen, so, 'It the very end, anindepeadens jUlY clabns <In.d jU!irm.esc decisions had ~e~m~d ro
Belwe~f1I I:he iiJ.!try
pro-
Taken u).b~hert, d~e,lnlf;):[Il1a~ and d':te-geneml smff,iXl~q <lind pR;;.~ent, well <IS alii. those who hi1lve been singled. Oln as
to ]'eceu'le some son: of reoogra:~lion th~,()1::I,gh the AWJ.rd, ~11nDurill0 nefldy
b~..,~ lUm~t
feu:, S'ep:lFJm
d.emenrs. 'Two of
oorrtil1ll.:lityof the
Award. The.re is Hi~ I,,[i,gbness TheA,ga Klmn,. whose vision Rbout Ih.e :limure of MusJiu.1!'l peDp.lesin:itiOltOO the AWiI.rd,
AW3l'd ~lnd who have ]e<lrnedfrom th.ei:r p ..nidpa~~O:nl somed1lirJrg of the ob~ectives ,mdiexpecwtwns of (his n~1i.i' en~<l.vou:r. There are, no doubt, <J.il\\gnl!'!:[l~1 i..!)dividll<lls, b1,;u~:[he St maloriry of them h,lve ~~n funy cngni~tm of ",..
the~r~nvo]ve~,1!1lelltil1la nevelaad
deep eru;l!..!gn ~o s.h<lpe the
inlaglrt!rlti\l\~ ,emerprlise
shaped lileumdletllJ!<!1 ~1[J;d~;heemod.ol1l;,;jl. make lip of an, who are i!wo~vt:-d in~ih~ A ,\\v<l:ruLl1liey also ..:lugge!:itby tl1te~r
~n\l\ohr~men]i!'! the
l'lie'W"
~. al$O~ll'!pl£~ by the
difference
between
U~
~n.d qUiJJlury
transcend boundarlea,
since they have left theirstamp on ti::l!environrnent and on e ,~~, t~!ite or .. n oft!!:! tooo,y, both in the Mt!S~imIwcmki. al.'ld elsewhere, :Some:t~:me::;, aswirh the ~ixleeilll~lN.1:;:l1I!wl.ry O~to:m~;an (cht~~ail:iL<'lno:, ~ S with H,I85i1n FaJhy, the <l1.iCh~~:ec~ml prophe:trfOffi f'i;\'i,i''ern"~ie[h<oenulll:Y E"b'YP[, e know tl1I6~r w names and a grea[ de.alabo~i[ how they WQd;led<lindwhy ~[lleyacoomiPl~lled what '~iheyd~d.A!r QII'tefti!ll~a~ with Qavvamal D~n Shirazi, re's:PDl1slli~e for some of themost ~pec~cu~al.· Rfcl"lite<:1~!!J.reun fifleellltlh-cel1lury ].]'3in,'We [know nsmes andctm on~y ,gu~ 3.hmn the I~.'iles behind the
names,
MOl>(
These oomide"lihatliS ~r remeved the nostalSic reool]et.:~'ion of CaiiK> <lnd yel, <IS lhe ~roo:ges of the Unes of passengers '.~t.~iI1ef.urpOrlcome Imck lo me, the-real l ooodusion 'to emerge 'ii.<l; U~~t notl:ii,il1lg ls im,pQ."Nihte for the va~i~W of t~de!11S, k(!;owl.edge <'ladoompetenciel:i th .. u aJ)'Pea~ed then, The in~it!"n~~omJ made t~po~ih~e for that
~II."~
em.
<in
and rhe
meet
~ntb.e·inroI1Yl,ti1lUomd,imit~~I~hi,d and
or them,
are the
.lnO:l:lIymOi!J'll
masters responsi-
ble for the hlllL'iim.lble ,'U~truC~'~O:M of srn ..~.1 viillage::: or of ptiY'O'(~~ho~.~" for designil1!g\Vho~e clti~, and for supervising the bu~lditn;gof grnndliooe mosqoes, secluded fortr~, p'Ulbl~.c1):I~hs, chools ,md [..rom<:lefiful palaces, We C<i.1'1JI10t s ask them. queatlcns, 'OO!l e calli.I~am.aho'tiu their hu~!dil];gs w in ways which :lI~most: ompel a ~o.nstruc[jon,. Of i,uworsi c an evceanen, or th.ei. presence nne] .oW reasons ~OFtheir the
deeslons, as och.olars and crn'l:Uc;'S to e'xplainoome 1t1!1'
ethical chaJ[e:nges ;~nvoived~n unders~rnding the built 'erlvho:nmem throU~.LOl!JI& wo:rld and ~n~mprovil].g the the set[~~ng ,~ire.[l\':i p1«:~<l~medresponsilb:ility ~8~:imn.t:ed[o of t~e wor~dof Mmi.limli, blJ!ll<!tliyilhintg dUH iI.nprove:;; the eilliv~rufll.meru for one fifth of maaklad ls hound ~o ~dlecl the rest, ThIl.l,S. r.e~urt'lto v:A,'1!1l( 1we as dlJ.ef~~I')"damerll~l. w~ q:~t~.'i!tion of ot]]r time: now c::.lJ1'! ont;l preserve, in diWliryand With success, sepa.m~e idem~[~¢$.when ~e<:Ill'!iol~', :e001ogy, eoo;[J)DmI~CSnd the media Jain tend to h.omogl;nise t:he~r a il.l'l:paCl8nd their control? Sb,ou.ld one evoo [ry? Few fO!\1m~;
<life more; a;lb!.eto thdn.k ilb:mt theseissues dlJnn the-real hut
irJiv~ible
Aga
AKhiil'OOIUIrE:"
ullex,pected d!et a ~1 some lorcdu[Marr:ement We wl~1not or 011\V'<a~ e ctg[iJ:[: il1L in~jniog the nliLotivilti.ol'1l~hehil!1Glneir h de-C:~~wns, w'e el'O penet"'!['e~ruo tn.eil." Ci[~tkm:,lllnd but
i~me ~.,rl[isfledthr.lt wh;u~v'e'r .~~~thal[ i
we understand
~1')Ol~[ 1:em is 11 reaSOinr.lhie (1.~~p:rO)ljiffir~[ion~()wh<iJ .'I'1!u<!i.~y d . happened. SIQW~y and arlen with mns:idJ;lr;llhWe ~[ft)!:1!, 'we can tmn!5rOlUl. these dbISClll:e mastets ~:nIOt:he heroes of our m~.on, J!JI~[ Ilikethe he~or classical legends aJndml([h.s, [@elf win be presenrin 'Qonte,mpomry t!]jIl.1tkiJOg thuo.~gh their wot~ mther dt~m in person. 1il'liey win net neces.s<ll.'il.ye b mOOiillswho.~e ore".ltiom' ;')l:iLolJlldre oopieda~ eNemphny I II:iI(jJivldlJiillswho knew iitQ''''' In :so~ve~:he problems of their
~im.e,and It would
1:1I •
ot he (uoper tolintu~(hi$
C'a:~lCgoryof
pieces o'f[sllamie a['Chutecture in thepast, Great pm,[ 'n,:"~I~Q,j .of western a['Chi~ec~llre', uch m;: lei Co:~hllster, Frank.Lloyd s 'Wrii:9'h~;and louisK:a~.1:nJ (~esigMcl. built and taughrrin snd for the Muslil!i!i! 'l;'i/Qr1d,They tOO .. re pano.f lnil~ herole past, :aJrchil~cts whom ~hal!tC ntet::J:[:~o.ned, bU!~political and nlltuml leaders o'5lho1,ll;ld inch.!ldedrls well, who have be
ClIARLES CORREA.
The ~"ch;vreCi! ho builds a gbss rower in the middle of the w Arabian desert wi[l iUSlify rhe de$igo wi~ha hundred differenr~.a~er~p[ pos~lbly thereal o!:a.e,\vhjihis the U[l(Jonsci01JJS :l!trrempt torecreate the myrni.c iI"mll.ger,'of what is perhaps tille quintessential city of the tlWemiah centlUry; HouMan, Texas, .sUcil is the-power or the m.ythuc .tmflge- and the: (Jotltred ~t xetcises on our lives, And thi::;of ceusse is the key issue e Olilthe heart of the Aga Khan AWOli'd fo!- Ar~hfut.eClU['e" How can <1irdtitectand di.ent ,free themrelves from litis colcalsanon of tl'lemj;no? The w.skib' 11m e-.il$.y, nor it> it O.ReM1U coucerns Qn~yfue rs~amic world, On d1e comrary ,i~is an arena in. which ~veryarc;hitea dwells, includiog those who build in the westeruworld, where Ulfl dichoto:my~~en the Modem movement and Post-Moo.errusm, or between either of them and the Deror:Hslru!C~iviS!ts., be perceived can
Fox rnest people, these are theim.lges of Islamic Arol1tithat spr,ing to mind. Yet, iIOJliicd.U.ynough, the e major~tyof Mus~:imf} notlive in ooun~ri.e5:where l!liB kind do ·of buil~ fcrm is t·e]e'iriln1- They Hve fNlSl' of Delhi~ If! fac~,e<J:ii~ of C(Jlcwl'(l~They nv~ i!!lBan~ades:~ and ]ndo!:l~ and .L1Io1El~;ays1a. ThflY live ]11 11m hUliUiddin1al~,. Wha[ [h~ need is not diense massing, but ]iW:tlrree-sMnd!i:[Ig struetures and
teOlUfe
as analogues of this paradjgm, Thus me agen(_liJ. f ithis o AWtlfd is fe-.d~y'quile centr:'".!llU p]Ore.sskmj ..nd not jU8[ our rhe exotic Disneyland hothouse tha~: anyassume it to be, m Indeed, workio-,g on the St~ering Co.mmiu~e has provided an insi~)I[ into mal'llYof the most ,n;id;il!ques~iom; fha~
ccmfrom archsects here in ]nd:~a,as wdl. as in otherparts of
of Wa,han to them? In the,.ur art of the p \VOfl1d, they c:".tnnu(bu ~Idma;sonry arches and dom,es, they must instead use sloping tiled roofs :~n oederto keep out the hea'!.~}'InO!:'!SQOO, .rJi!:'li.~- \\l'hglt shouLd l'wil'r'!1OSqU!t:'S look 1n::(l'?Rightnow"mO$~Musli~ de-.J!! W!~ the problem by building a tH:ed-rwf slrncru.ffl and then sticking a small Uri dome em rep (often just 3. f1:Hwo-<!lmeJlSllonc>JilLl,.1t·out) to symooHse what their efi'on is all about. Can the M.usJ!im. <I,;(;h:ii~:ecltlnIndonesia or Bang[actesh be free or such irn.Q,ges or 'I.<.:-cept them <18 ,m esse.mi,.] p ..n of the imagery oJ fil]~?' Yet,is thm it fa ir question?' After ..,U,OJ, symbol. amnal be n:mdeta, order <15: and when we want, l:like<1. piece of do~hi:l1-.S,[ts power and me<ln:iing slow]y accrues, dOVi.1fJ. [~)rough the o~nl'l;lrie.s" and cannot be changed ovemjgh:[, Thus the Cross of C..alvary .isbu[ 11 machine- fOf f!uUing
domedmosque peQP~e [0 death, th.erefon::in nattons around [he wosld whe.re l~. as been replacedby h the gu~.nm~liI.e r the electric o
chair, shou]d Chl"isl:llilln d:lUl'dleS fOnDW suit? Or more
Mythk.~
To begin with, the-power
of mythic ~maJgeryLiS course of
much older d'm:n Texas,il is nne of the bask mechanisms i:Llvohredin the deslgnproeess . .Every architect has <'11.1 assortment of images on which 'to draw during the d.esigl1J.
process, ]SI"Ul prcvldesa pattlcul<ldy rich eeserveir of such
il::n:ilgery_ Spain,
i[
,\$ i~ came
arChl[:ecl1Um~
systems itencoumesed,
Deep SW-01l'Jre TOo answet lhls CJJue.sUon, us 8l<11J1 by ex>lm:~ningthe way let <11.1 .m::hite£lldesigns, A~ work evelyd<lY ira. <I somewhat ba:na] ""rorld, the ll:r-d']]teot faces qU]te' OO,l"ill'lIDlWens:k~l 'pJ70blemsdeaJing with die.m:s who have parl'ku]ilr re'JJ~!ire· m(ColS, budgets,~:um~ sd'led,ules· ~nd so ffo'tth- Wi~h.iJJ these .pi1. .... ametars [he :ardlimc[ tries [0 ~r.n.ve at suu!i!i~e :<]rrange.
me.['i1;S huiiil fnml., of But at another level, jus~below this surfttG€:. arc'hitecn...,at leastsome of lhemseem. to h~lveaccess to lila1 wcu·~.d of compulsive, m::a;,-!l1ylhk,imagery which we have fillst
which is unrivalled fer sheer I}'r~al:~ eauty in the h:fis~oryof b <lK:hiteorure. Certa]ru:y these typo!.og~.es, based em. the hot, Ic:hy dUan31t.e which p.revai.lsfrom Gl<lrIi<ld!.1kil the West to
Delhi and A.SJ;ain dle Bast, generared the kind of bu]lt ronill which appeals irome:ll\5ely ~QOI;I[co.l1Iiemporary sens.ibi!i-· ~i('&,dIUSI!~rsof ~oul!tYaI\l houses, closely packed together,
sheltering each
O[ill1lf
been discussing, These iilll.'lig.es act like powerful elbdrs, t:r<llwfo.l1nm,g the dross of everyday OOl.1iStructuCIin into sootetliing .furmore vivid and exd[i:ns;
walls,
12
FROil1 A~OVE.- .D~VI;fj't,I' ~ie(l) o!Hqm'Jf;m, ](;>;';{IS !lowmmt,'.n, ~(lke'l' in 1988.: Sem~ :el' Ye,mn". ·'j'i?m:lm: brimanJl), fnU!"J'llOilistffl'; bU!fRI!'/IO~jS
"f","h~I""'{;WJiI;!,r,uhile
sublf:e-riclm=
.~'1xu
~ ~~------
But
very eX~Sleil1'ae of
ffiorep.roround
which, lhro1JSh.ou~:history,
has nounshed.me
arts.
This deep suucrere .i5lhe weUspring o§.n;;chiteot.l!lre, a priroOfdia[ fOfCe [~~ underlies the middle level and generates W;; wmpulsiveimag~.!"}'. Fore'.K<lmple, frarLk Uoyd\vri:gh[ ,~~@d l~isUson~an ho~ nce by mldJJng tihe middl.e level TIheffiristi!ng ']'udQf and Q:I~ Cod vccabuh.uy)',.but .ra~:herby his illl.rujli.ve undJer:stand,~rngof the
ne
pelletr.l!tiflS ~o rock OOlto.m mythlc images of Usonia. Deposil'ed aitthe middle level, ti:ley becO:l'l\Le accessible to a!!'chiJ!ects nd developers, form.ing the new lifesty]e .0$ most a North Ame:riCl!:'!Ls~bt,1roiath[oljlgh.()ut ~hisC~Jltury, tt\'O
steps up [0 the din~n.g area, the carpon; thl1lpiCWfe dow, the openplsn Begio:tW!Ism lofue process, Wr.igh~.ci1aUengcd the c!ll~Ir:lJlml elitism of Am.erirn:S.East Coast establ,tsh:mC'll[and its Bcallili: Ans and s.o forth,
wtn-
clones, Because o§ilie ootu[\e of [heii: mandate, architecrrs ... -.e' semruVle to Ctl~rurn.l bullying. Thus whenasked to build the US E~II1.bassy in lndia, fore:xantp1le:, the architect ma.yrq [0. design <In,'lo..iljan' lookID.g buiJdmg th ar wtll ..fit into the Con~l(r of De~hi., n Me other hand, it' as:.ked to d.es.i,gnthe O ]ndia:n Ernbas~y in.\WaShington, thesame aocWtea wiIJ probalbly (lome up Wlt:l'i adJesign lilaJl. conveys Indian. cutru(';al
values, and. not Ai1l.crican ones, So we db no~rea:Uy per-
ceive these
SUl$peCl
images
th a~in mepoweJr 8tn!ggle going atJiil:K.Iund the wol1.d, there are those cu~tJUres'Whic±! <ire 'unde.l'dos.s:' and those mal :are "ibullies', and that the: imba~<linoe bas no~hing
to do withirnmlilsic cultural value bur 'I111"Nih eeonornle
dOI,lL
13
<llnong <l1.'Ch:itec.ts!ooayon 1,;egio:n.dilS'l':ll; whkh,~n it."t:lf, l.I!.nfortlltm~e.ly nora panacea .Js since regio!1.tI:Lsmif1,ud~il{;x11;!.!Ire cancome <Ibou~in fWO qutl~ diffcretlit\V;,t ys. The n~ oonc~~sn:.<; those desigp;e.rs of who bQunc.e oW d'le l11~ddh~~"tyer.Th~ ma.ind,ifli'ereIlW
Hence the gre'.I~:t:a,~,lph'lf)is
un the other
hand.the preV"'idling. ~~Im>ologycbao.,ges ~ve.ry fee".\,;' dec<Ides"And each tilne ~h~~, happens, that po:umlin. thecentre
of Q1,;l!r d~]gr.Mn moves ro ~Inew pos:~tuoo:
between them and rite SO-Gl n,edi ·[m:erml~iom1J~':stybts is lhal their 'grab-bag' o:f images
But essenlildly, irr.s 'the same supe:m,d'l~ process, i On the other llilm:l, mere is <tllOLhe,r process, quile diferent
Irn:on11hetirst, Ih<llt also generates ,I regional atchitectute, eXjJl'(;!Mjjng MRmgc:.iLIlw, a l roots. This process j['l!vo!'>'es
L'e'4C.-hing rhe deep suucmre in rhe l!)W'~~ layer. It lsa far n');(lq;~iffioolt but f.tr more ~w~M;dil'\gp;.ttl't s!i,!ld~ ;an;:l~il~C~ d ru ~ does not meoo~y lIi!:ll1sf>&rii1mg~ (wl1:tether of ~.OC"J.I 0. foreign. origj:n) but trcm!f_{orms them, by .re,a:nve.nlln_gthem, To understand howthis happens, we must examine the
these
111 [hepoi[ll
of resolution of
is, of
Yel!I,1'l.
S:hiflun~he basic culrurnl pmrndig:Ju, l1.lis happened ("OSlUOS was r-e'pJacedby the sacredvalues the r5IamkG,lr~enof by tne <lniV'<!1 oftht'
E~lfQPe'4n<li
The second i~Mpl:r:'"JJtion", whi.ch i5 dyn .. mi.c and 'i/ol..:rlle.[[ if) lfeiY d~lT-erem fn.ml. (;uttl11'e., thOUg11 ofcC)urne they iOlera.ct (.."t:.m~jl1i:mmsIy.nlUswhf~esome
and i:nlag~ry
Wol.'j,
of
Paradsse, wh kh in tum
u'lf~mun
aspir.Uinos ean be quiJr:e epb:me:cill, others !.~ay become anintegral !XI:rt efculrure,
All rhe artsare rfOfound~y .tfl1ec~ed hV ",huft<;along [he
;;IX~S that nll1~~berween these rwo forces. Thus
the exp:ressi.oll
of
if we represent 11. pa,eceof ari.himclllre .~ all admee (fior Instance Re.£i'~~t:,ln Square inSamarqand Of Ch~lnresCath.ed:ml in fmru::e) by a central potnt in a schema, then we can
disgram their rebticmsnipill this mannen
T~!l'and'fl':3iHlOFmatlon
Changes ~I.ong lh~s (1ulltu':iI.~-ilsp.iralicmaxis moesbared by archReclll.l1'e with all. the othe.r arts, Illimy of which, sl.lch<ls poeuy :il1.1dffll!lsk: are~ndeo::lln1;Ud] pme" arts, fi\~nce they do not have to deal with the exigencies of the :prnw.t1<lJk .utd
it such
a se.n.~lt:Uvemomele.~ b
of the he<lH~ and robustness of a pantcular sodety. T,l::iisis ~\ih¥ cI[ies, and the buuldings they contain, are oJ such There are-two other forces that exert a far more prim,lI:Y
i!llJl~Jlenceon <l1'ICh:iteorure than they do on. <!t!iY of decisive hnportance
[0 thecu
~lum~.bistonan,
theo~her
ilm. One of these is din-late, TII~ .is a fiJ;unchnlleI'u:al"nd IJ!ncil'mnging force. The a roMe-ct must learn 1:0]],ll"lSter its pf'.l.(;lk,dimpli.Qutiol1ls(s\,U''! ;,l11tl:~es,wUliIddh:~ti(Jn!s,~'[(.:) nd ~
go much f~.rthC:f Itihllrl th~~" flo, at a deep sti1LLC[Ur·@level,
wocx~ with concrete, we are faced with a ch.dl.enge: we' can e'Lt.he.r se the new led:mdogi.es to ~mpelfi.ci<l]ly I~~n-!lerdle u ddimages
tL:mtwe see
(hence
'the f,~keG0thk:
~~~
dimaJI:lll condinoos cU~JtL1.reu~~df, expresslen, irs rUles and, its riiuals. ]n itse~f, ~:~l~eC'J:nbecome the source o.f mj1h,as d
iO'ller'lting ~he 'Ircl~u~.ec;·n.lr:j~ elipre';sicm of the m~lthucVll~ues rhey represeer. BOlh nplions\l!IOr.k, but there is The process mlllinn.
Oil the 11 aufferem::c.
quai:uties amn:ibtned W open-to sky space from Mexico to M.:lb~<l and {10m ]ndi<! W Japan. The fDUl1h force <lot~:ng <nd~:iteot!.il is ~ec:lmo.~()gy.,No on re other art feels its 1111nulence 80 (lu'eCtty. Musica~, wstrum.enlS
witness the metilp~]ysi.c... tI
~urerepresents
14
(~[lIry.,.
lIt'Chu~(_'U1:~
(hey ~k,
We:'
1Ul
O:ntmstt:'.r..Each one of his pl'ojectsL~ t~.leworknf 'un homme m6c.Uterru:n6en·, yer none uses a s[oping red-tiled 1:()(~f.WI:ml G()Id)lL.~iel:did instead
""~4" W
IT!-inmnl the
whenever uppmp1.'.iate and aV'<lIl]b.~e,.keep3ng :i!nta!.'il .. our own self-c'OJJIfldence. W~'le:l1. ~lnd w~,"JIY. does a soc.~~l'y.PUllse mkkst,ide
'~I'1ddmlb~: it"ielfi' The maner
is indeed a delk>lJte-
tine. Inth~e<~d>' t'ighltib. when lhty ~~an~. dJ'il.llking n)epl'>i Cub. in Chin ..", QI1.e1)e.n~d inMi:m-':liVle.iyhatthls was go~ng t
.nodus
layer df·'Wlm.m-O·
sCl;dt,jty hecause, at
i"lll~e.ry}has wc:'_'lkt'!n~1
thatsame
be th~ ~')!:giruoio__g ~he e.od, [h;ii:~c:ven~:J;I!"llyn of M<'!!o's of .. (:hil:l,l:i]mrm~ unl""Jv~l, On Ui)~mh~~ l':illli"Jd. hen Y0l,;11see N~v w
~'O
Yorkersemlng
In
:1 Chinese
ofAiU~rilt,~a?
of self-("()n;fic:Ten:oe. Wh~n
c,11.'lleout of d.e Arabian desert ~]nd sIlre,I(:1 [owa.cls al:I.'e"'i!dy e:xi~led~n tl1iese iflg~led., m ..de lrs ve'ry own.
art;h~[ectmewhi.chis
lran ~lnd Ye'men, .il was full of mn;fldent1e in lIsdf. h found \\\mnde.lfll!l Ol.rchite<:tu[-ewhkh pb,;e:>, which il j1;!!5l 'l~wrb~,
regimh"~. we ean <ldiiliii';!'S."i issm:s whid.1J ure untivelW<l~ Forall .. true ardJi~~turei~, by deflnition, regional, Not because i~ re~.u.'i~mQ Di."l.Il~orld of ral..:il.eimagery (Hit>l!(J,ry as <l. 'Y:rk-a!tJUre), but b~~'~JU5eU~~)bPI~.~5 those pnme fc}!''(.)es
o(clllm~, as:p~r:JU(m.dima~:e) through using the ~&h:n()h)fW
aV8IjJ,II::!ie ~thm pa:rtia,.~.b:rpoin:t on our planet, [fillrhis a plUIDund sense" aU the fmes~ examples, of archeecture in
Thu,~when ]s!<UIl\! iln]vted in India,i~dis~uve~1 011] urd" of k e:XJ}~ic ~ur~ie~,,:I)d precious :ltOI1Ji!,",whkJi ]~ had neVe.f seen lilt-fIDe. 1U1.d these ~]g~lin~~ 'lS$in'l:ib:~d and i)]t'emali.<;oo ·'!,wHh great s!l',lf-(,"OnIfidlem:lil.And so .~ g~ Agro1J, Hu.rihpu:lSikri, M3ndu ~rLd lmIny other masterpieces, A:l"Id~ g~(the
:-ltm::mj,n~.ylbe'lmifld hOll!s:jn~ rypologi~sweflndin
tQWLll.,}ofYel.llen,U1id
lll~ hiU
])'In,
the O'lk P'ark: houses ef Fl'ank lIoydWri:ghl, bee ..use th.ey expkJit the superflclal
are an
all
regiumll.NDt d~c:p
.~ayerl'iof
they
of wl.1.id.1l, regJ~rd~.e!S.'l ~lr1gin we kleLlitify l'()f;i!>1Y of with Whe'r-e has ll1im ~If-confiden(.'e' b1011.etod'ay? Ho~
[sl~ml,
He$ beJ'le<ilth,
me mythic.
The
Japunese tea ceremony and 111,1:: fl,ghJts()f Spaufil~11.'e b'Lu[ hull two examples, These obvious:Jydenl w~Jth elements buried deep .in our subconscious, ,<iuch'.ls the :rivetinp; (1entml~ty of a .tmlll"'t:'llnuu.d a ~"Omlyard. To C!iOO.~he h.ot desert p.h~n. t and Olrri~ <1tS1;uch .,1 house is an experiencebeyoad the m~lily phO'l;ng~,nk" 5rH~eth~rtB deep is stirred ir.!OUr mind perhaps the m~mory of ~~OS[ p.:;Lr:,H:l~o;;e7 In rhls hlye., of ~nvisihul~;:,JJ~ie .root.'> :ilKhi[~C[illl:e, rhe of
omd Hab1t Thi:-; b.i'i:Qg,:"m,to aaother range of ]''l-8ues wiid]whkh tile l!;\V'ilrd i" v.~~al1y concerned, ,Ind whi.dlis aiso of ffIlm.clil:men"· tal iimpcmaru.~!.o mnch more ~h<'!n jus[~ite Musli1lFJiwo:dd. Th~ a~ the ko;;S1,;~~1fi:vh~ch,oncenl our l"!01!I!.;;jn:g, our d!ie:-J
and our en .... imnm!!ot, lh~ I1uildi.ngof the habim.l ,:\,Ie h1we' in~ ~()(:'It'~ as
~I whole. Theincredib]y TlI])ili
ius~hoeen
di~'1;1$.5.i_llg,
as.ev,erywl1ere jn.~Jh:e v".()r~d.:~~. Ul1rgllnic process, 1o Myknnns, R:;lias~tmn and are not the bminchild
in\!'n~.v-, of
bea:lI[ir~I;1 hom~s In
Per!1J<lpSthus is wb,lt IouisKshn was re.rem:ng m when he spoke of his ye'lnl~n.g of the nen-exisiem VO~lIllleZero of
Hi~ory, 'Axl1l.uteoture' he '~lItd.'de<I"~with the recesses
mja:l.d. ]:n
cf the
L:-J Ot)'i~l O
s .. ~d,
.md
oot)'ieit
buik,'
nity and its hkstory, Fo.rpeop]e canindeed produce the l1J!ll.l!sJng. ~hey need a,.. n....[I1.1Jt.dly<lind m.s~:iru.ltively as b.iircls bujld nests, In foil cr, halDiw[ wl':!id':l addre.~'>e$ juS[ <ltX)1.;Vt every one nf (mra::m~empomry {,)rmcem .. (balr;;'1flooo ec()-s'Y,~tt"m~,rec)ldung ()If W~;~[~,!llIImJnSC'.lI~,CIJ1~lll["J~
identity ~:m;1so Eonl1l) (lin/ud)!' exisls in the ·vema{:"'U:~ajt buiJJding system~ of peop~e d'lroughmll th.e wo.rld. Wh~lt
ooesrtOl'
rel~glon, or <l;ccWt:rus: of ~ecl1Lno.!o&'Y? If the lom:er, ltil::ten perhapsi~ might ·be bt:'[IeJ" fua;~:ht: iiJClhi~t:JCt'::i Bangbdes~,i of
to se~l['chifil. :!:Ii d~r Slf'JIILUJn f mythi(: :inhlu~'~o.!l, fur o ,liS of Pamdise. How Ciln tim anew in the .11IIshtropIcal clin~altill i!ll!S~anre,the Km:-<u]:~c arden G
exist
i,'O
the
llll'rnm
.'I~via hie.
gener-<l.re~hiscome,Kt.
thi~ is why V.~effiJ1.:1IStOjl... y$. pay~h.e keeneM a~el1!tion to .~ e:ffiJrns [hal :;m:empt to provide ~h~ suppo.rt ~[nICitu.re,dlie
]05
cemres,
0(111:
J= by.LMm.rtl'!N m
h~it ino:~sin~yin
of all, of this
C01;II:'Se,
11Yelltwi!nl'Jg ,Abbe), ctlw",l;; the U',w qf IOCfji 'red sarrdsNme makes .r"all1'hpIM' SifiJn s~'t!m~()billllJ if)€t/) M~ ~!j,rormdiJW, ptlrU(;uJ~rl) a~' (/(;mm m,r(I./~ls!.r
d[i~s decay, [he samaticm worsens,1110se who snff~rmOSL the poor, simply express
3.
and
not
feeling o:fcompas-
sion, like florence Nighlinga~.e <lrl'l.cmghe wounded? TIle t answer i5 by not acting Iike a prima donna professional,
houslng but 'I~SOin the archh:eclUit<I~ masterpieces of history. ln fin.1tJ wilhoUl these peerless erafismeu, the Ta] Mah,d and F'Heh:,pur~ikn,\'!,'ould have
Gn~.yIn
evident not
but in
the very cnt!;oe-plJl;l:alil>@Urm of the .1rCh~~cfuroll;)!l~uOllge ~~~r_ By ~O'ta~~y undervalu111gthe decisive (Ontrlh~[iol1l of
these cr:aftsm~n m a~d'ti[ootLlf'€:i have, over thelast few V;~ decades, disconraged
d1JM1 to The point of el([incrlon.
of
or ltJ whichis
gel.'1<e'l;<lles,OCl~l~y ctl.~nge
rhe frescos of
wilhom.,
the dynantics of the space, 11m ,i~ tippi doeo tbose Wl;II::~y"l[i;l~
Illi..Ajllntil do to the
tn
floruruce, or rhecavc-painnngs
laodscape
we understand and clarify in ollr minds the roles of the varicus playees such as. builders, architects and di.ent5,
~nvQ]V\ed~nthe creation of arehltectnre and why someames it succeeds, a nd why sometimes it fol lls,
Ithe '-I:rdl.i~lecru re io the'()~I['Jjt'rie.s <!r(l<1,Jnd (he Gulf, one i.~ ~\V<lre the ill'l:coodihle rmsmsrch bem E'1I!1I1 the high qlUlI~r:y (}f
l
and (in [aj'loo may cases) the low quali~y of the ve.su~l:S.
the dty or Ghandig;ul1L in India was being designed by Le CorbuMer folit'y yeal'S ago, l'Il.Hty people-wondered: don 'It: hldianil(d1iJ~~0!5 object 'to rh it> key project being .assigned to
16
a fo.rei.sner? ]
<l~W"d,yS
h.!cky to gel Co.-busier. He t<lkes.I:r>ch uteCiW.re V'ery 8e!iou~ly. 'i,,'Ue can only P.rofil by hili eX<l!£il':q)l1e. l1i1:is ladeedpeoved :[Q
betrue. in ~\VO~mporf.Hl~ ays, f~ w
IX"Qll,Jl~J£
of ImJimml",.o:ne S~fS!pecl:S ~~l .dl he :m~y t-w.diy have been ~~yLllg dowol.s soliCit for ellerns - who, bu:;Uy Fox hilT!, W
did
0:Ql;
in
Corl:H,lsi~s
[he~hi.n:ie$, CQrbusi~rmi~:li~ well h(lvegoT inrvolV'oo - and ruined - in the p.roG~ss, .As I said I:x~fore~ lndia was ~ucky to get Corousler. But he.ron, was ~.uckyW ge[ lndia., Here he met di.entswhn befleved in the seriousness of archirrectlllre,
OUI ~ives.
work was at mecl,JIuing edge of ariniIOCllU:'{;, and lndia S-I"lddefillymovedto ce['n~ .smge as '[h~ focus of ~:m:em[on
for the whO:~e pro~~.oI:1J.. Poople came from >11.1 they were working in
OO11J.lt: (Wei'
the
or Disneyhmcl,
t'CH:Jay. Secondly young lndlan a :ocl1.irecrshad ~[! ex~y aordi~ry QPpOnunityl'O le-.arn from .le Cod~u.si~($ ;,af(hi~~nlre, this was indeed ~rue.No( only did youo_gIndiiao~r(hlrects ~,e-:rn foom his extJ<lowi:nll:ry buHdings. bur alsofrom ..
exposurete the-man himself His com11lCl!willi the Govern~
:iii
month on SriIt:e~11
hu:mlniM.j<!oob E}mnowski gave <lllhe sl!!mmmion of the ]967 Aspr;'tl Des:.ignConfere~ on 'Ord~';fand DiiSo.rof:t. Co:mp,utr:fIj, were then the newest buzzwoed ",mons <l:rcilH:ec(S, and de$i&n~rs, and ~he\!'esee'ffl~ to be :00 end ~C) Ute wonders th~y would adli~\I'~.BrQnowski took ~~ess
o[plimlsl:UC view. lie iUusml.t~d thlSbY~injnlng
[he old
1.>ll'ldQ.mly a keyat
several yeol['8. 'rhus the interface with lndla 6mclwuth Indian archi~~ts)\V'ol.S wnsider.a.ble, and ro..uclJallybeneftcil1l!L\'i)':e had ln-depth access to
~rellij'l.!"e p'r~5~
of the of .1111-
hlgJ:l!~[ order.
A[
@x!posoo to the
\VllIS
the feedback
from the users of his buuk~lngs. TI.lis arrangementwas nat ufilq)ue.[n their dlesi/grtof New Delhi, in the twenties the OOllitm.CltS of Edw.in.lut)i'en.:s and
Herbert Baker Miipulated that they reside OOl"ltin.l!Io1.lsl.y .fox
la~:el:,type out the entire works of Wmimll Sh<lke8pe,rre', Bron,otl."Sk:i:·,\'aS slPO.rl:ing:he took not the whole weeks, but [ust the sannel&; and not ;dl du: sQflne!:Sb1,;l:~ celebrated one which sWl1S wlth. th~ Shalt 1 (;Ompa1T! IIM~to ~ summ~J''s dU:f? 'lb()~~ al1mQ~ lowly m.d ffj!OHttemf)ertUe. ln f;~l1'!, Bmm::;wski.[ool only the first two. lines ~ and showed ]twouk~ indeed [a a gre",!' deal of time ro fini~n lie meserwo lines by .r<wdtlm selecnoneven if the tlwrlkey
were l'O b'-yrepb~d by [he fas[eS'! ~.'!l'lainfro.m.e computer,
was of decisive impOJtance~:o, the success of the yenslnoa i~ allowed them ~n absorb afar mom vivid underits di:m~lle, ~1t.<;cul[!J.I[eand i~ ps~p!e., s,
:<I
In
OOl1lJ[['.Js.t,
.kind
ofparllchure
honendous, TIley flly in for a fewrnays (or hours) on proiects much larger than Chal1J.diga:~].Whal is their e.\'l:p05ul\e to the .1,Cl!G.;ll5? vice '!leI'S"? .h seems clear that And there is (0:; sh.oukl be)" diffeu:ence between a ~iteooure
Bro«1(}wski gave us his ealeulsnon rOt ~ad) ,onse.::;miv~ v..'ord,b:U:lwhen. he reached the hSl word of the second Iine, he stnpped and sakI: 'You know, any of us would know th3,]; this word must have tbree syi.I<lIbI.es bUl onl.)' ~. Sl1"lkespe,ll'ewQuld bave thOlllgili of thisexll':::lo.rdi:nmy Vi1Ord:[:emper.ne'. To Bwnow8ki, neither Art nOJ: Science is Ule product oJ random ..c~:h:m.A$ he pat it: 'IfRltuJ'e \'\f.~tJi~S [0 proouce honey, .~~: produces fl\~ bee.lf N~nl,l;:~rrts fiPit
po~[ry, she furs!produces Mart' So perhaps when N~lure wanted dle ex:q:t~isil'e ~n;h:u~~c-
OInd C<l:.petooggirug, [\_n.d th.e cllentsshould beastlt;UI~ enoughto ufilders~and~:ni$. They muse net o:nlyufilsi5ll on
far morn
rentJ.:uie.s,
>lil-:e'
socleties who d~mmglJi the ellinimuicll.'JI of sculpture .md P<1iimin:gilOd[f)e re~i..nee on ca]l:igrnpny, t~;:uroug1li nonthe ~vailla'bi~ilY l'encsj~e of m~lt.e[.ialls, and the reH,.1n';;'~QO ~sonry
unlemg:enl~n~ere..,t ln what the arcbitect is tl'}llrItg to achieve. If they don'il:, then theyhave onlly themselves to blame,
No b!.:lild~ngeanbe bener d1Jiiln architect who designs the
add, of the
'vau:~~s nd domes were- me-~ln~ produce 'lrCh~~e<:rure(# ~H] a ro incredJih~yhigj1ooer? Not JUSt the gre<.H arcchiM1Cls w.ho a~ j!J.IS'l~.y e~ebn.1itedun history, but alsomore c IlLunb.~~ pracn~ionern"To return [0 those: ,~[>Ind3rd~,mi;&hl it [lot neoessi~:ate'<In,lna]ysis or~:hall p]'ogrnl'J.'l:mil.lIg, and its ree.invenfi.c)Il in the: co.nteJl.1 of the OlSpn:tuans and ~:ecbnologies of OUf thues?
17
impollant part .oJ tb~ won: of the GC)Fitem.pualjl arc:h~f'K:t a:Khit>eat is thalt he or she makes into the fumre ofvaluable possilbl.e the mntinuation
'TIme, not mau, molike$<l:rohite<Jture' (Gan:.ia £Orca). This lme, written b'-ya gfe<lJt Spanish mooem poet, explaim why, fbr rnal'!l.v~op.~e,prdIonging [h,e~i!l'e tmilldJin,gsits, an of
One >oJ thf: best justufirotLons of tile speclalised 3MI. of the qUilHti,es of the environmenr,
fu,~o§ iis. rbe call;utioo ud\o.ef! ]!l, tll~ U1>t:: (J.f new ma~erkl~s. Th<J1 is, ~ostudy the ccnseqeenees of lheir :physic-..J and cll!!ffii·, cal ~ntemCilionWith old m.at~riais and ithi~]rdiffur~]lt we-.r~h·
€rimg properties, suehas cemsnr, p:~asti('and a:~umulil:uum.
Awa~l~
rmm,texitu:re,m:<l~eriat and o§deta:i!1 and decoratlcn, that wouldO't!herwise disappear. By sjgmd~in:gbuil:d:inSS<lnd towns for special care, ~he arChi~ect di5tioguishesthem from lill'lieJr f,e]lo'l>vs,em:ph!lisis:ing lill'lieir po!)e',-othi! to serve tile ends k)rol proposes f'Ortll~,ffl.6u[ mis skill also has d~n,gers, S:iI1l00 tiheaotlon o:rtimJll an b'Ll,i~d[ngs.isjudg,OO W
be ~n
impotilltnt
them, to
in 1983 were Rn .individ!Lli3~. blJ~.]d:Ul1gs. but €fl.ch had a !.1ron,g conte?ltu<l1 component Th.e Slmh R1!I~]1-i.-A1II.n tomb in M1!.!lnulhas biMO.ric<I~~y donrhnated the ely from a site ~:Jiigl.'1 on rhe former d~add ..Its d~b.lpiid.u:edst,ne, before conservad)O,l) was l"II:ndel'tak~n.Md a depre1SSing efJea au an ancif:§lt b1.1~ vi~l dry of ~ftsme!1Land <'lrl'i5t.;;, Th~ ~POllaoe i:o Dam!l!scusoc'Cupied a bistoric sille if! tl'Ie andem soukares dose to ~hegreat Omayyad Mo..<;~ue of ~I.~ Wa.lid. As the ],argestt<'l!~ssible pdV<'l[~ dweiHng .in.th~
historic centre,
ill
age wi~h spanking new materi a~ <lnd textures, to put newly carved deoo'ra~ion in the place of old. TUG much 3cknowl· edgement of the ,000000tempomry woukl defeat its ~~. 'fI:m PO~:!la di:~emmaforilie~"rofindiM~ bUild· i:ngs, and even more fur the oonse!V.er of urbao iI.!,~.%IS" [1'1 rndudm:g rhe ca.l'egorv of arcllll!.&l'iilr.l!! ~Qm;;e['ll"<r~uor!as. pa!!t off A.,gll Kh<lr'! A,l,MllW, the o~iseu:; were concerned wilh.EWO problems that seemed, eedemic to the oourmies of ]sb:m: firstly.. that many bu]kllings ]n~:8Jmie oourm"ies 'were
condiition hOld become a !:i"}i'l1l;fuc.J,1Iof dlec~ine in the old cUo/. The dlird prujeCll was aCllmdly lnten.ded by its spamo.r, ~lIe Gemun ruch~eo1og:iG1~, hwtitme in Oaihu. ~o have
<I
me
selecting far cceservadon Jlve I.mtoo.c buik.lins-s in one ~,I(Jitio!AOlI qU<l!rt:er, ]t hoped ro provide for .[h~ peeple of the fII.e~ghl)()urh()oo iiJJn~-.l(:emr;]:aJr 111111 ould ~nQmlmge w them ro
undertake the renffi,"'a~Don [he~uoWn~lmlk'ies,. ]( was of lhoughtilim. such a seed plamed ~nthe eld eity m~.ghl grow >lnd spread to other areas. Here. the conservatton 'Work was initiall.y undertaken by an aochi~ecmrnl. hiistorhm, Dr .MiClhilei Meinecke, who <lci1i.evo.:Jl'e~rbb.le sm:c~wi[h ili.e fmt bund.ing lO be l'enova:red, the Mad:rllS1'! al.~AtJ,IIl!~:i. SuibsequerJitly, (i young a~~h:i!~~~l, Philip Speisf:,i, Jomed the p_rojea and, <l!fteT Meif!;ecke's de.P<lrn.lre: fb§ s-yrl<l, comp!e:~~dthe pr~~l<;, The work of this ream was characterised by the gremcare mkf:o 10 .~oe::,lle use the last off the and
negLected and ~nastarte of disirnu:,gratkm. Theseeond problem is thatsome attempts ar OOfiSef'i1llltWn, :regard~ess
wlshedjo focus
conservation
promised
[0
n'JateiL'ia~!i., second bOliOf :is the respect ro.r the p.rincip]e The ef usm,Q, as far .18 poss:~lY1e in the oom;erv-a~[on work, Ithe o.rijJ:incJlbuikHng mil~erialsand'-wft5m<JnSh~p, Only if this were do1');e'WOu~d~il:~hering $00111cause Lherepaiu ~ I)!! invisible, and [he .n~numl.:ageing process of the whols
buulding be :a~.~owed, oontunJLleuni!tllerrupted. The~hl:lld. to
nmsle. ·cmftsmen survivi:llg 1n Ql:~m, aod by the w.i[Ungness off the a]'(;hilectS[O ]e<lrn u'lclitio:md techniques ~nd use them whereverpossib]e. 11:is nO~:<Ib]ehat: th·e money . t receleed from the Amrd wJS l[self used to u,n.O'e'flake anOthef Major conoow.iJjan pi!:ojec~ a djo1nins the earlier work, Ute reoo\l'a~ionoff ~heMad~~ of Mo~~mmedNasi:, The imp;aaoffme Ullifo p_roI:eC;l ]}(!;ovedto bebo[h
enooumging aod diSilippo:imil'lg. The resro.red hUi~dfrr'lgs,
1~(J!!,
nity.. But the imp1J:ct of the five conserved btl.i~dinggWItS not seen to affect the oondiJoon of the Ii1emainder off the enviIUJ::JIrnenl!.There were a number of reasons, both loeal Ito ti'J.e quaner andgeneric ~lJ the old dry, to which this n'J.aybe aM:ribl,l~el;t A~nree OWJ:1e'JShip, prevalllag PQveny di5.p'l.J[l~Sbetween netghhoursa~i contnbuted ~:omiri£;l1]~e
agai!1S[[he sp.i.n-off effects of iillllproving themajor menu-
dvJI ~Mfi': lbot ~·lghl(ffi/,'~kI?1W~f,l'Z!'.m PtJ'I('/~!! .... .~~ W~~ oj' liN m(j'!;Wrpi~;e.j: (if ~m~"!;(1~'j~ .(fr'!;bj'l>!%lnjlft;!- showbl~ I/Jf! .fmrl'C.rj/(JSlo.!i~·IJ,(,md{n~~m Ux·p:i:::~tI(!; ib~ .Wjlt~r elwIn!' af jh~! .1/i!q.\'fj MQ5q~j~.
o !'f.IiI.l.EAF~ A
lh('
fl~mm
Ctlfr'O, r!anwd ajuw /fiJi] Nill.rmi'd !'t;~l(i~aJ·J'iifmzz U-Dil~ Allab. ll'JOki1t,8 luwrlras Ibt;' !S€ilHI-k~i~'I(,j" of All()
/l'TO.!!Jffj1miie'
(jl-.f{,fjbmarl
Kmhru/,(j,
om,' of
sullen slrucWros
Q,nl~J~ '~lm'(fN(l'·j
ments, .Bu~a signifLiCiilntf>lc~or lso seemed to 'be the fee~ul1g a tha:t the conservatien werkwas done by and for fOl'eign tOLlri~t. sa nd therefore it WOIS not 'LJltim<!J:dy fll!dged by them to be a concern of d].e people (Jf~he nr:ighb!Jl.i!rhood. A S<l!k:J.t~HY les.son, nevenbeless, but the conservarlonwork of
old dty of
filrdhitectl!f'.dmesterpieces.from the great ages eflslam, The ,-"On8ef';!',uiol]. the Shah Rukn-i.-Ala.m tomb in of Mul~lln w ..s undenaken by a senieratchitect, W ..Ui,Ullah Khan, who haJ<llre-"dyd~lir:J:glJiili.h,ed himself w~th the conservation ofillle Badsh ..hi Mosq!J.e ln Iahore, In advsnced a~,and with a pa~r ,afYOI.II!l,g.c:r a\'}..'5i~nts.he undM:OOk theworks of ~eW' ..lion of U'lie tomb, whid:lJ l
had developed a major spH! due to [he movement .of Us
thi5work itselfw<l$
has unforllunately
(;-xdusively" A maior
'e'fffill
iH'Ici(!!'nJt [(!cJu!ltqu<='S
of UiI@
mak~ng. and even more importa.olly. to ~.OC'JJt:e sources (~f the mineral deposits for the unique coloured glazes of't11ie o:;igiJ.m.]lles .An <lSed.deseendam ha vil'lg been found of the t filnilly who o.riginaUy made tiles far the tomb, slx hundred ye1lIS before, l[ proved pcsslble It) revive a craft whi.oh seemed oomp~e1).ely lOSt, and In resrore .he unIque. beltilag,e of the decoration of [he tomb in all its onginal glory., LO .he vvay It must have loekedm the fourteenth century, This work. was preceded by tile moot pa~.fisll,]kung reOo.r1s.tI'll:Clicm and stren:gth.erain.g of the original structure and repair of its brick ....ork. .A1tnoughthe lO1ll.b has been so thoroughly , ~oredtha~wme of its pa:rin<lof age has been laM. the great ;)ihievem~O!tof the ccnservatlon projec~:w;ils f'!;'i.fC)foid: ma:jor medleval cmift indus[Jry in MijIM!'L has been revived and. C()I]tlI]:Ue5 to nQ1JrL~h. and the tornb tod!a y jsr:t.~ea'k:~d,
fo, the fiil'StUime in eenturiesas nne of the gre~ltaclueve-
'Ihe .A~t:\rnlace b~d beendamaged in "v<jrfa:feduring h th~ F[!eJld;·J!oocl.i~tiO.!l of SyrlO'LAM10Ulgh .~QcTOO.in the
lhnn:i~ neg[eat andina:d.eq)uate ~p.1.i!l'S hadled to its
workon s~eetB<,serv:i:Oe$..;nd pu bUe m.on~!m.en.tS, l'hiiJs demon",n;<'ItiQo of the self·s~lS'tajnil'!;g <IbUity of 1(1!1bu:!1 cons~r!i'llrrion W:l1S unfOrturultte1'y bronglM to an. end b¥ tha corulict in his G01l;lnttry., with M.Olilla:, uff~ril1g more da:mlilge s
returnjngto
sevemles
an aJQwn.c:edstate of dettlriO.l'ation by rue lt was the loee and dedicatcon of one of the
curamrs off the museum in the palace, Sh.afiq a.l-1':maITt" which then. ted ~.olts woC)~ful conservarioa, He supervisedeach ~t<I;ge '[)be week and undenook dle loc aoon of a:nd~jning of tibettOlirfSro~n,eu'l!p]oyedon it. l1;~.eresJUlt is ~hereturn to its full b~ul!}' of one of the moocrrmgnifice,!':It examplss ,of &:Ie~.~endary Dam@scus[s1amic pa:ia.~.Th~
AW'aru lssald to have. made a considerable Hg~ngother eonservetien ..:re-~ of impact, encourwork o:f the k~nd ,~nadjoming
ns to be hoped that ilie Sitrong OillIicliticm whkll the build1.11£shad been renirned wi]! to have reduced the dam age lb,ey might otherwise have ,reoei....oo,.andmat ~heexample of Sta ri-Grild',s workvv:~n ,ioopite d'le ·~veo,ltJ1.1!.:d lCe5ro...rodion of Mostlr '~nd ]OOoy other
than many oilier centres,
]t
toV!.l'.!f!5:Hke it ii!llh<l!t
OOl..irlUl'"
Aloo g.lVen ;;In AW<l!rd in. [98tiW".J!S m,~ oon..s eN.ttiJot! .0[ one. of the most haU.owed shrines .inilie .lsilami.cW'Orid, the AIl!-Aqsa Mosque adjo.~l1in.g the Dome ofth~RbC'kif~.Jerusa~
me old
citty of Damascus,
How can the aid be kept side by side with the n.ew? The answer suggestsa p.lu:f'.dityo§ values thalonly the most .rophistiC'JJood will be Likely to sbare.an a:ltiJtude ~t will be con~ruLy under 't]:II;e<l!t ina ~ddtl':!a~ advocases mod.!emvty <lll:!d~t~ dll,ll1lge.lEvC1lnifiroIaJr.ed .mOflume.o:l$ms y be a]loVffldilO $lH'V.iv~ tn this way., milli'l the O1!!:1,ci,eru:Roman temple now S€':mng as a ch)U,rdl :linthe main stre~~ or i!.ss1si,
the proteceon hwould of a whole uman area does seem eQuivocal demand ad!~USitmentB an individuOl~.'s to expecta-
lem, ·The A."vard initiative stressed the reMomlio.l1 WOE.!!: 0.11 ]he dome of the mosque, which had deteciamted to such ,I degreeID~["v.i!irer .1e"Jka.g:ehad etJeai.vely obli~erd!t:ed the v:,llu01bl!e~imed docor.l!ti<m on the inne.!' ,$il"Hface. Alii thil5 WJS saved,me roof ~O~b\u;ted.~e p.1iintiingsJelUrnoo 1'0
tnehr fermer !brightness and the WQ:l'.ke~tendooto encompass the whole oJ
of the gales a.I1dr(mnl>l~ns of the Hamm. beycmd. Bnoolilraged by the Award, consesvation of the greillbuiiding the Dome of the R.ock ilk.<;elf rLowbei:ll,!il studied, :fi5,
A'&pallt of the ].986 AWiJM, honouruble menrionwas made of[l]ewor.k oJ the Touriog~tnd Allll'O~.ob.i1e ASsoci.nIDn ]s~nbl~] in oonservi:n,s a flIJ!JmDeT oJ histoiic in liJ'Uikli:Qg.,.5<,ro<.l:ny ofw:hiih had been p"'~IDns ill ]'OYOI] p-ol!rk~,[nadd:ud)oo,mc;l1"ounng Association unaen:ook[he
tions of the envI:Klnmel]Jt, .and to the ,communily's <lJuitude to :f:unc~ooi:Q£. the cilyand\lfOu]d of
requifea. strong
consensus
~OS{lJc:ceed,
cases, such
dependence
centre to receive an .A:..varo was that of Mostar in Yugoslavia in. [936, Here, one man, ..Dzilia.d Paste, who had InerIybeen ~.reglonal coaservadon officer" took. tile
the
.fDl'"
initiative, by fo.nnm.S an organisation, Starl·Grild, whicl1. persuaded rhe mllinlicipa]ityoI' Moot'ar ro w;:live taxesand concede control of services ina SJmOiUa~ on ,either side of
the famo'Ll!S,sliI1!glespan bri~ge cros.<;in,g the appearance the Nere~a River., Whil.e the buildings and streets were being brought bsek to dlej' had a cen:Dury earlier, the hridge ]~df
The second area liesbetween dle 'fopkapi Pallo: and ,ffil!gia: Soph.ia,wh.,ere U1;ecQr'loo~da:odreoo..n5!lITICl)ed houses willl)e: 'used as hotels and One-as 11 Hbm.,. of (he
As.<;ocLi8IHon,.
was ~ha.r1()ugh]y studied a:ndoo.n8e!ved. The diemoillltrnible success of lru::.ism.>t phase made it ~d"ti\J\e.lyeasy for P:a~icto f persij,~dietheauthof~~~es ,gr.lru; him ~he~me oPPO!li.lifljto ~te.s in. a ItbrW.~r [hi~' buHdi~ surrounding d'l~tllt'St 2.Ql:'!lf,'L
The endmsiasm engendered
0pem:tions
those o.rgans of OO<'Je[yand ofgovernnlent thst eenanl the strucmL:m;:: UIDiiln Hfe, up to theve.ry Iliiglles1 realms of of a:Ut[10rlty. To db ~hi~ theil:rchitoo has totake on, Oil new ~po.lJiSibmty, 10 p!:reU!~delhe beads o:f ili.ese ms,tiJ!u'tiom U~t their hafd"fuugll[g,~ls and standards ~y 00 ~b~O'dened ..in [h~ \limy places where d:l€ 1~tt1!ebeg,an, fue QJd
mba.n
u[J!til"arr: he outbreak of civil. war, the f:nt:iJrearea, t of the seve.nteen~l'N;:e[lJtJUrytDVII'l1l was part of the eonserva~ta.n scheme, By oomervi:Qg,reooIV<lting and in. a few cases reeo ..ll~tru01ingme old oommeIfCial and .residemial. Du1Wi:QgcS . of thetown, Stari·Ofold W;1S able lofil!iOlnce ootlSefV'ation
to aU.ow V3~llIe.'l to sUIV~.ve thmiliey had >lW<lIy. NQ wonder d1iHlt urban oolWeN>ltiol1, if SYiOOess:fillil, a, g[ow business, is m,'ii'o]Y.iog I.ong <lndlJ31iem camp.lignsro enj~in the general pnblic iUldg,overnm.em offidals aJikeID appseclate the values of m.eiy OWn d~ies ,HId to <'!ccep~ w,mm~~y
cenJil:reS,
the
need.
fOl'Mmtegles
them ..
Implementing
urban conservation
ardhite([
replace them.with
[he ~mpoil:"lanceof
uroon. areas.
]1'1
new
15tI1l:LClutes. drJ}i1!.i
.:m:eDl'LOn to
of
functkm~ng tnllditkmally and 'fe~ instep with modem limes, <!.S' faras ~n~tat~o:n, services <lnd ease of access is ()onoemecl, meansworkil[lJ.Iil with te"drfllS of experts :~nw.3J:eir
area
~h¢ ;;;pocialisooOll$:p&~ of
~he wnk
that have W be made are lh.e types of paving in the !ir~~h'lit would blend [1!llost ::luirablywulh the ~'~diti.ona~ e['J;v~ron!l::l'1lerJ:l, whether ~here shedd be sidew:aU;s eo proll.""tpecibmriam1io:r not amJ~r they I.nay be out of c'hatl101!t;lr ·wtth rhe old area, if motoreed vd:!lk:k~ should beadmltted atall ~ndif .so,whemner tl"JJisa~
decisions
mlr'riad
c:on8erval~oEl, the Avvardi.iS now~nv!Dlved, thmughits ~(emo:rg;l:ni~tiQn, the Agjl. Khan Trust fo.r Cutl'llfe, in a Historic Cilies, Support Program :unillkliflg the imernatiornl~ lIn~mp~ ~oachie\'e these b'Oal!:;.. lslarnlc bl!1i1ciings \\'.eTeg.en.ernl1y bL!ill 0]'1 the a~umplkm
tl'ia[
~h¢)~' wOl,lld~e-iv~comiou~l~jmenirr1lce.
The concemto
:Jic!rvallced d~y
day.
additicm, U'U:~re re also questio11l;!;l how ro reverse a of immigmticm OU![ of the old a~:s and OOlPingwilh oocial
cha nge, of imp.~ovn:ng the economic base offoilm~r city
cemres 80 that they may oorninue to be
self-sustainin.g,
of
everyone who admt~res the ex[m.oociina.ry l~v.~1of hU~11! <1Iooievemem lh;.t t:heyrepresent 'fhe situation :fIs. sin:diar from Morocoo~o Indonesia. The lssues are genem[~y the same <lind'[he cont1~cu:;and problems see aften exactly dlUp]iC'olted. Only by m.. king enormous efforts, to save them, wt[ih sin~lar clearness of purpose, cle<l.er.winatkm and the develcpment of $~c~r1lis.ed S:_killls.,. there ~ny chancethat is this h.eril:ilge cantle preservedmro
~08Sof the urllque
rebilling the new urban areas to ~he old; of dealing wiith the p~ulO1il:tty life:;l)1~ of ..ndofdeo.~ing with the 8pedalicsed :lind.
qUaJlUttues (b~[Wf:~c~l~bm~oo
unu~;<1J~ tr.llOSport<'i!lion sysle~ lha[ such coms.eF'!f'd.~~o:n pfOle<~smay need if (hey are tobe successful,
'l'hcFoU!l\th A~ Cycle
bfOO~h[in by ~hissuccess.the :inrutl<!tOl'S ableto obtain were backi~S rOt the lmp:wovem.eru of the :infi!'3struowre and
services in the lOwn, and for Ihc n;"S~o~tionof d4e major blJiiidirngs.'TIms enroumgoo., the p.riv~te conservanen
many d~:i7;el1lsemba~kGd 0111
.of the eld ho!U:se.shii.he [QWfiI. t Evemuiil[~Y,one of the principal act~vESJtsln .A:s~lahbecame the Minhlrerof CY~ltme in the goveil:'fIit1!llel1l't,ffnd was sble to p,",~icipare in the p:re.<)enl<uion ceremony or the Al;!.'<'Iro
r~f'e$~nJ~ul'lg his
OOUrM~'ry-
befJore..The consetvatton work was judged. lfxceiPtiooll~~n i~8 almemion~o the qualjties of the origina~ buHding. and rhe A;lN,u:dJury p<lrtvc:ulady drew anention to the vatue of tillS projec~ as a mcdel in (~i5ili:ng the widespread tendency to
2]
(:"Q.ll1lplex:ity. ~~Slemce
SUHAOZKAN
and FlnraMty
life have 8ubst<tl1itUalUyoocupiied the intellectl.m~agend a ohh;e present o;:m~Jry. Modernity, fol1<-.Jwing in the rOO[sreps of lndustrhd Fevoh.ltkm, has souglu coor.i!nu· Oi.l~~ 'haog~, a better fum:~~, fde di:mibutionofameoities, w aoawh.e[ic of .~l~nlY and other .aUf!ioooosrel:,t~d to~lle
perspecdves.fn
times. hlte.restil1g~Y i.t found a strongbasts ofexist~nc.e in
Iwestyl.e5 ..To p.rov.idethOilinfirnS1trncture meant vision and pbnning and rneee eest tothe investoffi or tile public sector; So it w as ~gnored.llle sad op[io-n \OJ;"'sdemollShing ~e oJd and ImiM:iing U\e- new oflme same l~~_dwhere d1e ~m_,enjtiei>~.i~ted.Mod~rn]w - or chalf!ge- iJ)c:,\I']~b!yand e unn~~ril.y became 1lI pret~[fo, d~strl,l1aUoo. Co:nse-qIJ)~Jltly, when the excitemenl[ .sllJibsidied,it had to 'be
Ixnh ~:~ixo:ml. aL1t!horit~riiln soclenesas It haspolincally llInd fOl:m€dan appe;I.~ing future w enable many to have access to ~olYJ.1 resoutces. In the widespreadand oyer~powe[jng presence of modernity, t!i<!iditiorm~it-J.m kept <I very low has pl'Ofile. Nevemheless, it ~.1<l8 ahV'd:y::: been preseet in .. lmost every .wcielywith ~ pa:rtiwbr mission to roainraincem:..in .... llues which were hl danger of being lo~~ d""nge,]o the to
ease of our present
(!~rI[ury.sueh
blsmed for S1J]ch dies~ruc~_ton. O:bv.iQuslytlus did nor have: much to db with Mooernism, its teilclli:l1,g or ideology. ~g ..,rd!Ie._"-S of modernity, the 80 C'.tll.ed corweniences have or-oughl 00 m<.l:ny othe.ipwblems i[]lto urb ..n tife, !hOll in <I ve<y short period of t:1me,whatwas refereed toas rnodernit)' coI~apood- The causes fo.r ilie fuilure were not simple, and hadrew idernJf~<lble app"tre!Oi~det~inan!'$" They'Jffl:r~
ITlanifbld.vocal tmditi'oo;aliS'lS whol~~d~~i1Iinle[h~clua]is-log the ann-modem modernity diocourse did not hesitalie to blame
since theend of WorM War [, but abo 3.8 a new way of Hie. Af~erWO~.dWar U[fti.esoclenesofboth the~:$t .. nd the W:est have w.u~:nesse>clthe m<lssive uesrrllO!!iono.f dleiii wltll:roi] and "fCh:iJ[eCl~ltollheri~-.a,S,e order for ~he 'new' to replace it. tn
formu~aled by ITI<lrtiyp,l,')werl'uIleaders
for eve~ili1g ti1m'We'Llll w.~o:ng.%~n they were <I small. minority the 1'l1.e(liia. not p<ly amerun.on. Due did t<) inereased public 0011iCera.1i, the media found the tmd:iJtton· <!listdiscouese inlte-r-.est.mgand Joined~hem to iIl'Cf.imin'lle Moor:;I11ism. Not a[ .~~ large, secletalscale bUI .in the realm (»" :iln:;hiiLeCture and pl<lnning, thef-.;lilure hasbeen due to
inGo:m~[~nce,
As,
these were oomp~h:arr:ed 10 desl with,. ct\rtaun segments simplie., meSl'mge. The polar
SOO:[l.
synonymous ·Wirttl
~mnll.ed:~teenvirorntLem
has changedwith
the
p.rov.nsion of
eonveelences like: heaters, refr~e,ii"toro, deaneiL's,wasl'leES, closes, etc " __.ali(lf which did [JOt exisr m, the w.ad:Mtional
way of~ife .. Fumim:re hss also beennanstormed as the
il.1ivent:ed. and mallU'es[ed itself in the moon form. I[ needed more tlme to be visible as it 11<ld more :subtEe undeoou.les, which emerged in adler ~speC15 oflife. There is <l.rwtn.er ~~.peCl of Moclerni8ruWOl1n dwelling
non, Sinoe ~oclr ~tecture possessed the great power of Ile'filectirl:g life·8t:yI.es,they transformed faste thauany other, l1'lerefa.e archirecmee has been caught in the changing ldiomesrller I~han roany other ,-usfJect:) f life. The fin,d cono s~uenoeaF [hisch:Jng~ .may mote ~ppfOpui1Jt,ely~;:.e- fd· ~ ed as the demdJition of whai had
(_'X~~lOOat 11giganric seale,
[ill onecities of rhe Third. WmiJd" where [he popu~a[i.o11l pressure bas been enormous, there have not been expansive new areas whh dlle·inf:mstruatufe necessary to e"'lab~ish
tape
Wd-S
a r<ll'ecommocliJty
st1l.!di.05.Th.e eighties. witnessed! a sl.mnking wo.rt:! w~.l!el'e oooscir;-nce and eelture were .dro tobe shared al.oOOlly.
The phenomena of V<lriiOU$n~
mlllti.on
<l:lldef!t~mJil meru n
now. 'File new "",lues and r~H~tes of ~nfO:mlarri()n and efllterl:ainment became a part off thegloba& network In
23
addiriQO W thi~\ [he local networks reiruerpreted or [-edit. these broadc~.,ts, which eveflwdy :reinlo.roed and wldened t~::te.ir .influertGCil. Tbisoccurmd in spite of :r.:.ilie.r
a,
tnbutsd
worrisome
d'mend?
N~~r~
rep~tl~~otl !.""C~I[-ed t:red]b11~ty. The competition for S their olheJ:'S 00 ioin in, guoar.lmeed ~x:mM;d 'l11!isb:!u~gl.l!tp~U:t<llily .. into e%isl~Oe allowif'!g people choloes. Dr~m"ticQW!Ob1(.""S in the el.ghH~s occurred (IS poliUC'Ol.Icempseollspsed and a
IcmgingfOr' a l1lo:rn universal and perhaps lTiOre homegenised lised by world enl~rglad,
assodanon with being 'in touch with lhe times', wrenl"Jiom~" and <lJI.ilie fmOOeqIJ,em'l8$oci;.~ioaw with uni\'(;:ffi<).I:uty. mher po le or'trad:i!~ivJ:ml'values h~s been The referred toas being ]~l, eontalned and related tothe Qo:n5~rva.ti'onof [he historical corui:!lu:iity. In liIochl!]:ecturol theory Moo€'miSlflll! h...d ulfl_rj)voaU~d h.ege.mcmy unti~.it was ch::l!~.~enged, eou rue.!! roo;v~me\!'l!n.'5 by
Hkepost-modler.fll:rrsm,G1ls:si.c.~nllilnd u'ad!uliona]ism. At the
of'
present. time aechitectursl d!is.ooursens charactensed by a t!:ndero..:yof d!J<iHtty, '['WQ lines oFthol!:lght coexls~, which each <leo}' tile relev .. nee of the other. B~~",een Wob~iand local pobrl[ies~.he pendt!lum of coceems has now S'Wl.iI ngin .Irdithe.r oomllJSijng ace, What has been imrdlecflJally <lind:~~i()na]ly ~tb,er u.nhe'<i.lth.y has been the llad\;: ofd:irllbgllle~rwe~n th~ p_1"O.lXlne:!1!n.'> of the extremes and dl~ ac<us:!ltiV\~nsture qf the dilSoouliSe" Tl<t.diti.onalliSm and its die'Eivatioru; ~.1i:lIvecasr O£~~mnsmin M the role of vi1la:in,responsible :for the ins ot present day uib~n and enviro.nn1ent:a1 chaos and disaster, MDd.ernists, :in defence ~\'e labelled the~r anackers as tbe oneswhhent a
sense of fi;u~~re, retrogre&'li,vee5c":pislS .fronlJi reilJilty. MQd~
d~t
e:d&'!OO
ef the
iJl~\Oer<I~:e wateffiJ! for'tLe ~.Qfthewiderpublic. 'Therefore oew irllfoonmion is .simulraneously t"jeered into the m.ed:lla m be Sh::;ln..~ byall, Be i[ oolna:t.d,po~ ~~jc,d 11<lIOl;urall~he OJ seeds of roex:is[:el1lc~(I{~ sow.!'! b'-y the same irtformaW:m,t.hw. However allS~'['"aC![ might h~\i\e been, globalisml;eg<J.D to it
occur in the fie~d aochiEeaUfe as ea~v asthe nir!u;!l!~n· of
become ]cleQ]ogica]ly charged, ]n faCl, the ]d.eQ~Qgvca] oorilli.OlDe~een trnrntiona]ityand modernity may not exactly be seen as bems rnaalfested :in modem OJ t:r<ldli·· Ho~l, arch:i!recn!:te. Bu[~ [he uadertone ofdl.e ideoJ:ogica~, discQurse is, f*f!!l':a~~ and :H'Cl1Ju~~crlJ,~ andu§il<1n planning are excep~ton3] in this rega.mj, "fhe w~d~ly advC)C'..lJled failure of Modern~srn h1lis bK)'l;lg!M tradi~no:na]iSITIto l'he .fnregrmJnd as an a~[ema[Hcve $O:~utiO(!. Many architecmral.ilieorists, espcciall.y f'lum the midseventies onward, dkilgno~cl LmdiHom~buHt. e.nv.im:rl'raerus, wl.lIid.1Jgrew and matcred over the ct}ur.se oJ a .Ion.g
twenties and thirties, When Mooemism 1leC'.l111e the Nugua /iY.mca of aoch~te(.'tu~ and desIgn., it g>lfa-mcilhe power 1[0 express and Mrongly vcl1ect many aspirations elf contemporoneity, regardless oJg.eogrnphy, ~;li~oryr cU~Ol;lre.Withi~ o high n:g.trd for ""hl'dnc'(..->(I ~~lmoJ!ogy, 11'1,,$ploo!Jor]on, ho.ne.~ly (If ~~pre;.5Ii,()!!J the marerliils associared wi~h :Lt, and
rhisLCirlL!,eI1l.cyhas.mcreased has become 'local'
.[11
period of tlme wid'l[f).e pm.-tjcipatJoo of ,J]Iaspects of the sod~ as a .emedy .for ,!.II.\W<Jji) possio'le to .~'Vi,ve ,it tradiilion? \WiL~,Moo.ern~sm [he solecanse fur envi:n:nlime.ru:<il, die[.erfiomliolil? Inrrime i~b&ame clear ~h~[~_he_reis· no clear
answer to eirher qUHstiolil.bectrusc tlime has mli(:~nun.<; ~oll
a:ndsoaety has t:mrllsfo.mled the
l,l.l1IiSUC
]'e~atiol1lshi.ps I~
since
of
~arn:gtlagewhioh has
only one reflection of these re~tio:nshi.pi5" Modernism bas never been t11ie cause but: has only indiC<lted the way in whichro cope w]rn the ,rela:rioml1tips between teclmo]ogy and urOOorociety. On cO.!Ur.iir)1 esta bl:i!shed Modernism has Qert(lun erhlcal p(inciples ln ·Qrd~'r0 deal wjththe [
me
problems of p~ern:y.A serioussearch of the issues behind ,et!'v~roJ'l_m~m; 1clei[l;:r]oJ;.uion has not: been undertaken .. C~rt:ain f11C[$ ha ve ,"Ow been rfiOflub~edin a r"IW;:I;L;-.r simple, .<lIxi.o:m;'l!licorm, The <lPlporent causes for suchproblems f :l!I.~ now constdered to 1M: d1€: foIlrn,¥"'ng:ffixisl:~nceof the C:~I~~l,iIr:JI values In the built env-tWQmnem~ Glntiolilry climate and a need between the of pastand present; a sense of idemirty; consideration
f(~1' user (Of cQmmunity) p<LlJlicipabofl. '"WhenHis Hlgbness The Aga Khan established his Awarel for Airdrlt:ectu'l:'e, in very b:rlOad rerms these were the issues which. had been sub-5wrH[.!!Iiy disregarded by the archnects who w~~con~que!l~~y held responsible fur ere ati:n,gan
inhllrmcm.iocLls envlronment,
retrospect
His concern
the
~.:iI.S'['
~1V€:
yt\ar:s.
show us that
lhe
A\Vllrd
1:I<1S
been the on~y iltS~ltutIGnal, discursive plarfonn where a genuine seaechwas undertaken to explore solutlorl!S for
wrodpr-ofe.."Sio.n observed the e£tabUshm.ent of new pEior.~{Jf jlts proJession had been forced open and reclefmed. TIle social a wareness of the pmfr;~ion was much more v~lble than ever before and areas of IYtli~d~ngriOTiviw which we're never thougln to be~ong to [he profession. became vic5ible, FCJ.fos[anc-e, The i Ka.mpung ]mprovelne.m ])rojects [ocik die prof~.s.<;icmby sU1:pri~eand instlgated,l V!,;ihol!e new attitude, The ] 986 Jm)' ind!icted M.oo.ernisnl ~H1dpassed a .stocmg judgement~n Favour of Ui<ldlti.Ofl<1.Hsm. andpepulrsm ~IS a I!emedy fo.r the i~b of modlemi~, By dOing so the Jt1 ry ~"Onfnned the realm their ... <lrclli5oil particular w t "fchile\;t~1F41 ideology wilhinw~]ich solutions should be seen eobe vhdjje" lll<L~ area \7!.'<l1) the U1it;:1JiFelk.LI om<l]n of d ClassJ.cis.m. vemcil!c~ul~.m~lll, populism and c"()m:e.xl~!",~b:m\11 ...
ties. It also no~h.'{~ limn theboundarles
or
ourtimes by enh<l[lIdn.gthe' cuhuml content that WOldd restore me ..nl ng and depth to people and envir-onment The Aga Khan AW<lrd for A~d.1i~ecLUrehas ~it~! ted ilself in .. the ~[t~ ofmis d~hll~e w]~htl'leb,road.e.s~P<A'>S]blr: thenrencal base, In. Its search, the Aword has om clllegorlC'~Uy rejected the pessiblerelevanceof :flny approach, By doing
so, it has ventured to benefit from both modem and naditionallines of th~nkil1lg ~sv,re!J as othervariants, .• I
dlmCll~!:tasks f~lc:i.ng any
of these approaches
jn
the
jmJ!k.Jtedi in perpematmg thetheoretical Hnes of t]1!~se Thil.Shonest, dedicared and rather strong rnessagealaemed the profession .. It begen ..n ~xd~ingdebate OJJ therelevance ofilie A\1i.I"dITI and the
G~th.ercom.ewd~uve commitments, rel~"ii<l ee of a rartkubr n sector of archirecurre, The Aw.nd
S:imi~.ar the to
insntunoaal
ImLld~ngprocess, the diflku Ity lay in es~hli:sh~ng the m]e[ec~,u,d ~Jlteglity andvalue of the Al;'I.'ard. A p.hllosoph:y
h~sbe"efl:t:ed S\;Lbst~Hltial1yby "o.iC'ing beth a rgumems and has in'lJo.rply:r.;ued them ~m'O.ilC~ [hinking_ The lev·d of expeeranon in tbe field of archiK"C[UI"e f [he i\l!~~ls~im~(nrllcl o
has new become profound as aresuls, In MI;Search [Dr s oollwions the profession (~lcInot Hkeu~s options ro he
h,IO to be imtitu~ed and ill dil;eotion needed tobe defined. During (he livdy debase ,h,.l[, ensued the Aw,mcJfound it'Self in a position where the ~Jli[iesof the future, dem ..nded by modernity, were as tmportant as rhe values of tha P"ls[,lod
the sense of' mean ing
:3S
had
hopes [hat technology eouldbe considered 10 be 3 viable '11~~w,.tiive[Q lmo:rth'YJ.lI. The Illes£lige o.f the ]936 Jury W,15
~gard~d ;lS.1 Stt~
~um!.TIit:n;leIJ![', emphasising .Award c;orUinu:r;d
one
~Q
lines of thinking had to be syrrutheslsecl. The issues were defined thrcugha nutica] process of lhlnking organised in the form of seminars, ti.1Link"'t:iLI.lksnd pu blicanons, Pli.orla
differerl[
ues ..... tere~Ji::atn.il1ed from the point of view of dreir content, urlil:letsl:anding of 100.~ti[lg V'~~;~I~ and deep social ~'O£TJ.Ce111:5. In Thilsprocess, mO(lcrni~y provided imp!lrt'J.m <ispecrs sud.l
as orientaaon towards the future, recogn~sing the impntlance
The 1989 Jury had the lega.cy of the three past cycles of lhe A~J'd to consider. It a~~obencfitecl from the heated
tD
of technology, along
wil:h
mass
nl~complexlty
lil~:l:ll()st he t
address
of tnesit1:!<HiOl1 by 1Xf1nting
mU
the' out-
slJilndi.ng prrojecrs irl:l:;l~pe'rJ;demly,~seDI.l]pl.es of .mchit.ectural exceilence. Uae d~vc:n p!re:mi<ned "projeets cover
[0[::,11
world, ..nd yet, trndition 11,,$lrs roots: in ..njudefluite history and ,iherilsh~sconfin~lhy, meanjng <100 OO!'lllllllnity,1"he AW11ro h;1S alwa ys end.e.uV'oured to re-establish the rupmred link w.~[hthe ~.1Jimory WilhoU[.rej:eo:ing ~hre U~ of rhe
modem means and expressions, The (lr.>llwacycle,,> of rhe .A.wa.oos 1900 and 1983 of
heSii;['Hiun.\\'lhed'le'!" this \1i13S dane ill recogniticm of p]urnli~ (It ,15 11 [1;'Jle(.'[io(flof the undersra m:li~.1goJ the oompl.e%l!ly of (he sijmmion. rem;;iiI'lk5·to be seen, '
i•
Afj gkIbal awareness has lnctessed, the in.~~re.c"l.S;ilnd conc~m$ of peL\P!e [0 S:ha~e1lch o~hers' Ilrobl~ and ('ulm~s have gro~vnpropor:Uon1)H)'. To rep~sefU one's C1]lru:m~ achievement to anether, or, to inform. and ..influ-
['0 fu~exc~~ve
broI!.!S~'Jittl)ebest from ,dl over '[h~\1IOrktWhen lOompared sculpn"l,!"e ga.lden on dleJ ~moonli::m~r!l, EI~
awchitedu.m]
WllIl!:lil'smosquesarn ~me]ydEstinC[
encethe
presence there has a ~ong ~:JJiS<tlJrythe form of olll[;um] in eemres, The J:rk'ilLi~'uldIU Mundie A:L~ abe [e':p.~n~
phenomenon. A:rol::IileUllilr.d~.y [eik"'(.itl'ia symbiooi~(Jf ~he .it be~do:f the River Seifle, a pdationsl]]p with 't!heUoi\'~rsilY Otnpu$ O~t ro it, lh,e cilyof Pa~ ~nd [he Ph,l~whn,(:h W.Rnll an mou~d~dinro one form. By adl€~iberntearchit>OC~
turn] choice the Illst:u~te has been cham.cter.ised.!ls being on
elements and ]IDW€:i!'hd. symbo!s. The tmd~rr[on~l. {]o:~tenj[ f o ;n"C~]iled:Ure as the most expieSS1ve of all the arts in lS~;,]Jm reinfo.fC'eS.B1-Wak[~·s ess'lge. [n~M,gn:ung these mosques m he has used oo[hmg but <lu'thentic load-be arlng brick oonstl'uO'lionw.ith white stucco fim.5hi!'lg."fhLre~of~ese mesqnes 01!Iol1l;g~1eeml~l1Ikmetu cre-.rre~nepilsooic
me~geth<lt Slre~h~jrl dlei!r joint ~xis~~nce" EI-Waki]''S mission bases itself on his d:iiilIgnosi.s: f theruptues and o clisrormecticm wid] tradition and the a:ntith.es~ of Nouvel's bi-tech .int:erpire!iI.t'lon ef i..lbstm'ct .. rr;:hiteuture
the clluingedge
an
<l[1Cmtect.
elements Hi~
NQuvel does not See OlKhil\[..>("iOUre a pirescr~bed set of as expenenees whicha:we d~l~d lobe experienoed, On ool:W:"ol!ryhe ish,esroproject an episodic "'!pa~m~ w corn~ijm,J!1Im where the ~ochtrectu~ formSlhe means and 'the OOIlrrRX[ ofa personal experience with :space. The su~ whleh tI'D.€: Award conducted .un order 10
me
dijSl:.'Ou~ of the late eighties uncle,r the m a m!eof C"-.:;ld'ml. The Master J~~ry'srecogni.HQno.r ·the a.chie\'emr:fl~ of these rwo exrremes on the scale of <lirch:i!re'tu~,:d app:!01l.chesoffered ~hem ~he chance to span ~lhisSpecij1,lffi with 'p$Oj~ct.s. wh!ich e~dl e~m.rnplify diff~renJ[:<IS~cts,of the archit«:tl,Jlrol reaJ!ityin the Islamic World, Three or (hepFOj~cts were ~la!M, [0 dl€: p.robl~fn of
eentext. SlUPP()Jt
determifl€ the reac[ion of the A.r:lIboolllll'lU:n1ty~n P:U"l:S to the b:uiidi:l1,£ hm;~urprisi[ll:g!y proven that expatriates He Ml!!gl~rm).~ivi:n.gthere did notwanr
tD
]f t'llieyoung
<l
I1IrchU:ect
of the Assochu:ion
be ~SSOCiil~:edw.utn
the
8t1pelfid,d p;i,m:pner'L:mliOl, 0:; [idi.cs of their fulklo.ve back home, 13mwlshedm have a oulnll .. l presence in P.-lllS. They :fu~tIwa~ti'l!is presence ought :rKH to be assoclated wHh
backwardness in
I[ime' • This lsa
wry hllportan[(IspUrdJUOn
which hasbeen captured by the arCh~t:ecl.Apilrt from the arebnecrueal quahnes w.ru.ch merited the Awawcl. the po.siltive reaction of theoommu:n~ty to the bl-tech expresslon was indimtive of a chan.gin.g socletn-sphere in w~.1l.idl1Jil. g1000llrulture has taken. root. People who have been. very pruud of their past as well 3.:$ their t!i<~diHon<lindculnne choose to take-this usage ful:~he expresslon of their pr~.nce in Par1is"§ean Nouve!'s playtt'iiJ1 hi,.~cbd~miiing, wMch d.ep3.oredsome ab&T~cr elements of[s~al1l'!lr·carc.hi[J!.C·
turesuch as IllQ,.wmbt»"l~ bl ended wirtib. a (jo:n.~e.mpon1ry' e:l:pressinn. llIndwas correct ln al~owing people ease with the existence' of this ,cu.lture,.
At the ether end of :dl1espectrum, rhe Jury recognised the tradftlonal approach, AIxId Walled .BFWakil's series o.r mosques 8iOUla~edF<l[UaliC3,n~l on the !J,rban~asCOl.pe of d jeddah has been a m.OB( dta]lengingairem;u:tiVe' eo rhe furo.~1 bealu:~if!C'ol~io.o pro~nl:rl.'l.e on the emba!Okmen~ buil~ o!].~he reclajrned landwhich IthfldJtY' bad used as 11
lID
]n Ule Medi:!1rI of Turaiis. The Sidi, e:1-A~o1;li p.riffi!l!ry school h ..s strung references to ~Il <In:-hii[ectJi.lltd.lid~o.m d.eVidoped by Se,rge ~m.eHi j" ltis FllesicleLnce Andab,,1,s whic-h has prev.i01!.1s1y l~en.reQognised by dl~ Award in ~98-3.'[he ~"tremel)' lmpom3.nl aspect of this is. thail the Avmru, has obv~.ou:5l.y benefited from its own reoognition and intiltlence, ]t also provi.des a:rchitect.'Uml. tools for aochitec~ ~D e_mulate in S'timi]llr cmllmst.1Ilaes tbe
idiom developed forthe context Turkey which w ..s also l'ecogl1isedwith
feel at
The thirJ of these OOIlIt.e%tmd :p•.qeclS The p:i'Ojec[ is· cOl![exuaUy ooncei\'OO and the 0lrC_hi~6"Cl'l,1[;;'l!~ of points which
meansof
tdemitry',m~WlllkWs :s!k~lfiJ,I.e~eflemrrion various fomls o:f from the aoc1'd[l%n,u">l~ .h.erltage of lsla:m hasbeefl justified by !h.e .rustory of H:ij<lz where every .hdlder of this h.oty l>1nd
mak~:ng ~lse of these vendors llIsllIe m~Jtia[o:rsand evenJl1J.]1)] reffleficfuJries of the final scheme. Prom the phasing poiint oJ
view. [he prq$Cl has a more p:~fij~llll~epan; such ~s~:h~ small apartments whici1Jwe.re bui.r~in the e3~y phase 10'
Hmm:oe the rest of the projeal. The projecta:~chiteGtswei\e
the ardli~~rurnl mas[~ry which shaped Shl;)r~B(lngm N!1Igarhas :dready been histo:ric>lUy a.ckfiOw.ledg~d and the
A~rd simply Fdlbwed suit Very hflterestingly, dlis hl.l~.~dthe WOl'.ld, was
alseeoneerned offerin:g
mOR:
public space to the dty than before. ]n,'" short period of 'time ... project whichwas conceived wiiliin [he ~m~of reference of current ma~ke:~foeces <ind uJb<'lni~~ic ~de;lishas added w the q!,Jolliw or Ufe. in EastK:i"llim,lntl!OThe uodie~andung of uaobrruslve archuteal"iire w.e~1
placed wid~in :110 urbanor natural
.t ruml
hOl!sil,"Ig
The {}ra;meen B<lnk ensbles the rl.mill popullli.on in Bangb.,· cleshro accommodate themselves muchbetter by alliowi1l,g. them to have access ro ,.wedilfucm~ies,,~d~) obtain some
bu~h::~ing mr)Qn~lIltsun order [ooring m an elemenr of SilIf~[y
and san~ll1I!lio:n.ifilllO [hf:~:i shellers.l1h>ese are simp.le pre-cast
con~:exrms>exemp!ifled,
11
by these three pl'O~ects. Obv:iously nene are greSit masterpieces of architectm:e but i1l!tl1:eu titne!ly seludons with
gtl'e3!tpotemi,l[ lobe replicated, Two addrut:iom~. ,m]eats p ml]siciered by the Jury are the AI mnd] Plaza by Ali S:hu,,1Iibi •md the Beeah Group and BBW, wi~hRich<lJUBooekr as d~i.Snerof tile Dtpk~;;a;t~c Quaner bnci5C".:.plng. The oo.l1llerre-ifrve:Oi[S an~.u;ban S~ru.OtlUJre which relates itself to an a!"dli~ecrorotlh.er~~.g.erelated ~olh~ dese:rt structures of
~11e '<'l!idi N oul(u~ofth~ruyad~'l ~on,~.efitnedulloo:nlem'"
po:~ry mstenal and constructlon techniques. Th~ D~.plo:t1na[tc Quarter la:mJsmpin.g plUject takes the
dhdogl!Jlewith nature to lts extreme andsllcr:essfuUy
a~ernp:ts to re-discover the plant species that S!urvi,vedin the hot. arid climate of the regica unli~,recel]Jtlly,]t, ~L!5e5 them ro.r the greening of <In eXl!enNiive' desert bndOC:<lpe ecologlcally known tobe depri,voo of any ves,er.a;~'~o!l. doing so By n~ only is scarce warer savedbut also ~heeart'h has been
developed to hQ~d its own humidity
[0 &~n@:t':a[c top
soUl.in
c.I'e<ltivity.The OUtooFl'1e of p.l'ovldi:flg S::H.OOcred!il to each f,lJni~yhas been slurmin,g, provid:hng Iten::l of thoY8<lnds of homes fOi" the :mOSl deprived f).f;!aOr of Muslim socie'ty . 'fhe bst of the Aw .. rd<i ]'e<.'Ognised OJ. m05CJJue which is a m"o!';!'Ii.:Unem to rhe unde.rstanclin,g of pluf'.llir:y in its own biSTory" 11'U:'l Gr~.tt O.rn;,~dMosque has a :J!U1~~I:r'\.tCtl.lre whidl is the remn,:uu of 11 Cm~cl~f Ql51k d~~ingfrom d~ twelfth rentullJ'. Thill MamlL1:ks erected 11mQSc:pll~ on. top oJ tb:Us asd!e in 1129],wh~.ch '!;V3S suhseqllemly destroyed by C the liJomb]ng ef Sidon. Though the co:r:n:munity had the ch ..nee to build <10 entimdy [Lew' 8truC!!I,Ue,tiley chose to resrorethe o]d mosque, The ]989 AWOIros reveal the present pl.umJi:r.y of fU.r<."es ex.is~·ing iotoo,~y's Islamic wOlL'ld.The buiM:iings range fro.m the Iowest totl1e highest: possible t~h_oology, from the ciawc,d to the mod.em,.fmm tl':!e .'lrtl<lUe.<;( eekend w
n:&i.d1;n~ on d"le A.eg,e'.illl
10
a hli.lg~par1U1)mem buuldJingif!l
planet,
followed by two ffii!l.!o:r:m:ildirligS l 'which OO1l!Stitu~e a,newgeneric type net addressed by the AwaITls e>lrHer. Henning Larsen's S:aiudi Ministry ofF'ol'e]gn A£f~ITs bl.i!ildiJl1Sis 3" .subtle' exercise in mooemity which seeksto estabbsh rcots in ...soderywhere nad.~~:~otIal nes are S!W:)~gty sought He ha.s <l.chi.e"'e(l~hi~IT! 01. very <lb~la:acr manner by aUowing Me (;1,1'1[.11;100 of me desert to ~,eor itself
ln modem. architeerural form, Components. of the buii.d~ng,
such as the eorridees, ~{e to the lmditi.Qf]al souksor
Dhaka. The messaJge {hey convey reflects the oompl.e:Kl!ty of the situ<![io.l1; ne must never expect simple, 'standard o recipes, With this the Jury d:mMienges the 1n.d{)!!,j;I.·.in~ted version of M.ooemism whichdair:rJ.ed 10 srnnaard!ise oo!lmion~. With the 8:i!1.Uer.igo~!rth.eJmY<l1so dl~rees wilh
~he[hooty of Cla~jcism in. the present sense <lindw![n nOOd~fi;Sic.L~minmenin~eemh-cf;'fll'l;l!"Y sense smce the
prohl~mL~nm one qf mchnologya:nd fhnn. exdli.lsivi~y"
The
to
fRC~O['Sexpressed
un ti1IochUlectum~ form.,.
exam-
tradi-
all do SO Olbstrnctlywithout: ~ny clip-on p.lstiche. 11:le P,nUiam.erJJt buik1rns, which was de5i~ed by 'th~ bu~L()UiS ]{al'ln, :i.nliitl:a:Hyi:r,u.'e.ndedas rhe
c3IPitaJl. East Pakistan. then became t!h~ same of
k]t
the Srare
ples whi.ch have specillcrel.eV'<I1:1Oe to a:pa:ni011Iar problem or OOJll~l. In doing 80 it i.1<'I~chosen to address specffi.c questions, such aLSd':leproblem off ~and5a.p.ing in a hot arid dim;r~~ '~Inlthmini ~~ (lrnO i:rr~tion, or rural hO'Ul~og ~[h
munull']fl] fin1)ruciiOllinpu[ and .he problems ofide1'Ji~HlYand expre.':i..<;ic)UI I\i11L1.~~ums ln [ileW.est of Hviing theseirwss In addiIlf.ln to of qlJ~]~u[y in slso eble to identify architeaure
ofBang~~ldesh, This maslerp~.eceLs a produCI! of Kahn's most mature period when he began to explore me richness of forms and novel. expressions fo:r~arge seale bu~l.ding:s, The A8Sen:lJbly Building hasacquieed the power to syrnbol~ ire a "arion with a popula:~io:nof more twO One hundred minion whij,ch takes pride jn it
of the
27
28
Wh.en His Highness 'TIle Aga Khan estab.~ish.ed, :80 a,vvard For a["(_:h~t:ectm'e,was :umended tobothincrease pubii.c ~l awareness oFmsbn1l:tct.1JluJre and 1:0 create a forum for examinjng M~appropri~l~tles.5 of cOn!tempor •.try .Ucllit& .... ture d'Noughou~ rhe extrero_,eLydiverse oom_m~l(ljilyof Mijsliros \i'i,I\oJ~dwjde.Sinceru900, th_iSOlW.lOO bas been given
d!uril1i8
the second! CruSiild!e and the buttresses on ~tss:outhem ma.ldeMi]lreve<!.I .il'S use <1_8 fortress. ,M<lny additions and a improvemerJ:t:S were carried Out during the lotteOtrom.m perh:xJ, u~dlm,,~ely presemin:g a..mosque based Q.Il a eentral oo:uny.aw pll~oenclosed b-y four riwa:qs, or po._rtiCO!."S- The pt'.'I)I,e;r hanif:$~lfis .1000B~din.[he southernmost rt!wq,
which is covered b:y cross~vat]lts, ]n addilion. to ~vere
w~aJ[h.er.ing, the' Mosque :!lllff~red e:xlemive damatg~ Qlm:.ing
tbeIsraeli
l.nW1SD0.l1
of lebanon
in 1982,
w the
extent that a
Iocal patron named RaJiqilHJi.uiri. offered to replace it with an e.l1tkdy new bt!i]ding, Thelocal re8ide:£]~ r-em1l.!!Sed to g~veup the old mosqoe , however, which had <11wa~ se;!'Ved 01.5 both tlwpbysiC'oll <l!ndpsycll0IogiC",d cetJj~ off d'le]r comm~niry. and request.edt:lla~ it l~resIO~insre-~d,
WhUle ~lomticm such~mporl!ance llInd .~e.rvmiof1l~ffol!l;S
SiS
havebeen
(Jt~
by me A'MiIocI1n~fue past, and ~);1IJve i:l1:dmied memanerus of [he AI-Aq;sa .Mosque in [he Ai.-HllImnl ai.die Sharif in Jerusa&e~.llll,the' docm'il1S~ncesS1][']'oundi:l1g.
desU'lictian and precise Feb~ iI.ding of tim mosque have gi""en ~t:<I sped'lis.ignillcance. ,An.odl.er aW<lr-d,gi.venro die' :n:mni.d~i:ity of Milail ..•~.1a8 l'~ised oo.mltl.unf~ effo.rtS of an entkdy o:llflbemkind, irwd!ving the ~ehaIb3~ita[iol1i smaU n:Owr!on me Athlllk of <:I
In the fbuml Award ceremony, held beneath the [~f~ kl:g WRUS of the MdJrmmmed An. Mosque on top of the an.del in Cairo on October
[,[h [9$9',11
:Slrongfeeliflg
of
to 1IUp.mv.e ~he.~r
:50
ao:r1tinuuty and eonfldence emerged :ID<lkilng.it a tumlin.g paWL in renospect .in the hiMmy of tile event,
In bls .il:litroollClia.ry r-emar-ks, His Higl'lness The ~ga, K11an noted I~t, perhaps more than any (>the. time in the pasr,
there had been .. ,"pedal ~mre!J]ess of rbe it!!ip,..rtil~ conmlyu:ttO:t1l3 rM~nrorrioil1l.and preservanca, ·of soclal and communn~ devebpm.ern[ and the search .for what he called an
'aochi~eoture qmdity' in th.e~:, tum, which has continued o.f lO hiShiligllt the Jmportaut role efeaeh in suggestin,g vill!1Jabledirec~:tom fox the fu:til.u~of Islamle 3l'd:dit.ecture. In reoogmthyn of the deep I.)'feat:need to preaerve hi~tOIibl otll.!me:n:rs (haJtrepresent ithebef.t aechirecmeal m U':Jditio:ns of ag!or]ol,lLS, ,past, ;,ln~lwal!'d was pte$E:cnred to
lh().~il1l\l\Q~~d [h~ffi.~lom.tiorn. eWoffiSon lh.e Gre<lI~ in Omari Mosque
~[1
real]y began with the question of I.IDWthe m.rb>lte creativ.ity of aco.mmunilty can be marshalied fu.rpoMtive change. The first srep& th.ey[ocik in <l!nI;:mpt~ to .~~Wef tha:[ques[ion <ire ian {Jbjeot~es.'50n in the ~ffectiv~oess (I strJ,ghtforw<lrd tacticsth~t hlll\l\e. nowserved 1IS aninspir.ninn f'O[ other sl1lch oomnllLl.niti:es [hrotlghout~he world. Th:evb~n by argani'l1l1,g aSl"lli:li~.~ clllllH'3.~ resdvil~ 111 [he town .in tile suuuner of 1978, whrid;Ji anracted neady one thousand visitQrs ffffi.mrn.elocal aeea, This medea event gave the towa:wpeop.le a" .enewedl sense of civic p.riide and se:!1-'wolitn tha:~has:<.'Omjl1li;looro grow as ]:"pdy asthe festival itse'lf, a which nowattracts nc"lltr1'y12:5,000 people .1I11Ak> one of tbe bigge,S[cnlmral eve:Uitsun~he Midcl~eEl1SL The GVeron
ren8bl]itaJtion of me town has also
W
f:1JiCCmr.illged
Sioom, Iebanon, D2Ilin1lg hack 10 til::te&ilui the Mosqrw,,: was erected .un
M[lml.uk period,
ffi<lny
pa:.ivate indiv]dua]js·
m;Ull1L>eil:tluO'qgholjlt:the fa!bric of the medtna, to replace othees w~;Jlich det:er~rn'a~ed beyond the point of possible had
reSi10~rjat.l-
cl.emO!;:rJti(: m.a11~t~,em¢fl!~boa:wdrepresems the irue.!'e.'l~of tfI~ local govemmerl!t, as w.en ~st:l1e shopk!~ers m~d
streetpeddless, and both the ,equity snd the benefits bave been shared by all three. This p~ojec! hC81s mt>li.~ytm:[IS-
The G~n1LeenBia"nk HO~!5:]ng PirQ§i<II~l1lm.e,... fm'lher Awa](l wlaner, bas .'W.oc~&sfuUy auem.~ed clever innovatio!! of a!lj)~.hc;;r ort.based caa concept ~n"lt ..5 <i"ke-oldy s h
cilal1eng&ip.as.t theorles of how
[0 :i]s.~isrin
pfQ""jdli~
self-
throughout
the d~v~lopir!.g
SOCc[e3~
im:pkmellted in B.rl1~ade8n, whi.ch ls one of the poorest ~nd most popU!OU5 eouenies in the world, where nearly Hfty pet ~mof~_he ru~l popula~ion is bedi landlessand
homeless.The
to offer
foemed a fO.nl,er b]~!I.lll[-ea, w~]ich had previcms]y been ' oeeupled by bw-lnoome, :migratory selders, into it well plln.n.ed ufb:'l!na~d oom_mce~dOlICQffl.plex. Thepx~mm.e m!u has (u:'hi~J.l\edIthistro:miQll"J!).;,ttio!! has been impi~~ m:effitoo lin ~nree stages, conceu'iHntiil,g prlman~y on a commercial. development; which was sold [0 finance tne second stilg,e r;ellatM. to ti1.eirnonmJJl sector, SITI811erhops, s
to be offered for sale, were bni]l in the tbkdph<lse ..M built,
theceene
MoJl<lmmOO
st;~[_1Is: have been prov]d.ed\VidlO~lt 00.."1: ~o~he sneet that peddlet.}".as weJ!l $t\~o hundred and f'\\Vem)'Schops ·ar vari'm.il~ Sizes dla~ arein_,OOtpOt.n~d \Vithtn a series of
iilraildles
reiuct\!lnoe of lhe fl.na:nciairommufi~.ty to do 80 in the past, [0 ~."."Ii'\ Vtew, eve IT humsn being. reg;l:rotess of socl ..,~pwilion, deserves a Hfe of dignity and should be giV1(;tO. rhe Opponu[lil), to cate for bim.&:iFif !Xl{i..;;essing Ith~ ~Qmmimlem to do SQ, Pen;.QI1a.1 Com.m~~~ rnent, men, becomes the majn 'f~t~rlonin det·efll1.ioing crec~it wonh~:m~ss. and not financi;IHJl~-sou~s,With Ithese small h.ousing loans, each borrower is provided. Vifli.m it pre.mb.rial~ed. concrete sh1Ib, four concrete GQ~u:mnsand tW1en.ty~sixcerrugated In.etal.sheets foa: ~roof. The pre-cast Duikli:l1Smaterialsare IIIRSS produced and made aV<'li.~lilbl.e [0 the bereowersat very low prices. Theresldents build their houses rhemselves, [J'piC'.d~yetllis~in:gilie help off all of the members of the furoily rodo so, in ower ro keepcoas Jow, 111e end resukis <l.uoit that usually oonsistsofa recmngu~~[, t~ly~squaue-me[re area, li'larris dry and sa:nj[a:ry. Wi.'rnleV'erelise tiaeinha'biiltants. want ~Q includeis t!smdly added on anifll.Cremeflta~ basis, h has now been more [han a decade since the pmgrnmme has been in effect, and .n.lm.dlreru. f theusaads of Bang~<ldesh;is have o benefu-ed [rom it,widl. more than. fo:rty..fiive thousand 8ucl"iJ homes in ex.:i!5llt:nce. w~[h OJ P<ly-bild late of ne,ui.y nitliety~uglu per Gem during (hilS ~tlme,the Gr:.ilmr;,enlliln.k, Or 'wl:'<1l peoples' projOC[ has also demonstcsted that ~nstiJr!.ii~uonal changes must precede llny si.gnlfiClllrlt progre;~ in hotl.sing .for the poor. TIle second sociai.iI.ln.proveme.rIt scheme to be hmlOuood in the series was the Qt[<l Niag<J Uroo n .De¥elopm.en~ plan ror Samartnda in East KlI1imanh1r1,Indonesia. [ll0ompari~ SOc!) to the wide l'amgm:g imtitutioml ..il:npl~c.'l!tio[1JSof the Gr:Jmeen Blln.k irn![i<lti\'e,the m a [or <lichievenlLeilll~:of CiJtkl: Ni:aga IS [he ~~5o.nit dfeP.l in rneeffea1iv'eness of [he sdf~
ronitro.mlilg sysl>emClifG['05S~ubsidies [(bat we~ ijSOO.A
tion to the
of the (.:OIII1:P~~.
TJi:lisprojea has nOl ocly achieved .ilS wclii'!~.<lnd economic obI~aives,. b'l,]tl'l.as~rufQ~ed S.... marlada i:m-o01, vibrant liInd w~Ii-d~ned usban oe.ntre. Therem<l:i[liing seven poojeor W recefve ~"''Olfds·i!lCajro, which varted In scale from 11 m(Jd~$t priiv';Jte hnm.:ero a ~~al~on~1 As.%~mblyblJikhng, allrepresent thellilm:n~ble qualimy of are.l1itecmml. escellenoe deemed soilnpormrn[.~n :!letting a. standard ~Q be folJJowedinme fUIIlLlrre throughoull
the :[s;)iaro:k ....'Ol'.ldl.
11:leGtire·l Residence, in Canakbl.e, Turkey,. dearly ]'cl]ects the coacem o:falichitecrlo!t\'ner Seda:tGul"e~, ith w havins. the house blend itJIf.o 8t1ffOundiQg..s:.]n tins are,..of ]rs the Mge~U:li seacoast, the design req.ui:red sem;i;[iiv]ty ro both the steep, .rocky S,~Qpes dlll[ ang~edown [0 the W':a!ter,. aJS wen. as the dense g~ of pine, o'Jliveand. oak trees. ~Mt rover the :sa[~. The resid~ooe is acl.uster of seven units,
diSUibuted over the sire ill d~wec~relatuo.nooiiP' '8 .Io.ng to
wa:n
dIDit proteersjhem
fro-n'lilie road ne<lrby. The p<!!viJ:ions consist of·twO Hving 1!!rnts, four s!eepingOlrea5i,and one OOnHIIIDn service elleme'roI[, that are <l:rrangedalong the wall in such a way [h<li[opeJli-air oo:~~[1ty<l[ds a:l'eclre'lood between them ..Th~ ov~rJ]lf~e!u!1g of The house. whIch uses local
do:m!llst.lc crmSi!ruction t~hniqlJjes as wen ail lindlgenrrus fOrnls,mtalte.rialsand
vmage. which pro~e.., the special qrlJJa.llrr~es of~:l1e site by providing pr]wte as well as communal spaces, 1'hein;germ]ty" used IT! ~l!!Xl:apos:ing oo,ik e~emei£JI~ and open areas, ss wdl <Ii!:! use o:fs.iimp.le, ]~I. con5.tmCli.on :rnethC'lds, mak.es. this house a .Iogic--.t!ntode1 fw a\!:~:riety of l~~io.ru:.
me
[n ,oc.~n~J(Ot ~(Jthf;!' p:rivm~ reeearcreated by Se.d<.ltG(ire~, is the Al·!Kindi IJh:r",\ in Ri)f.H'.U'I, ~udi A[;itbia and d'l~ Hay)'
Assa.r~lrm land~ping
f"!l.OI,.ij,IBOVl*
jnb'llW~j~~/s
j1{jh-:;
I!J~'·G''tli!ll~\IIJl .,~l:t'mk
scheme, Vi4'licl'lJa(!t:i~
public issues
P!'ii~r~mm{!; befit(} Slmje 'j/!p'nu;!ma~ t1w .ap-ptM,;a!j~·,r! rif ~~. 1!(11'lbt;'l~ t~n;bi~Jjin: fhal mj~,~ iclf/.nliji(!i1lo(.' ~.lTi>'M; m~~b,ml ~~I
a'lt
of the ~ppmpria[:e character of communal spares, ~n this casewithin the aomeillpo.mry Ail.'abcity, The Diplomatic Quarter, where these tJ.V~n projects '1['e~OC'd~:ed, b; the fi mIl
of the S-,uJ!,Ji gc.l¥enm;lellt W (_"QrniO~ td.:lJe ,til of i~ political .uld,.dmiJtlii~'!:r<l:~ive functions Lnl~'!i .pi.wl df:}'. 11~ eennal area of lite qU<l!l'e'[ is ;[~ a {.j~~rvin,g. hundred and fi~ry!ll~~~ wide $[!ripof .~and one
Le<lli~~lkm of a long·h.eld\vili5~.'l
that is fnl~nded
[0 ()OfIlain
hundred metre length, AI-ro:m1~ Plaza itself, which is named, after a f.,.luaus MU:$lh:n phulill1op~.1Ie'1:, as been designed h which am acccmmodate
g,mdi ,l!icMtect Ali Shu;aibi, 1k: ontains a friday MQ"Cj;ue c up to seven thousand WQF,j.hip· pers, <iI_5WeUas residences forthe]marn and JVlue'.t~ln the ·of n'lol>qJ~u;:. Hba:'ol.!)',ag,overomellt service oompJ~ which a hO~M'C;'£ Riyadh De'!;'~I()pm~~ A~lthmi[)', and &hops U');e
siI,Il1'OUiulintg a C'f:nHiil~.maidan. III deference
to the u';1d~-
designed with central courts, and thick, insub.rri:n,gw ••Us [hal, present £I.l1<lU open~ngs to the outside. Both the buildn'flg-~ and the open SP<lce5"~SO rt:ttUectN a~di deo0I7o!liVlep,m:emc;, and huge eillltr:anoew.m!!S .1Ot:.<!.~:ed along the maln boul~V'd M provldeeccees to the ~e!:l~w! ma rd,an_ 1\$ Shu<lrbi has SOiidin .. : l'eW!lrd to his de'>:ignof A~.~Kindi P'I<I:t'jj:
"rhi,'>p:rQject
i1IT1emp[S 1.0 demcu"l.'ilr'.a~~ 1[~1!1U many of rhe
the dt"SI:ru.ction oJ the rofilte.xl ilLito which a new hu~.~dlifil:g ~.night fk Once this oonlexl is re-created, g,00<1 de!:ligl':l CiI n easily fdllO\v., We e[1!1p~.1A1!.sUse va~lla ble arehitecthat
ture ls lhil!t whlch the pedestrian call1<lppreci<l~e, and that
the (IUOlI~tyof
the huil(
enviroranen;
results esserui,dly
,~U[~oul1l.dnng
in
SfI'iUl<;:EiJ:U:V.';S
'tihere ['eal~y is
no OO11itmdi.otionbetween.~hetl;Vo. rhe qm:.stionreg<!il'ding the re-use of trndii:~i01'l!<!i~, and (orlllS d~corn~ionreawakened a OOrllitwv·er8i<i[ issue dla~ hag run [h![ou~'h aUof[ihe pa~1 cyd~ and has yet ro be resolved, Jh1i$ quesuon has been p;lrI~~cubrly $e:rls:itt~ve because of rhe
lrampant and Illl.nifbm1:oo appliaHnon of 'Mamie' deooearton on a majonii:)' of therecent
cxpom :lIoch:i~.eaurethroughou;
Dogan Kuban of Tmkey has cail.ed 3, misplaced I.e~ianre upon a k~nd of 'cl!!~tl!lal, fetiigll:UsI,ll,' d"li3ilbl~n.cMly uses for:t:lW fll'om the PII$~:,,".d~n(M fuU~u:'Ldersr'jtndilrlgor their meana
use of .sudl f~as 1) m.odel,a:ndo:ill'lefS.who seek to n;;new 'me: proc;~sses~laJt produced sud) W!:'l!n$SOthat d~,ey
then mi;ght L~ used as 01 ~~n~, sunaced ~~n when the
Sidlli f:~~A~01Jli Primary Sch.oo~in Tunisa and the Corniche
mrn
awards, The Sidi d~A]oui school is one of twel])ty projects that were initiljJ:ed in ]%13 tn [ejl,;~ve:nali.e the B"lb SoulkaH.df..ioulae district of Ithe medina of Tunis, and is· located ]n a ligh:t1y-otd.ered
di~a widl.manyolder ~al.ilresin it The sebeol is sin~dQo the nenhesst ,side of a reaiJine<1r
p!Llb'lic park, and houses SOOl1lMclassrooms di$[ribuJr~d. syrtJiffieotricaUy~ooum:lnvo in~e:m11Jl GOliltyams. The main entrance i;s em >Inaxis witll the pub~i,cpark that faces .it, >lnd
lismillideobvieus by the brgemmhmb~ plqects b",~oony that out over :ut from the flrst nOO1". Whi~.e seemiru:g
ve'J.1:ed00 oompl.etdy to western gt.mda;ros· of ru'ledl!~l1!ised envixoomental comfo.!'!!. The Cowiche MODque e'Pit!o:mi~5< [he sp,i_!l!t f thiee.mkejArogromme, emphasising the pero ceived impo~nc-e of $cu]p~~lfOl!l fOffil as a means of enI~~ndngtl'le ~.mag~ these S~:ruotiLllres Jn th~ (01M~mp!)ml:j{ of urban .s~ne:,111f:des1gn. of tlns mosqu.eis compaC[, ym .manages to be fun ofinnrimq.'. A f>trong direotioml. pul] from eX.le.ii.or tOo ]n~errol' fiet up by the "ompositlow~. ~ wte'£p.Iay between the dome over~he p.r<lyera:rea,.1.Ind the va.. ~covering me main ennance, which El-\Waki] bas d c;r~t!'<lpo]a(edfrom the Marnhllk lJOOusole'~m of Umm A..o1;!lk in. OIim.M~r ~m:erin.gi' thisdii'Wion is ooi1l~i:lliu~dand
funhl1':rreflrued
(0
the sea
somewhat imigllifiC-Jm from a western v]ewpoim, the use of ~m.1hdwJl:ling on th:~spulilic building represents ~.m~jor viorory il]. l'\l~is:a, where ~thad cncebeen <ooflsidered frh'o.~OO5,n'lis oourag,eoU$ explorn~rion ofuadiri:ona[ forms,
as barh a neosssaryand economjcal alternative to srnnda.a
gO~lme["J!~,1 plOp:M!a.!s, presems an example of great
me
valce to other dt:'ii'el.oping counrries, The Corniche Mosque injeddah is by Albdd 'Wahed EI~ Wakiil,wno has been cleed by Prmce Cll<l:ries ln bis book, A Vision .of Blit«in, fur hi5:tireiess effo.l'tS 'to n.~lwha;t he ,consio:eiS to be the des[;IUctive division now existing between the arclliroec~a:ndilie o~ft.">m:ln,]0 [h!s bfJ.ni~ding,
which has booug!n EI~\V:flkil.a second :a.w:a[dfoJ~owil1g the
main dome over the pruyef h.d!l,.<lndilie tl¥O Stmll1le;l" dbro..escovering theloggia~[Cllclebeyood. The s~g. viSll:l1)]imp<iC~ off litis mi...l'!Ol!'et, ~e;;lidJjng~e e-ye Up~VOlrd wIDe :sky. is 11. dro~tic ~h.ld~ toth~ p~cef:u~ sedusuo:nand mM]~~tnve qui~t oIr:l1e prayer areillntself, which is the .final goal of tI.~rnreiliul[y o:rrch.e&tmtedsequence, The issue of the:re"i:l1te.ip.re~l'litio:n of hb1oriic<l~fOnns 'Wi!I.8. <1100 deep concern toO .D~In.i8.h ochitec:~ Henn.ing larsen in of a his desi.gn ofthe Mi:Ilistfj' o:f .FD:i'eigo Affairs in .Ri~dJh,. Saudli A:rnibia, which received <iinAg:a n.an A'Ward. As .01.. res.uh of ~heS$;meco:noolii(i<uio.ll etTo:~ItI<I[ creaa;ooilie Navy Ass af<l~~~nd the A1·Kmdi Plil~i' the p:roiea Mirns~ry
orWll1!i~d 11 GOm~liliolil
.in 1975 fur thecensrmenen of:ll
award fo:, his Halawa House, given in 1980, the architect LiS. ~memlonally ]iteralun his use of a traditionel lang1l1flge,in a cmMi[lu:inganempt to fmd the missiJn:g link lbe~el1 the rich inventlveness oOf the pre-ihn.duilirnal ~ge.tnd thetenuoas reJati.o.llshipDerween craftsm amhip <HIdarohilecm(e iroday.
The Cornidle Mosque is only one of 3. series of m.o~ues
new fio:reig". MiniSl[ry IiIndinvit.ed~elvewodd-dassfim1."', iocl.oo:irng Renrw PiIlIno,. Arn[a~souki> RimrdoDofiiLI and Kenzo Thn.ge. topal1ticipRle. The genern;tive'i~a
.it.l\l!.<'.Url
behind
n~ql!e~ledby K:iing .f'"",had~bn Alxj!ul AMzJ.a:nd ~uperv,i5ed by the Mini&1~of Hajj and Mvqaf as pllil:'t f a t.!,lItioool o pro!1rJm_me ~ode¥eJo'p <I oool<empor,uy mesque Olfdl1ooc~
lure in &mdi .Ambia based em more tradlttonal models, The
the eeneept thalt Iaesen developed is that of a 'hi.d'den'" fil.cinga~d:liteO[ure whtch is clo6edro rbe oUj~ide wo.dd, but slowl.yreve ... j(5e1f fKm".l wl~m, This tdea of ls i['J!rema]i~~iQnis former O1Jrn~ul~;,1!ted il'llSub~tng the Iyy
trialil~t,lilar pub]ic GO'llIff:yard d'iat he has created in [he eentre
of fue bun.klUngfmm
an of the
In. collaboration with the MUrlndpaHty of§ed.dah and Mohammed Said Farsi, who was the Mayo.r when the ptoiect 'was begun, chose several. high visibility srutes around Ithe dlty for new modeisoFtt.1d~tioml mosque .trclli~ec~;I;!(e. a.ddil:ion!o pIQvidio_g places o:fwomhip, <II] hl of these mooel!s·wereint:eooed ~oexhuMt method.> of W.ldu~:no.oa] OO!:lli~:oti:on, snd toshow ili.oaJl. l:iuuldi~~ wa.og these methods were acihiewbloe on a ~ imn~:ed budget, To do soeeneennenalfdeas of ~Zling,asweU as stnct air oondnlt:ioning .requirements ~I;so had to be d'1"ainged, whi.ch
Ministry,
W:flS
perimeter with a semi.-pubflc .intermd 'street' ..A.s.the can" cept developed.each efthe corners oFlhe synuuemcai. mangular Form weee expressed 38 [leady separate eill!~j[~es related to dle three pI'Ograntm.a:ti.c divisi.o.nso:f politic,d aff'a.j[S, cultural ~!ld eOO!10m~, .. ff<iks, <lind <l1dm.in.isu"ortiof.l (iJfJidf!OO!lce (ha~: ~w~;;.. . ith:in [he .Min..i':inl" Thee..lluy to the bu:nlding ls ~;,1!nk~ b'""yeilemef!($.~1:l<1!~a~
COJl)mOlrl ro alii divlsiol1ls
11 ftmrnh
'z.o:rm'.
There is l3!puii)]icl"eoephon
far from ,easy in thjs hot, humid [egton dut has con"
8r1idflfty seat auditrni.Ufll and a seventy-"five thousand vohnne lihmry, wtJ!ich i;s I.:l:Ilde.r the ~uspJces of the
32
Dipikm.1OlliClo~iu,lIl:e,and ls p:riin:tiarily stocked with books cf'nanons and diplmnacy., as well as havjng its cwn.bookbtndmg (';ap!lbi~ity,rare
also participates ina "M.ahad' progmmme in which
I3mde ...,~rd s~ , Germain, and is divided i1]~OtwO ~¢[i()ns d1<'L~ruIe ..n:ed.b}' a sql,1lare c¢mr:J~ court, l'hecurrved, sep~ scimii~ar.1ike ooa!onr~cing [he quay contains ·miibilion ha]ls :,jJnd11 museum. of Amb an: and cNilisminn ,.while (he
second, ..reC[iI~neilr block, whkhm~k.es.
post-
the transition to
course in dipioma!Cy, and tim ]ibrd.ry·.uJdi~rnium ZOne if) lhe se~r-oaJ1taiillieclliiphere of activity far lMsprogr;tntme. The monumerual image or the bu ilding is irn~mion<iJly meant ro be [ernirri$cenJ!: of ~_.ledder, Najai sTyle of Riy-.a.dh, specificall)1 the ffi1il!S$ivf;:waI1$ of [he his[oric MUS1Th1.k FOil1 l1oearby..lars~!l has chosen roextend d'1€lhermal adwnmge t
of these thick walls by inrnxlucing an mtermediere cavity that acts asboth addatonal ..insulsnonand
t].1eorthogonal city grid behind it, houses the ]ihmr)'. ABa <.,'oopemtive effo:rt: bet'(li.i'eent'r.tm:e <!ndtt\A'em~' .Arol"b couatries, the building re ..Jly does :~ep.l'~m what "lTChi~(;l jean Nouv(ll has C'J~~OO dia~ogue between c~lIItu:~s·_In. it.'> 'a
p;~ise andpohshed
1'l:locl~m~li}r,. I.I'IS'lluu€:is.liIJnapproth~
:a source of light.
other-
wise eruer lhrough 'tJlle 84.1.mJl punched WI1"I!OO\V8 uses, he andabsorbs :n']uoo of the heal ..s well. Iarsen speaks poeliC'.d~y aboutthe qu,dil:y of l(ghl eOlCring 1M building, an dof hisinruentron to make it a 'sundi<lil', which would track the progress dehe day on its [!lIenor walls, in til€: inner world that he has ereatsd, nuances such as [his, as well as rheexqu is:~(ematerials underfoot, take on added s:~nmrn.flre. Hissbstract, yet fundamental reading of ;this p'liltku~ar regbnal ,!:rc[liloct.ure, in lh~ case', ueads a careful p••hberween the vernacular fuamres of the Na:jid,on [he r one hand, and more inliernatio.m ..~forces On tile othet, tihm is roe arn:ngful to each. ligtu, of course.also had m.ysli~l qual.ili.es fur,lrcl'iJte<.l! tOlJlis Kahn,itod \'i,flj;i) one of the most lmportant c;unsidec,llions in bisd.es~2111. [h~ N:u:nooalA.,.~mbl.y Building in of Dhaka, Ba.n~adlcsh, which was honoured with an. Aga Khan Awa:~. In IDe same wJ:Y as larsen, ~i1.n has also recognised the needto mmm.1 the full glare of the sun in a region in which direct expOSUi1eaUl be fa~31 like the Mmistl;i' of foreign Affairs, the Nationa] A58e1'l'lbly .Buiidi:Qg. is momnnental, and rransceuds merely functional ..requiren'l.el:1!tsf! order to i:ru(iw~[on~Ll~edE:IDOCL:"J(:Y a n<ir~o:nthat i in has had. iL~fUllof .'>ldfeL \'('hileoome ha\i\l':l rj[ici.~M [he o
buUldingas beingfiltr too lavish for such a poor eoumry,
pri:H€:lyurbane Parisian building, coruslflnirJiy offer.ing a reAected commentary on its s.un:Gundings;,ltlid yet also presentsrrumy l<JIlltali8ingreminders OJ,l more obscure 8ens~biHr.y. III add!itkm to the p:ri8~1necalm o:f the open central court, or the CI'OSS referencebetween the fli.ptimmng 'Tower or BL1Okr;', arid the ramon", miru~reILof the MO!){ll.I!e of
Sa:nll!m:ra.he r
wooden
U1iOSl
East as a dievice for oomroUi:rIg sunlight and pruvacy In [he past. The southern flIC<ldie of the kliSlitutis clad wit:lll over ,I hundred pholO-~ns:utu\fe panels, cOnl'<liniQ£.rJie<lfiy smleen tbousand l:l:loving p<l~,~h<ll act like the diaphr<lgLl.l. of :;1
camera jn controlling [he amceru of sunl~llt coming imo
[he i:m-e.lior uf the b~liklllng. Pho~(jl\fo:l:~aic l5en~s ele<.lr-u:.rJIi· c<IUy 'I.dius~ ,dl of the movlng pans of~hese p,1 nels" whiich ~1r~ m<ld~ up of fl!polygnna~ openings that echo ~:slamiic
geometnc forms ..
fll~fiIits ~me'nded
purpose, and has. brought about an increased aVl.'<Ireness. of [SJ.>Ilnicsociety wnh.~nthe city as well as establ~~l1Jingthe CUltlll.<II. bl'i.dge it 801Jght to build, Because ef thiism<ljor <ld1li.el\femel,]~, 3_8 well a 8 its ingenio!.15
ing of (he r~"{.JgJ]ition
hi-rech tr<m8fOl.~m<ltio.n
It has reeeived,
of Bangji.adesh a natlonal symbol to be-proud of, as well as a ree~ing of selfworth taut is beyond price, Unlik:e Larsen, Kahn dId not ,oopy elements of regicnal a:rd.liteOtJU re, but has submined to the s.pectfic 10Cil'l1 otl!d£riom and coasuucuon .~t~erM of o Dh<:ik:n.Tile resultls ~L b!,iii~di!lil thOiH both unive~1 '"lnci is place s.pedfi:c In its expression,
Kahn has sucoeededin
giving the people "rh!;' same 1'JJa"y also I~ sakl of'Dhe Il:'lSliru[ du Morde Arsbe in. Paris, which is
t.e.istic .off unity in diversity in the t'I'lusUm. world itself, .m<lking it a more accurare-rellecrlon of theculsare it seeks
to explore. As therecord a~l:1ifJiug tVQtl"rl of the fifth Cyde held :in
.,oj rcIJrl¥X'~~lejQ.,' ~
Ca iro have !'lin"", become the frsmework by which fUTure Awa:rds are calibrated, The di.rec~uO:["Is taken. by ju,ries may
differ from it,but. It rem~nns
i1I
definitive
example by which
those d:ilTe.re.nres<lreg~uged.
heamh1e lh~ iM::lS![erJury for th~ 1989 Aga 'KhaJl:l.Award foit A1rchi[(;;"C~ [IH~ me:[:[;Wki(l, [['I j'anmuy,u~Gonsid~red (he 241 :proj(lC:~:S
~mbmiu:ed. by ~beAw3:rd's. Nominatcrs, end of and selocted (li:lny.!twO wbe studied .in depth by Technical .R.evi.ewe·.rs.TiI1I.en, at (he
only culm ml orgunis;~n which I:ru~y ~~~(ts. ai]l h(! !)ul~-cuhmlf!> of ~:h~ .Mus]lm worM ,nis, is, a we.~com(l ItveIliI itll.&ed wi,th
ro[l$kJ!e:rab~(;l long-ru Ilig~ :iIllpomtltt~ forl.n.e Awa.ro,The
longer
JIJ ne;
evaluate single buildings., As,:J resulr, ttlm the next Ju~l!'eun'5~.{JleTallew to the
Gwn merits lind :unterms cf the issues they reflect, t'rne 'lJl,lel:i(uons they pose', and Ihe'1!l1essllge',\l they send. 1.'be
we s.pedHclllly recommend
dec1!!ro!Ji~ w!h ich follow are ~.u.afl~nlOU(:i. becOluS!e the Jury agreed to make m: so, but U~_Al!li~l~~.y not reached f"()r was every p~ec~at'ld .sharpdifferenoes re~laifledto the end O~ projects which are prejluia.ted and on, some which are om, 'fh[\oughout:its deHberil!HoflJs,he Jury sooglu 'to listeu to al ~ t vlews and ~o :r'ee~[\esp~c[fu~, ·of the p.rojectS nm:nil:l<l!ted as well of i~s own ¥,ell')1' varioo o!piIlLons. fU[i[tu~r.mo:re.,asit discussed I[Im<l [l.o.llnn.l1J;ui.ons,It.mutlJlUy becameaware of needsand opponunlrles fox the arch:ul:eCllJ.nl llffe<.ltil"lS Mus~i:m5 everywhe[\~ whlch had not been as [uUy visible Aw.anfu. Th.e differences
3.
~.I'I
Oe'l'elopn1e:nl Scheme .in l-Byderablld .6Qth ~e~led to have co.m:j.d!e~blc meril-S whnch need
11
Nil'
few rno.~e ye{!~ to he prope:!'Iy IIpp~i~.ed, since oocially related Sioc'hitecuu:e Meq~lil:es a nexib~e Hrne frame for the deQier.~liInta[ionf o 8~~CCe5'S. fanufe. o lhe jury's d:ecisioil1sreward ;'$~v~:ral of Ihe direnions visib]e .in mdl.ly's ar(.~~il.eCllIre j n (he Muslim worM., These dtlc1Sio.l1JS shimJld not 'IJoe~~.m lIS an endom:;e.me.n:~of 1111 [he
.impl~c;iJtio.rJ;s f the projoc~s i:rrvo]ve<l,llOr do the:yiirnply lhiC:l o mj,ec~.ic>nof values expressed
:i,[l p.rojocts whi.cli!J were nat
p.revi.m15 in
within the
JUI ry
dliscus~d
universal
four ::m<l~ments d1eJury wishes to make before pre:&ellting the Av.rards~hem~e~\I'esAs in [he past:, the §U[l/' coagratulates the s[aff o:f the Award whose dedi.catkln, endnjsiaslt'l., humour, ktndness and em.da-.nqt made thC!'§llry's labour a pleasure. ft also cang;rrtmlaws the' T~.hni.C!iIRevi.e---wcrs, .nof whom undeaock d:U;li[ ~ uni.quely .respon.sib~e tasles w~trn. .re~u:iV(l e.mtrusi.asm., T.ney c ha VElan contributed to the riebness amdsopbis[ic1Ui.an of I[%e information. available to the]1J ry and 5l'Ored in the offi.c-e-5 oJ
the Aw:a.rd., No· segl:nellil of cOl!'ltJempora:ry ;ar~ffiI.itectu[oe anywnel'eis
SD
as !I. fu~.~y thoughl-out ~eC3s~ingOHOi":iillS ereared aod usedjn the paSI 01" if) ve:l'ni1!c,d";~r"dJi~ions. The'prei'llialedpro1ec~s indude o:n.iy some examp~es of dun panir;~da, poln~ of v.ie'i"'. ~lncllit behoves the Award~o ilcknow]edge ilod ilion", I searehes for
ofre'l.'ivalism g,el:llline, iIl:~elligel:ilt
:t
:med'l1tnisms and vah.l!eSare I:lO[ ye~ f~.Hy und~tstood in II rI lsl:amicQorue,u. 'Ihus, this JU ry 5ilhue5 rtllt! t.'£f'Ort.'> of NadC:lJl Arua.13nwirh lm:n.u1'lrl ,rch:u~:ecmre;Jnd of Sergo Sllj~.ylllSilil, ith ~ w O1lrura.1 A.sia:n,lIrdilirectur·e wm.o m:e fir have heen ]n"'fi~ved with 1I:1iTI. i:l:!I~erp.retadon o:ffor.malvlIbueswhic.1h should
e:nliglnen. our muil.ersta.llding of the-past of the .f~lr~1Ll re, and shape lhe KDrm>.';
wealthy
Thecverall dln1en~io~of
Muslims have Chil~g~
theaechneeuee
a~fecrin!i:
was
creased twelve years ago, pard:y pe:rhilip5 uncle~ I:heim.pi!c~ O'f t~e Awa,rd itse~f. P~Vl1: speas of these new dim.ens;Lollssuuck a tl1toe~1fy:benoer qua.liity of the fillJa~. :roduas and of the J p precesses .Ierudimg 1[0 t:iltlIT!, wmp.h:x~lry ·of the p.n:-li's:~cal., oocill~, and eco:n.o.mi.c·oomporwnl$ of seclal and wmmJUrnity b(li.~dI[lg, f[JHe:rco,y·eCl,g~ of eonrlguous Musli:m Iregi.o.fi5;awareness of the largli1l Mu.sHm.eommunlries withi:n. no.n·Mus:lim worlds
and t'h.e enormous aspects deserves increase !Til. the qu.antity and qua.~i'ty of We onlywis.n of several
fOf Tedmi~
The secoad exan1pJe of !lO'l'e~~y in the efforts of liell illdivfciua] pm.l'Onsand of noa-governmentel orgimlsmiow il1l prem~il[ed Pli:ojcCils and in :iUilIlY .:hm 3re not, We 'want ~o
,aware, of c:ou:rse,ofUiI.e'
of thesepr.Hvl1t~1IC(ivities"
eamio.!l private
ncmmared project'S built by Muslims" f:.a.ch one of these ns ow:n. lel'lgth:y elaborsnon. eo stress t'i',io points" One is that the appearance
Uni.orl
(ol'leof
these
filorninaUoi'ls· W'JS
AWIU:dliO
sho"Ais~ecl
consider
itse~fnow as the
sends Is 1'101 ol:le of conu"J.dicti.ofl~.,bUI of sim~dm:n,em.ls and pilr~J~el aCli.viUes which ]de.l:li~:ify' ~ome, certainiy nm i.lll. o:l"~he ~"spin.lUons and b~li1l.ror.i:ns o§ MllsJ.im, comm~Jnir~es mday',
so
~
~1iIJ
IbJlik Hnus~B:~.
vatitIuil,
rO(:~umns,.
to their needs
bound
tohe
is a juilgemem ideologies
neces~a:rf~y of the
they impl.)'.
Jury 'CiIltatiOM
of the Great Omari MQ5que,. Sid(f,n,Lebanon Pa.nly destroyed a.nd damaged byacts ofw.,l.r." the' !llQlKjl1e' of Sidon,originaUY;li good example of the complex arehee turnl history of the tebanese coast, was .'luccesllfully re...tcred a n.eI rebutlt thail'ksto the' g,efle:ro8:i1:Y of 9. nati've sen, the phYlii,cal and ,ern,otiona~ eflions of its users aud thetalents and cempeR~krranO'n renee ·of a '~eilJmof a'~chi~ect:Sii.nd smderil'S fromBei
The 'Gr'.trnJ:."eu BSink Hou~ing ]':~ole>Ctaltfac!ed the JUI~l~ aue'll;(:i}onf:rom d'l:e begin~in;c hy the llencSiU'II'ity snd brimai:l!oe oJ its, lmder~yl ng concept. For'here, in one' of [he pocrese and most popuJouscoui'Ui:ies o.f tile woeld, lhec·ompassion of Jslall1, 'tbe :l'esiliience of Bangladeshi rueal MlIlslims, and the dediC" uon of [he personnel of the Grameen :&Jnk, <.'Onlferge in a creanve lind skilful way eo improve the lives of millions, of people ..TJiu~Gmmeen Ba nk, a cooper::uive non-governmental 3ssocia'li:on" sterted a 51l1lall credit progm rame W [h.e rura I POOI1:, :iia:iloll[ coU~Ut .... f,(lr the P[I rpose of inithu ung w d. :ilflcome·se'n(.irJ:l.ungschemes, The ini(ial success of this
modesr
!j5C!a1> refM~
ro accept
the
plli,ogm:mme
W11S
.imJlicanIDi by
:1
prefenrtld to :n.4::m,iild [h~ir shanered those places in the MlIIsl:im. wori.d been maimed the restorauon
team
which have
by the horrors 'of war. 1:11. addition, the head of rebuilt the'
n101}1;[ue
sl:!elterles..~ members - ei,ghty·four per cent of 'whom are women - to 'blli]dnewei", modest bUl he3lthier houses, which are 0000 andwater-resistaJ1it The' small housing loans average US S3S0 each and j ndudle the provision of four
concr~tecol.1ll rnns, a pre-fa hric~u:ed sanj:~ary slab ;:und twt!m)l~ six, ,mr.mgmed i:li'o(l wo.ring :s:l'l~~'i!S" The re-Sl. is leF~.'~.O ,ea.ehJ
precllSi.Q.rJ, and with the taste and intelligence 'co:nlbil:la~~Qn Qfln~n~afl ~teadfastlless
enced :in u~d)ef.'lt<l.nd~f!g the momuneilWls of the p.. M. Thiis :in the face .of tragedy, 0'.1' restorsnon talent and invenUveness in pa:rUcubrly' difficUllt circums~ance8. and of dedtcaeed nathl'e pan-ooase and sa,criifl.oemakes d'le recoil ~tn.lC[iOin of the Gl'eat Omari MOl>c;!I.ii!a beacon in a ronur,ed land aad a :sign .of ho.pe ror Ih.e mbl.liMirig, afwar-wm narlons,
borrower
fi,veyt:ars,
IJO
proc,u fe en
~1I
mmnd[eds of thousaerds
deshis benefited
.RehabIUtati'll.n.m
[1'1 the area of
rehOlhil:~D:aUon,renovanoaand (~pgr ..di~g, the as an ,e%Simp~e gue!t o.l' success in the ,Mu~lim work!, from a modest st~n hut wlth ambiUoils \'ision"i! few native sons 'Of AsiLah took it l! pall
upgrade
iilemseh"cs w
of dleil:
IO'WIl.
Ihe
physicil
With perseverance
diverse hut eqlJl:;aUy beautrful houses. More i.mpofl8JfIt :in thic:;r~spect is the socio-economic process whiCh has accompaniedihis.l'l.om,;ing lO9Jnprogralll_ille'. Men, women and chJtldl"e'llihav been Involved in !JoIn. tncome-generatlng :;J,CI]V]ljes and housebu i!.ding, lie,aJth col"llcn~ion8i 9.mJ education have improved ~.Il1f1l.ensely.'fhe beneflda~ie;'$ of 'I:h~ prog.ru mme lii3;\I'!'; pa id bf.dl,lheir ]oilii'l5,indudilli,g; fiv,e :pe'l"ce.nt~ i11l.hl'WS~, at 3. ni.'I:e of n:linry-eiglu pe't CeiL'!, Whm stiin~d as a housing·loan ~heme has turned .inm an oiiferall i.llu!,grmed deve]op.ltlenlproce~. The previously .mafg.una] homeless poor in 'Bangladesh.
especildly attennon women,
are now socially
mise tb~ (;"()iiScio'llllsn~ss of 't!'l.e p~~plE: of Asilah and moh:ili.se I'l\u.~m impL~mem dlis v.ision. A SiITlJall ultura] festival was tlO c held, in Mill.l.h i.n the summer of 1978, aumcl±ng same' one rnous.:Jl'ld v.i5iJtms, lillOSt~y·from nea.rhy modest as it was, gave (he people
and IJifide, qU:i.HI:ies whic.h
Blink project
aF serious development
planners th.r'OugllO'~]lthe
wo~~ld:in 19S;,ltiJe A11I1e'rican state of A:l'kaflS9s asked the (;-r:mtee[l Bank to send s ml~~ion 10 help
of As.ila.hs.elf·{."onfid,ence
:IilOW
plan
3. sImHa.
yea'rs. The AsHall ·Pellliv:a.1(the musirn) hundred and twenty thousandvtskors WQJld;, it has become
pm.gr.u:mne to 'u.p~ra.cl!e the I Mn~ cO'~,diliol'ls oE itt: nli:'JI :1'001'. The less'On of this success lies In the thoughtful. concept and the parlidpatory process behind il - whic.h could be emulatcd, nm imi:tated, 'il'lmugliOl.'!Il the M.tlslim. and Third \\foild's.
Oitr.'l, Niap Urban ~pDl.ent"
and one or the !UO$t irnpovml1l:i in file Amh wortd and A!tiric'l. Tbis success is all the mere remar+able as it relied exc'lll<si\l\ely on the parti.cip,nLon or rae town's i:i'lllahi~an:ts. induding dilldren and women, with no or minima I goverJl'JJi'II'I.etltalor mnside supporl:. 1h(;: rnlt:1l who. in:i~:ijlt~d ~'h~ ~toce.'>S. and ~lave' siltl.C'e reml.l ii'U,jld u:nnlilli:t[!dllU lI, anmch:d wkhlS'pn.'1idi.iU:emio.lil i:m MoroOGo. Afr,~l'a and the Amh wmM,
willi! one
OIl
o.f 'cnem
1'eS1Ili is
de",'elopment
by
be<en :shared
{kacl.:llll'lui),lne
allidlil'iilp!e·!ne:ll.~atton ]evels_ The whe're the bencnUl bave all pa nie~ifl the pil',oce~: 'the Mr,e..:t peddlers shop-keepers .and 'Ihe 'loc3'11overnment. !'>1m. g
w.ilh equity
only
has
the
p.ro~OO[:achle~~dil:5
socb~.a[]l.decQnomk and
and an accurase
well~imegra~:ed u rba.l1JceJ[[:rr'e hich has become ~~.e pride of w the ~O'w:n.lI'l1989, SlImarLndllWa,s 3W3.rdBd the coveted
Ac.Hpurll A!I1Jard by theIndonesian President
3~
'one of
<I.
group Clf dties wh~ch have ,slm:;essfully develo\ped been achieved Qr forel;gn through
~!h.ern'·
ha ve
need :regular .infitl;lhon, new lind ~l ~olllHy geflu1[!!e envif'Qflmem WJ(i. created for .. 5eJf·()\~stili~ed t'ool,Qg~clll. ,\;iy~t:em]!'l thee%te!'l~!v(;' landscape are,as afJId even ~~ch ,l'lllWe'1l5.lh15 unique e:lJ!v~ mnraent has OIuracled Saudi and Ar<J!b.f'<!.ndHes Ri,yad~ on in' Fr:idays "tid hoHda.ys and they have beoo.me recu~~~ol:la~
<J!reasfor 50c~al gl1llherl og pwv:iidin:,g
fro..i1l1 thegovem:tue'nJ~
eae, culmina[~
denccs, been
3 demeeraue
tmditiOl'lallslam,
convincing ~he.~r oncepts c
Finan)'. this
[he govemm!l':ntili~and
pub.~ic se(;mrs l'O chmnge on I;:!ndlsc!!iptl" 10 ilil.ign Ih~rn w~~'h .~O(;ill tile
lima (~~Irousha
coop~rmi.'!i\~.
the
the ~.ocalr~mm~m
I[!l!te pmlec~.
imenance .for
"ftl.e cunoeptis
g~l'Ile.ri,'un n3~!L11eand is beil'l,g repHcated! Ln r other citti~'S.indi,ldi!Ig the capitll~ .•J;Ilka!fit a, U. rna yeAAance sceial dteoUven.ess In facing increasingly complex .sl!tJU,n~OI:lS
future, where commerciJJi!:l~ei'eSts must be harnessed inlheprocessof urban develcp!l1enl in more equ~t~ble ways, U caaslsc be cO\ooeiv~as a oociallean:limg process,in whkh 10Cca,1 g,ovemm.ents ~,rlicreasifl,g~yncourage acuve e public partlclpauon in a democrane pil'oc~ss,prep3,rii:l1ig urban con,nnlu:1:~ti~s~o face th~ im:p~mU¥~s ofsocia& ~:m[1;s.f\orm:l(i,o.rJ.
in~he an,d, 1il'I~r.rniS~Hion"
enviWil1lme:llt, ilIlld d:J:t~S lxmefi( fro.nl MI:U,m] sU'englhs. to Tfue .AJ·Kindi P'];.IZlIHll1Jl8Jrt : ahhe main pub.lk sptHnewili,oo fo:r.ms,an e,sSe.n!~:uaJ~. P::JUefthe n.up]ornatk QUlIFI:er" ]I co:!Hains aJ P~llb~ic SqUillr~ (rnaid:m) nea.f to (he cemml rn~queof the D:up:]orna.trc Qua:rl:er"1I'he~ comp'le~es can be co'.osidered ~I~ i,dieal rnooells fo.r clt:re~ inl.sbmrc lInd Arab soc.i~~ies,. They have a~~f;lIc~iveh'pJ'eserved~he u';ld~U;omll hnk be~wee'n~he rn.osque OIndlhe othe~ DubHe serv,ices of the ci~)'. The success oithe W:hole ls demOiflstraled by the lively p!.:!bl te eveats which make place 0.1"1 the: Square on Fddays, U is the se:n:sitijvH,ym the envi,onm~liiI,t: on sueh ili gg"afld scale which disl:insu~shes ~:hisptoj~C(. d~~p.ed and j 1il'Ip.~~mel1[edy a b
I.oral firm from. Ri.yadtl,
Gune)f:1lJ!IdIy :S~vReslden.oe,{:an~.
Throu:Q:n a sensirive,in~elligem this summe.i "e&~de:noe constitutes
'\l'Iadrey
M e.(,A1buJi ..PriimBy SChool. 1i'IiurI!lS, Th!llisbl. The Sidi e]·AJJoll~P~im~.ry School jspremlca~ed fo;,
]~:S:ccura-
geous
explo~tio.n
of
tmditio<llli
arehitecwrol fo:m18as an
where landscape and building are of equal impofllillllce. Th.e flln.otio.I'IS o.f H",:tng have been div:lded i:(JJ[O oompol:'I,em parts,
each
ofw,ilich
11:00 posliJio:n.ed w~t:hci1i[eful (hought, ,on a. bc::.itmifUl :S:U~!e o.vedooking the Aegea.l1Jseasllare,.
Th.ese p'rillcup~es of juxtaposing (o:rJ~nge s,paoes. economy of
~8
eiliegl!n.t ~. and eco.noIl1;ici!~, - :~~spO\l'l~ !o. C:Orl~lem;porary ed~lciuiO\rud needs, The desig;n, of this school,. deve]oped by a citirens' StOUp as an il]~,ern~J:ive to s:mmlard govcmm.emflltype desig~s, :represen;~s .::1 protmy,pe of consMcmb]e villne to d~v~~opiIlS oocicl~cs" Uti,]ising 3fiarell ]efl: OpCil1m, by an earli.er pEojern" i~dillllffll.op:s, 3. unique rel:illtion:Sl\i,ip '~o dlie su rJTollnd,ing
ud'):;'In senios 3ml espedaUy to :1.pu h.Hc pillrk a·d)I~ae!ll~ it. h. to
rn.eJn~. and s<irnpHcilYof ~.oca~.ooIlMirIlC~iOtO can be a. model 'of u~es and a vartety of place-s, T~isreside!lce of art I~ wh~lCh nature and n;uflliInis.lu l!l.deed awo~k the :f!~Stplace. Hayy' Assatfan!.t ud whkh
ilL'C' M.Kin,di
[Qf
COlmln~U~
OCCU·PY
T.he cQ.!1cisellfl@ ord.er·~YPJuer.~ofi~~elassreems geeerOItesll slm;ple volume, d.l,~creetly e:l'llh<lnced by the ]~didolls
medina,
th is
"The lanciscaping ohh.e HaY)' Assaf:1rn~and is pan of .it,were made po,,~5ihle by eHe'ITIit, [he mYllo.h De\i'<lloprnenl
quested
arid r,espol'Is.iib!.e
bu~ldins-bl!Dck 1n the
CO.FIilidu~ M~.J~,
h its the arehireet's fOHns.
1'h3~ is (Ii:!
SandllilDabia
skil~ lin comli:lilrm.ing ll~torucaHy detrived
ul1cler$t3.f1d~ng ,of the IQC:II environment relat:tons.hiplO lhe' project was e",eilIl(:l'l<l.ry.
T,~ lan.<ioca,pil:lg
undei:'s~:and~"gof the n3tu['al and spa~i:al. org;JJ~:isa~ion bO'[, in ;lind addreg;~ons, U ulik.cs into consider..uion llUr-.:u:;-tlve siul'S il:rnd p.rov.ide co:n.ditions and enriches (hem wilth .new el.em.enffi to cte3~,e
l'he l.'I1!ain basis, fDr tile Ju~":s dedsiofl_ Siting and ~eChROIQgy dk~~'ung~ui~h bujkHflg f!'O._~lthe g~l'3a,l !}llliolJ'ity this of mosques built todaY-The Coa:fJJid.e Mosque is one of three se~. s pa v.iI:ions al.olllg the comicbe of Jecldillh, an llnCOIl'lVe:lJ!" a tiOll'l:llJ bm v1sually i!ruc's~:ing ar.nu'lgen:lei:li~:thJi!J: lends spl:rinm~
streng~:h ro th~ en.Hre ~er,rimiJ:Ynd a
p.rodai:ms
~o the olJJt$Me
themwirrh
c.ii:ma.ti.c prcmeclioJ:1.andl
b:u~I[according
1'0 methods
tim:. d!~ve~.op~'<1
sioll'llswith
lasaclety,
lslaen 1'J:H~sebeacons On (he ,coast ha ve also become eonplaces of piety 1I1rn.d rest [or the popu~::lI~io'fll, of lh~8 'be cited as
;I
appsoval, thst
stands
1I.S, 3,
thJt
i1itryin
:11 v<!rtety
'Of
proponent
of this bru~Icli!lll
~[![lovatt"'e' sit~ng. fOf rethifll.k~ngdasliical .. ~d for the effort to ro~l~'le~'O"nal :lJ.esj:leak thepre,senl<J.nJ
iWU~ roH the p"~~ [slarnh::socleues, of 8a!]l~
e~e'nents~n
time n~necq;the
the d"rity of l~~avera ncompo!5;~tiaitl and f,,·orn,it.s scale, oo~i:Iccnnreyi~;s,the ce'n.lmiily ..nd~rnpOl'llmil,ce ohhe a.ctivity o.f "s~mbly lh<lt lies iU lhe hear! of a democrane and p.ulk.ipatoi]f
"'~lruCnii'e
off gov~mance,Reachin,g:
of th~regh:m.,. ~mong
beyond the ili'cl'iileC[l!Jrreof th~ knlnl~cliaul:are;], Ih~ blli~d~illS M£aifs, R:iJyadh,. SaNKIi,Ar.;iJiJ.la Thbproj(jc[:~wa5 :I]Q[:edfor tts il:illdHge.[iJl ~1.5C= nd .im~rp.r,e(ll~ a
Milriiistly
Itii.o.m ~l1!ld,UI:io:rn~1~ rchli[:ec~:~I,re lInd of gern.<:lr'..!.1 ,of 1;s1~ rlli.C' ll,rl:J,a,n
01 P~Jp
llils 3ssimilalJedim:po:rmrut:s"rcJflelypes
otber ~"yl>~t1r<Yugh Ih~ ex~:en:5<~O:Ilits pllrk and Wm~l~poOIl;. of BrtH', £~.bas also drro;;vnupon an::.hi~~(:nmtlIdeas of buaing val:tlle frrom. m1.llnydv'ul:i>51Itiom I.moulm.d thewerkl. [hmlgh~iJ)u~and ~.ru~:e[~ige.l:Ul. searchfor Thsough his, fDrm. the lII[~i:lite>Ot has
concepts,
lhe
rllry
work
or .. rchitecW[~
mal n-stream.
~[1
h;lrmol:UY w~~h
the irntemahonal
.uchi~ecwral
CDPY
elements
its "'l,Ifl'OUI~diflg!,! a.ncl de.si;l',llJ;led llke J d~det .as the function and nature of ~bls Mi!l~~~lrydiO:<J!tesuch ~e:grega;tion. foOr reasons of security and pn,'!!'",},. tn oppositi.o.n. ~.O(h~ bh"niLlhiand .r'Orb~ddingeXl\{ll[io:r. the inmr.i.or spaces are volu metricaUy ltively, ~~.ctting, spectacular ~.n(1hi.ern[d'llt1IUy
t1.5~
]rnP'O" either CQn:~em;pora.ryo~hiSitwicaU:y der:~ved voc.<lblular~ tesof fi;:lrrnffOJ,u o~herp<l;~S of theworld. The area i~ect has
re.,iflte':l'pretedana tWl1sfonned these ldeas l'I1 mugh a p.rocess tha~ applied concepts ef coasauenou technology eo COiI'lclilions ~pecifi!Cto the Dha ka locale. The resu h:is ;'Ii bundi rIig ~hat! Wll~~e llnji\l'~rsa ~un ±~:Ssources of :forfl'l!S, aesth~t lcs a n:d
t~hno~.ogi{l-s,
the
I
of less,than sueeessfu
c1eoorat~"e seh~me~" Si!illp~ic:iW and QOl.np!exily are outstandiog f¢lIWI[~-S of !the de-Sjgl1.• rhis. lavit:ih and e'xpens,ive bll,Jildil1lg
and dS!~ily,
SheF-e.:Ba~g1~.Nagllr,Dhab,
ill one ,of the
a1:!d provided wilh a be"~IUful sj;~eil1l Paris, the ]nsrihlll du Monde Malle lollI showcase of oof!tempOIl'ary iHchHec~~re which has ; became a popular :aJ.tmcliol:l ln Pa~is iltlda souece of pr.idc among: dole comn.n.!nities ()If Amhs and other MlMSlim:s. II:
asp~res in i:tSili"c.hJiteou.l]'c to seNe as n place ()IFc.nollglu 1lbolill: lsla:mi.c cultu[{i a.ntl admimtion fOE ~nial'iti.sl:ic l:iJ.er.ulageand, a~oiJ]e oumside of rhe MuslUm. wo.rl.d, it has giv{il"l impolr[3.IlJCetD oo[Jj[cmpornry a[t[s .from Alrab lands. A~thoug:n ..not successful of its, design and at
t~,mne5 (w,ed.,. complex [0
poorest
cit~.;:~[ls.
oounmes of the 'Wtlri.d. ,\'fe are so proud.' This idea has been voleed over and OV'er b~'ordin3.ry goveromel1l na!1g~ade.'lh- Faced wil~h b:pGsLrJ:g~rCbi~eclUr-ill sn eouldaot oftfilcia:L5 at1ld p~o[e.'i.i.llo[lal.~rChi~ectsa~ike in work
of
.unaUaspect5
lise
the geometry oJ it~, facades lIln.d the (he Arab worid ,,~d
CiU ~tm'es,
help
b'Ul~ que~non
the
compillibility
of sher-ea. poor
c'u~t[lraI ex;c.h:mges
~nHia[ors of the
ccmmry-, Ye't, rev.ucw of Ihe hiSilOiry of th~ I::mi]dins's desigill. and cons..:ruCl[:ion, plus OCi:-sil[(; .-:;mdJles,s!U fj,Ieys, and discus-
betwe~n
france;
~he a
RESTORAnON
SIDON, LEBANON
Client: The .Department oj.lskm1tc At.flqaj; Sf,don, Archfl~dt
al·H4riri,
The Great Qr al·Omarii Mo...'ilCJj~I:e lslocared ifl the old ci~.yof SJOOfi hich is ~iWated abQ1Ilt orty-five k~lo:~ne~res omh o:f w f o
l3eii'll,u. Thi,~port ci~yhas a sijg!lific::U''it ill:ldaIlC,tel:l~: ,ilI,i&tary
O\l't~ s.(grl!fic~nt
~/'
td'
which goe.~ bock m the secQiI'iI.d rn,~n!emiLium Be, USIIJ(fered aumereua d~st!mctianSiU the h1lirl.ds [be Assyr.i;:![1,S, Per·of
'roe J1;!teriCl'~QuF!)'fird I>bQ~l)ins' ~~~ hiS~ $l(,!~Mkwd QJ ~lQrlmwli:Sb~p cuittrmt l~1liJ!c mas~ml)'
s:~anls.Greeks
6;6·37. 'fh~ Crusaders [oar. the dl:yin the H~giol'l see..sllwed, a nd Ir continued between Crusaders &estmyed by t!h.e MQnguls.~rn.
noo, but
~o Si.oon
lin
(he PQlk~Cll of
tn 'chll[ll;gehands
and MILIIlll:imsnntil 1260 when 1;t 'was b'a:dly 1291 the Bahri Mamh:iJl.cs t'l'om
bin Qala·~n."invaded and wdk thecity, U.remai:!!t!d u !:lder Manl~~k inAueflce' UflU~ Il,gypl, und~.r the S'U~t;tnN;u;ir Mohammed
Ott:o!1LlanS, hose I'II,delaSit:ed u<J:t:U w WOl'ldWar 1. The-mesque l:~&e~f on a h~~l Illound m d~Jt! est of tih.tl ltes w olel city, o\l'~rlooki~g the Medile~ro nean S~a. Rest]Iu., 'OJ ~h~ oo:illl:n.a ~ysison th~ part ,of (he "hin' whi.c-liL slopes towlIr:ds the
the arrj'll;!]J~Gf
it
.slill stand,
was brU.i~'t:, and named after C:mi!~ ibn i]~,-Klh.a:~~ob.Is the oldest: standing U mosque il:! Sidon, and .it was 5ev.e:re~y d:iUin.ag(i"{] by bo.mbtil1i& aad g~lnf~~ dtlf,~ng thel~nH:li :unvasi.o.n. ofLebll non in i19'B2,hi> rus~on'l(i()ll1 wasoonceiw:d ll,nd executed. und.er ~ihe~smeli. O("(upl'l(i.o:n., thus, :symhoHs~.fi,gme polU[icll~ will and resistance [
of ~Ile local rumrn.u fiily who eommissiened thework 5u.('in uy.ingcin::u m~mru::eli. under
1851, and
the bomnbal'drnem
anne
porn
bv the
an
nritis!h-A~,,,t'rian Heel In 1840 have all takea their ~QUon the on the mosque illil ],870 and '18<}l5'e5peot~vel)' caused the reor.ieJ:1Jml~iIon o.f the w:~ndO'W !
1iJ10i!qJ~H~"M.:od!lf~ca!io:tl~andrep;lirs
opelli:ngs
aswell
as the demohnon
of
an
eild~erablmio.rn
Ihree domes o:f I[h~ soutnern rirvaq aad th!.i'C!"J.s~ doo.rwa y~\() OO'urri::r:arCi. were 3:11 UI ndefl.3kie~ dur.il'lg the 189'; reps irs.
[0
tih.~ bui~.di[1g
0.1:1
th~m.osque wen"!
C".I rrled
concrete-roofs
1'i1Dt:lq
f.:l£.-ade.C~.1!lrli,gesin seasonalterapeeaterea ,especiaJ.W d!iumal ext:~e'rnes, resulted hil, d,efonm;il.l:ial1l .of t!is$ures in I~,e wuUs. A lack of funds m.ei1m [~l!lit: Ilh.ere WIlS no proper ma~ru~nalil!c~ of
I[he h~ikli'l:'i8, cracks in the
di~
The
rings
the walls,
system
f:trmUy .gm
fbreed cemeot G!l~¥ ..ccelerated the de~ertQr.I~~G!'lo:rthe :I)ui~dllfl_g_ UI!'lere ..sed dl.e load on theo~!gil:l.d ~mlct~lre, and
weekened the fabr~r,;;, Wherever ~h.etwo materials met, d1!1! original and the' new cement, I~hedifl1e[\ellces between their pooostry. h1l,rcllle~ illld ,e:Xp'ans~'ofi ates caused flln~er crocks r [0 ltPi)~ r in the mesque.
The fi:rml srra
n~mlri Mosque
W
port of Sidon by the lsraell oeeu patlon forces. Kince the a'mal was the main ceutre of resistance the
15f'd:e~i:!>. became t'heir fN"3.1 shelling point from the sea, ill Ex~ens~ve dllm~ge wascaused, i:n.dud:ung lhepan:iJ~. 'co~.~Jp,se namdy d~,eV:llu~t:U!'lg of dle
w~J~, nd a
fronl the w.a~~, lan,g;HUidit:l~1racks l'l"ppcared, a ad a numiber .of MOImoCS were c diS:~od:B,'-(J.Th.e soutaern andwestern facadesalso developed numerous II nd deep craclss, Even [he hill. itself \VaS s(;a~d, pi![[G,(!',and spHt by the impact oEtne shdl:ln,g.
FoHow.ing the destruction of the
lI~ Oma:rj ...
.Mos{!jlll:e'i Mr
~.I'I
Saudi
3.
Ve~«:O~e' d1.e~r'
entrussed eo Prof lamei Moom f<l, ami work eemsnenced imtnedialely :afl;e~approval was graured by ~he De'pammel'i~ of
Amiqu iUes providcd[hi(l
a ad
the Mi.nisuy
ofAwqaf
non ("Qn,lpany, Oge'.f LUbanwhi.ch was owned by Mr Hari:rit (oord.tnari.u[l . .Photogm phs,and :m(l3SlUred
to, prevent
drawings were rna.dle (llIirl:i:tl[by d''Hlarchit~c( and his students, The aim of't'h.e iBeMoratiollJ pm~eetwa.s
ltD reconsteuct
the
colll.ap&'f!of l:beBemi~~n.ung iand shU maooung pafts 'of the u~ue', the secnons that 'had been destm~'ed and Ito C'iOnso.Ud~~:e damaged the areas, TIM:enlJ08~l!!Ile was ~o be restorII:SFonner rU!'IcUO!l as:the F,id;lY Mosque of Sidon where it CQuM provide the local oom.tm.ll1iry wiltla.a gmhening place
Ito
ed
econ.orn'li.(1aUydep.m·ss~darea of sourhem
The Omarl
the
.MOSqLHl
city.
SiUl3tiedi.n
:I. densely
(Thmdes. The ma in access 'to lh~ mO\S.<illll~ h, from thenorth which .~ea.clisrom 'the bath-house f mosque. A. second .and morerecent rhe eastern rlmaqwhic.hcon.necti! The~-qt31gwu!'ld~oor e.nt-r1lil.e'e<ln be foued In c H with Z"bNI~·I!!Ini" .street
ti!lthIJr ib(i71 Om~:i'e' 11linalW ~(.1Ir/~m'5"l .. milh "I del'ff;(Me wt'{l\I'~~bl lrorr mj'lfl,g oilml t.lIO'f)(ffm !XlN'G/)1 to form ~ ~·ltl.8ijl~r kmtJnMtb itl S(doPl
<I~1eaof the' buUdlngcomprises 1.")00 $qjulIlie metres w'bi!e the total ~i~e are~ I~ 1.97S squ a ~eluCin:e!'>, l'heplan of tale mosque is a ...j);np~e i one, ~rut:rnnO! lis possib~le~hroush the f'lo{[,lhem rltuaq wh:lch :in tum leads i:n[Q
on
an sidas.
Enny
imo the
I.he WlI.U:s,
The other
5U1ppO.r1!~d ypi.ers - only the central sectton of the S-QWI~hem b ril~q:i.s cDve'.red by Ihme domes. "[i)l,e d.eep~M,alld is wvered b'lllpitched
C'eru~:r'<I~]' pQ..~itioned in ~he nonbern I
Tlle Ino,sque is S!huoS'!entteel y coasuucted of~oca~, sandsteae, quarried fJi'·mn Q3.s~]ni.yanear dl~ soudtemborder ..'fh~ same nmn;ar"a mix of I~mll~and sand, W35 used thwughoult,
the orlginal biiJndil'lg. However,
50ln~
of t~e later
OU:om11r11.
work reveals I'heuse of 'black pan mortar' made .of Iime, .mllJd
aadash, ~specbUy bC:t.liHlfkb~. agai.rnsl humiclUw. LimeMone is used Q,nly as an :infill,
lI:'es-~o~tiQfl
t~
mesque roprevern
coHapse, [f!\l\esHga~~of!swere cOI'n.du,c~cd dlt: St'l'tlCUlrol on, the buHdif!g to de~er,ini:nethe irnltefV\em~,Qns~ih.tllt wO~11d necesss ry, AiMJyses .of the soils, menar and seeaes be bad~o be oom:ple~ed 'prim: to ~,hecommencemeneef work. Doell! me~til~i,of'l,dra;"vings and phm:ogmph:'> of t.~e b!JI,i~.dilrng fllhric prior to restoration 3.100 had l'O IJe made, 1'.niswas 3.11 ~ssem~,nltask, [1e~d.edbmh fo:r dl;e offidal reeordsof the
p.roi(.lC(
reconstrueted 3'rn.d
of ~~l.e o.righl:al.
rebuilt
the
the mosque. The' I[!Ipper.cylind['i.cail secuen of the' minaret was dlsmu'llled, thesteees were brouglu dow~rn. narnbered and resrceedto ~heir orU:g;i,nal place's. An. small crackswere m~edif'l, (i(mcre~e was removed from ~h1,e
V'.a~llli[ilg and wasreplaced
:UUC't ;lidditio:ns
suchas
I[~liemosalc
rna rbl.e pav(:im~.[liJt wfuicllreccreated the simp~.egoolil.letlric designs a.trendy found ln I:he prayer hall, Newwooolell and :shiliU:ers, glass (a prululype SY,PSllnll, lanice Wi:l.1.dJOWS w:ilrn. tn laid coloured was Iil13C.e ~gypt 1I1'l1d reproductten.was in a
(l(
ma.CLe site), and metal Iattlces for the lowerp,,!)~s 0.[11 wlndows were srec.i.a!~ymanufactured were the ehandehers and the lanterns. designed. to be speeifica.U'y appropri<ue for
the
ilS
themosqae,
41
,coU.ecl:edfrom old tmi,ld~r'lgs.and des,~gned wil:h mo~:ifs preserved orn~::ds[ [fig doors,
I'i:n,~.n.y, l:hehiU
on
1'}{OM All'Oifli:
(l
J~~l&ir ptlUt!nt
af &r!J'rj,~"lj'()rk,:
,'Ib 1)(lu'/I$~/l(jfll
loY' j(m~stmli(jm
wbi.en
the
l[Io&q
ue lOla ndswas
COIlil.5()~j.
~irt!(l,
Sh(l!~'hi8the jlMri'·fjW'p'.l~m
W(;::Be
.m~ed iawnh
a llIil'UJoI!tme of
the sm
H~ne', !!WilA~I,1I'111, 1I1:ildsand, and the foundanons adj:J.e.;ont to ash d~ RO:I,.n'he~nac<lde we're' st:re'.ngd:u~ll!ed_ A. reinfuBGed conf crete ret .. inl!1g waU ... built to su PP!)~ and conra in the soil. '~as Duri,,,g~herl;:'srol"iuiof! wo'rk allY stones found Of! the 5i~e
were re-used, Wheit'ilsiones had 10.be replaced, Mones from adjacen:t old bu~kHng:swere flOUl:ldto nd'Qethetr place. Only a f:ew Df the ~ars~r ~1~11'I~'n:t'S as lirm~ls and dm in SpOUH. such
were niI:!I.de from, n~w
wilh ahammer
s~lOn!l,,[,hey
andchisel.
N~w flru':m:arW"J$
'on the amdysis, and mix of [JH:lo.~gi,m'l~, using a mix[ru re ef Hrne. day and ash, Km:!.~irl.was :Rkle>!':Ii or neK~bH~tyin places f
wi:!:er">eeKpansuoll and
corrt'faction
could
sa ad,
Tmditioml~J ~echniques were e!llp~oyedwh,erever it ""<IS feflsibkl m do so. Ihis W2I_,$ especiaUy true for the rebu ~Iding
'of (he (_"OU,ap~d dom.es,\I'au~ts and ar.che'sof [he raosque. Tlradi[~.ona& bui,ld~ng WI~[S had
[0
be relearned, As in other
pans 'of dl~ d~v(doping wo:rld •• he imrodllC[iofL of cement and .m:iinfo:rc-edconcrete had taiu~d lielclllliqlles vau
most o.f
t~~l'~ ld btlild~I1i& o
1'0 be ~.:1id aside fur th,!,'l new . .R'!I'en (he ,era:f[ ftlr be r-etallghl; Ihey were made and remade
unt:ul
Ihe destsed qu'll.ity \\',;!,sanstned, lhe seones were cleaned ,~,.'Uh brushes ,Ind pO!<I.MeWMef_
No eheasea Is or mecbanlcal devteeswere used, De~~i~,ed
reeommendauons
liemm.cc ohhc o.rniya used
\V,~.S [0
were specHiecl for the upkeep and matnbu~lding.indlld~ng specific soaps fo., dea:tting
~(lI~r~l£jve'tnodern
corrosion, \V;!! S a lso i[l~l'Oduced ~~tn~he~liml,;lIre~ il:ilorderto sU'engtlhcn i~, An averu,ge of seventy-flve work:e[$ camsrim~iCdth.c work forw. Dru zcs Sll['l.tiI.i M lQsHms and Christ iilns. some brot1.gh1~: frum n~ighbo1J ri.rng meunea in viUag(!'s, wo.rlkt:d togc~hetr on
this pro~~C(. lhe
COI1:sJLI I:~nl ~
The archnecrs. and Civil. engl aeers, the eonrracror 1lillid[he were all local pm[e,~sj,ollaJ.5" Tille lItr.chiteots were fm:~ler studenes of Prof Saleh l:JJillei MOr.~rn[a ~lsel[ (mined (hi inardhuleclura~ resrcrauon <l1.AlIchen 1J1.~~\lersulyinG.emlllI1Y). and {he G reJ~ .M08qi.l:r;: of Sldon wa,~ the'urfirst pMfe~inF'l3.1 experience ..
Wark coulunen,ocdin FebNiH1' 193,3. bur d1:e(l,ml!J~1 resicratlon work beWJ_I'I ju Iy of dl(ll vear, Ute pmae<:~ '\'\.'95 jl:l
com:piet.ed bvJamlflty
leha-
Floor'p-/Qm
!;.~
OPPOSITE:
,~i m(J~j~~
difftcl,jity ofb/~/Mtng
(ilud
j~~5
(;)!l: ~'
nese Liras, o.r ['ougM}\' about LIS $.2:{4.,000. Th,e CQIOt prov~d to he bighe. th<lnaflW:;~I,..~ed because of d~ h:~gh f<lre of il'lnario~l,a~_,d ifficuk wQ~king oofldi~i'o!'ls under the [s:r:il.e~i d occupenon, Upea closer itlspect~,ofl (th<!t is, onee Itbe
#0fX!.
1(11'[,(f!;(1' W'(I$1njm
hm, b(!llm
s~nmgI1Ml'lcd
~c,afl\aidill£ was ereeted), it was dlsecvered thil~the buHding ~...s ~n faJi:wcr&e !l<ltnIClurn~ cOmldiliorl dla:n, had been prev~,OU$~y d1(H.llgih~,T,~ entire budget was elenated by Mlr Ra,fiq
al-Harirt. "flte Great Oma,rl. M06qne of S:idon~vas r,e(UUllecl. to irrs
onigiml~. functi.on 11S tmdi~~.onll~.siymool of t:he C'~ly r. now '~'rn.e •. 11m ()[I~fserves 11S a galhc::'.ri:rlg place for :In Mus~i.ms b~l;~ :dsu it
houses 1111 tih.e poIH:icll~. and social mee~illgs of the town ..
StJUcle~~s, it ..sa place to study thete homework, bel:leflUn_g use wOfn~he freee~eclr]city andns qu leI spaces,
D~,e eo dlLe PQH~:icili~ sa:~iUi!"tio:tl.in .Leba,rlel'Jl i[ has not been possiM!e re mskean on s.~lesurvey On~,l~mesque s:in(;~ i[nru
received th.e Ag~l Khr! n. Award" U is to be hoped (hm now Ihe pol~.:icalsiluarioI1l has~l'I'iI:prov~d Leibanon. i( "'I'm be possib~e i:rn.
for (he .QlllskJie '!'-'DJ1.d Yisi~~:hb impre5~}~"'~ monument. to
ltD
p on their or
....,_,
G l
<16
Rf.:HABn.WT:AnON OF A.SllAH
.ASllAH,. MOROCCO C"fifml: [oc'('ll PrJptlla.~l('m mrtd .Muuictpc./,l{lyCf! Asllah_ Cul#~ftjl $$(}r;iaUcm (M,(Jha'j~1cm~d A Ben{fii_~l (;m<il obamrltlld Mti/chi. j6tmclfug lnemb(f;J"s). M Asi/"lb, Compkl'ton d~te.. 1978 mu:l()I1[;roi,~g
P(U~OIt$: AJ,.JrIi{()uhit
The town of Asi tah is st ril~~gk'-. y :llocated Oil rhe shores of U It~m.A~;~mlie Ocean, onthe l1.onh·we5~.ern:J I.ip ,of Murot:.:o,. :I[
~i.e.~ [m~.y-l~"o lk:ik~,ln~ln_',,~ SUlI,lh-e'dSI ()fTangier.;, in [:[I.ilriy Hllit d:,t~.illg used ~LS :J
"OUI nlr}'.~ide _ U is ,LIl ok! tnwnwlth
~!i)oa t'w,insmmt>nUii~
Ckf.,j wh'/~?u,'(tc~JN:c1 .m"ff.{;~~· m:.rwpFf!:~/mNi'n(J~ ~l~ !b#~h m~d m~!.ko;o' 8~'1ISjJ. heJp"tlg (W(J'rior::J ,t\\) !i!~'t',P (X)~/.: 0 ..... "1£11:· If.AF~ l(jf;a~ftm pI".,j; !!iN!! pJ(~N Q/.~'~ f¥j(/(iSbl".; I~(/ ",r-i.,ipf,"·ad~.s
l~ltimf: Ili{~tn ,lhV!ro~tgbfil~S nmlm1!1 u)Ub ~Ju>It:Ir~h' ~~~' I/)(! Imild'I"I.{$ 51'#/ hl' tooprot:V.iSS oj robal#W'allm~
!l,.jt;)M!!(Hlflt
Ito tt'h,ePOUUg~I,~;s'~
when
H\V".iLS
of
'tl!<Ldingpol<!t, l1here ~s il ~","l~lm~ h,uhoUlf 01'1 the nn:rttl.;weM side ,nW the to'11l.'O_[fl~ude~he w .. U;s, the ~nwl.l.funDW~ rmlrern the
.of most old A<llh ~nedi!'lM' i:o the MedHerr<LIlC'<L!'l <afe'o\, ~'lU;1L coun.yar<:1 houses lining the fl~I'!TI""f .d~eYW"J:Vs-Some Spm:t~$hillnl!e~ce J,~evident on. the racade,~ ·of I~hehouses especla U., ~fI .he ~I:y~ef the bakon tes, o
rh~ prnjeci
ItO It:l:1I is,
Bena'l)ssa
for
twelilt),
He
bought
II
house
Iin
Asil:tlh. renovated
Ul,and
~()wn'~
g:lrbage
p~'Ved_ Asi'lah had no p.h'~.i'maq ...or dnc~or,1~nd .~ dec~'rjc~ty J,i:l1Ie'" <lnd "'''<liter h,e !nll.~ we're lnsu fficiel'U a0,,1, !iJ~or d<lte,Eleclr~c c,~h]es h,u:~ as a been insmn~d hV the SiP~.lli!IroS in 1926.
To irnpt{wt: h:L~ eown, Moll:lQ,l1.lmed Bcn.a'jsSl.lill:'id hi~ f~le,i:iId
Moh1Imn'u::d
~nd (he
As
neil. II1c:.l"
onrha
Mate of thetown's
dl,e:lnl:illiess" They
and madeto
~lprovement_Riesidenlll were
~skJed u_) pu~ ~heirg:;:a.rl)OlgeQ.u~&tdef~)elr houses, re'J;dy ror collect lOll; this they dkLn, W<L1l rom '~h f isillll,!wble' be·girlfl~ng ~h.~I~ rehi~b~Hm:rl(mof Asilah Sl~.fIl,,,,J. the fht:l:1IcX[ step was [0, intilpro~t: th.c external ~pp~a['..tnce of I.h.etuwn. As bm~~parrons of lilt: p["Oj~C(W!tnt ii:iI:"'OIl\l'~d Ihe in \1{()rild ,of ;H'I:nnd n1.lul:r'(i ~h~li' invitt:d I:~~eli.r ~UtiM rril.':'nds ~n come and ,f.l1llim some wd:s il:1l. 1:n,Cl !tOWn...In 197'8 ele'O"en
paimer.;, ~!I:t't'(:ll!ted mild p~.nicli.pa~~d i:l:1I. I:!:ih{lxe[dse. helped,
'beauty' Crn.il.drelli
by eompenr
k~ns i.
49
i'lift/i'dt?NU!Uf'!;
hN!ll'
j"~,
activared. The
pllvi:tiIg,
c.\:/M'f!l;g j«br'ic;
OPPOSJT!I.
.m lmpoYftmtjJ,U'/.oJ
should
Tn,r::se
O~'f.Rlr:A f', f'ROtIiI Ii 80V-F.: It~ilah pnm!lrisfl im(jfl.!d mId 'f!lpro~:::1lt'{' t:l'fiP'!C,I'1<>fib'<! _~""; {tit """pm'l,wi fi.'{#m'<;!' of jlJ~ A"~il,,,h !'<;!lmMMwim, .~r:hum(J",~/00 ~"m~rlll{(m (if {~'\:L~,Jnlf antI nt'j~'mIMfIW' w au { u.ru,jJJlm,;-Jw (~~~r
WHh~hi~.~~t~~ce~~f~~lly l')eb~nd'[illem,the '[WO p"~r(m~ decided Ihat they should (Jrgmilsean annuill summer :art l fC'&ri.v'ltlt '\,1V'JS I'm~ned 'Asi lall 's CU~'[iij Fe~liv1J.~ 'and an m~
assoctsuon, The ~'l.I-.M:Ollhi! Cultural k~soe~;lu:io',n, was estab~ tshed IJO Q(rg:[u'Iire H, No sooner were these il~~sodr,uioilll> founded
UKH1,
!1n.(l:JlU'ilgli.fign <In:t.enrm:tuumll F'~M~Vll~,' biri[1;g ~he lmlri~l~ to a lo A:!i:i,llIh,Bemlls511 st:~o[lgly opposed thi,~ poHcy
b&":JIl1I1e
:inl:msu".-,e and
people's fllillpai:~icipation,.and
whkh did not ge r:te~.l~ an. lncome lorthem, w<>"U Id not benefi~ the town, Only dlerofeign Investors and Ih~ir ~o('a'l
~'lil,'kers would models,
T~1Iero[e of
~~The
local popru~i![i()n wOllkl he rnll.::,glu.t:d Itil.1m(If phu~o,gr1IpIM!llr,~' n~ Lh:l.ch~l:c~mJl)in!.l:d IJrltS5l!1'I.:l [irOfr~.[h~~'l':Ledktalild local
:;~a:;()I1,
;it
g~~\'~ ~lI i~OUllii p,~ the lace to ~he project, <Bndl}ell."f~8<Irestored H ror use as the f~'sH\I"~'~
Government
he.lidqu,lrtieffi_
.P".arlici.p,nui' nr
giLve
his
ble$s~ng
llO the
prolect,
1933
Cou:rn.cil of
lIirll.d
Aliilah, WI!th .M~Dhamml~d Melehi as h i,~ :ls:;iM:l rU:, The main doj;eClive of ~:h~projectwas the
lit c"L1illj],F'd.~ aLlt~vilti,~s
tlhe renovation
eehabilirarion of til!:! [own of Asn:lh_ Tlh.i.~ \\i'I'~ ,0 he funded l1y of the f:es[i'V,~~ hiCh were ~o he' :dIi:IIH~d w a. Mm1:oc:.m :1I,lIdience', he fe8l:iv<'l1 ''iA'o!}ul~I'LI~ogerJ,er.He T for the 10'" ~pornl ~<lliofl. BV p!'Hvi(J.i~g the
wQlr.k<andincom,e
~,Lbour fon;:e '0, PIlOdUC1ifig ~he nl,L~ciri,lls" l~~e people a:rn.d the C:hUdl:'e!l of Alllbh were made [0 Hc.:iv.e~:Vpi!iJ'i~~dp<l~.e aU in <I,~pecl:S (lnhe!!i: town's developmem; Ih~ pil'0ie(.'11·~hope fOil: [be Mure W'l1'" 111"'1: pride j,fI their ,~~.lf-relir~Il.t:c would mOl:h~uc [he-people of Asllah (0 become :rt:l\pol:il,~ilJ~t: the f()r
upkc(;;',P.
1!1:ii!,.-:i:r
~t}WII1.
~.ndudillg
fu liLui.o.nalN~qLl,inlments
52
53
Tffld.flfmuijl,
up (lilm~ itftlJrst,IWifj'/
housesw salvanon,
0/ IJ(Ji'liIGtl/
t'fflvide
~ !!:o.Jmufu/
:mt;ftlCt'iS,:
OPPOSITE, FROM
for
W,1s
A fJOV!?; ,"!\f(lsm'njl If)oJml#.~ pwu:11mre the lrnlJJ ,'iCOj-u;all,' StlUI.fl (ltW~fls, sucb l'M &J~tl ~·on~ic!.'cn.!.'ldlflii(m$ !~ml 1T!p'~mh'lJI,
tjI'C.tI1tr!'S.
oommercial
10 becreated
P''fJ1JJ.ifcaseme
and
decoranve
IXl\'~!\I}~ and
kl'cd an:i~l~ were to he in~I'(Kluced. lhe rehahi lilmHo!l progrn I'nme il'lsoind worksuops
!i:tl'[
ma[~on of the Rnis,<;'olUl~ Palaoe roacccramedate ror ch ildren, I]cring;>; I[h;: buikling
of [I]{l
H~;>S:JI:l n eX.hihil.iOrl(l~,[1I:tlr'~
of un 0iP~n""dill' theutrew
the plusttc a rjs, people, and their relatlves who had l}mpe!'llY in. \vi'fb An~at emIUl~ia~rn by M:oroc,cans came
the ~o~<.!1 house OW'fleri as \,"enas hy Moroccan i!iltelk:(um~s expaerlate nnd.;;in~,~o AsHah IO huy, and to renovate. A:.~ .re-Still 11
~ A~i.hl h has almost dou hied d II ri n~ ~h~ l.aM n. resu ll.ing. accord
deGl(.h.:.
:.q ke1ldy
renoval.~on of :ihmll sixty per cent of A.5Hah's build i,nga. Omcia I,town records show that ten
renovated
dwdl~.I'I,~;s1tf-.e
Mil,lh's
W.iil~Sro
~"oOrnll}lr:::x~,~ nr
;!re~.~
;Irl,;
:.Blk:~wed~ the
10""'"1'1prefers
ilild
by n:s~,or-·
iill': and l!.pgmding: il,. Since ]981 ~he AI-Mollll:i.~ Cultural Msoci,n rhe Mill i~tl.ryfadliltit's of ten h01J~t:~he~ongiIil;g [0 rOOt people ..~d'l house cosrs NIDr::~ 940 ( US S:l
GUt rcnlout
= 11.1.01-1 8, 2'i)
2·3.(JOO pe:r mmtt:1n. while they 51:aYWUlh relatives. New houses in Asula h arenow columns and
W:I
be:11II1~,
:J IIhaugh
~~~tnFnrt:ed,hoUo\'\I'~:He,~ Ul"leJ [or ~he floor s otnew 8.i\I; huill.di~J:~, GOil~'rcl'Cami hollow bricks ~re ~he most
iHHli~r~~ll~
co.rnmon
the ~:j!C'JdC'l>~1re g~,t'iLCf'JU:y rendered "",'ithoem.em covered whh a I~Ill!.: wash, The fiil~~hi~l': can ill.lc.luJe C~(hH woodwork, ;1$ well ::1$
~rl'lJdilion:~ I cera n,lict lles {ZfjU/'J, Ma.rb~.c nd other exp~.n~~iye: :1
ImLlIt:r~a~~~ rare, These are
used
~,(lft
ohne oni.gi,rm~.old
and arches
:J re
houses, fhe),
fn.:<irucmly illlWMtrate clcrnl(:fi[~5~IJV:lWi:d from.l [he ru ill~the most popular wn~ 11l,ISbeen collected, and restorarion
methods
,],8
MoM of t he renovation
tr".Jdiliotllll tech r:I.ology construction
O(".Jni,edour by local. mllJlI'e~~ rnat-mm~ and \'1oriker,~ Ul~i[lg a ~d m:;:uerusl~, he T the ~:own JoeSrl,o' possess
is .['la.irly sl mple
ilkililed labourers,
55
56
The pruj~ct staNlf;ld in 1978 and ~;\i o/n;go.ung;the ~ot<llcost is thf;lre.fore unknIilJw:R_ Haw~~r. ~helQWfl·.'l bud.glel iacreased .f~omM[)H 1.000,000 IJefo;e 191'8 tolQ$lOO'.!QOO~fl 1939. Th~s give's some ±de.tof theecsts since the lncrease :hl.dude's .~U lthe m ..-i!'l~eoo!'loe'costs Q!~he town plus the salarles of the employees_ lhe town is ,oomi~,uQus,~lI'~ookingfor ,e:>::liemal
~1j)(mey to help Wl;~[1ltine resto.ratio.ffiI, proces. .." Por example. th€t
A&itk'f~~n' ~~, '#gb ~~jbj1.j(y ""!~iI'lfj1'll'~S. ",1mi'~'(/1:Y "Q'l'S~~1'M cQmk-.e if 8(J'igbts OOlllrt.{}!WJ 10 an OIfoil'mli tmp=t.oN of am.~i)om(jy Ibrwl£,b(Jtl~ Iflt! (~nJfj'i (ir.!/{j,: OP'f'QS1TE.; 'fbI! !1Jfnml;'t {If th fo""M€()llI1os'qu-t! Is a
lFt'Omt.mml tl(jmc~ll,milmam. 1iJ.a1 hJ!lp$
t)i~~~'()r:s.
~~tl,ii~la;d) ~
Portuguese Govemmem fiil'liln,cedsorne of ther~ooV'.-lltion work: on th.e oM [ow:tm., nd Sh,eI~ OH oolllfm 1'1)" &tl'!'e~:~~ I[OW:rn, a
~wo bundred gilrba,ge barrels, T.t\t~wbo.~e[nwnof
:maybe as Ih.igh lIS twenty-five thousand, Olll ofwhidlo:rlllyfo~r to fiv~ ~1;i.Q~;slInd i!~habi~lhe old town. lh~ average inCQ",le per r...uiJ!y was less th"nUS $50 a month ! in the l$l7o.s: todl;~y it j8"ppwx:irn_a~:ely US $]400, Moo~:of the ItmY!l'~people are qutt:e psoud of Adah,:l!.lld of the fact that cl~ring ·~he decade il has become weilimowitl. [OiliU oJ Last Mmocco andeve'u:i,in~ema~~Oflili~ especla Uy flftti!lr Wimtrli[i)8 Iy, the .I\ga K~n A~'3rd, TilIJeyare pleased ilrid f~el~w::lky 1118.( ~heyhaee mmer"Y;iU~r. e.loo[lt.idi[y.and oowage systems ~~:'UU'l bef\Qfe, l.i:m! il[:eleplh.on~ne(worl\; 't.hal.workl;>.0;)]. rme utih.er ,nand they f~elinrimida~.ed by (h@:Sumi1l1~.r cultu FJllllc(ivirries.,. 11nd saJyll1eyare tOO soprnisrrk".u:tIdfar them, 'abo'i'e Ith~if .~~lffll"in rhewords of <I. 1.0C"<d.inh:ibit1~[1Jt.Othert'Qmp~;i.i[1~~ raflge [lfom dU:l Q~dy pfi.~ of~~,~ fe-Stiv:altickets" to dj~~ of ike
ilt
thousand, todll}'
distribwte
s:~xImndrecl
(QUi
of
("NO U10l!iSf~nd)
tiicke(s ftree of
really
The m.ost,serlous c::har,gc aga ins[ [he p.roi~~1!.saems wb~ l[hm p.rr~s(lnt~d hy 1il11l:rn.yofdll<:l [mower re5ia>ellts of tbe old
/[().wnwho ~call1se
51l}'
of the higjh. eests (~f11lp!ke>l:lp demllll110ed of thenl fe)! the c.re<lHo:n of the :!iummner [e5~ivaliOl~d !'la' one'
peQPl.e ;ire h~n,en~ing by seUinJl;~1:!!e~rl~m~se5, ~e~ or lin,g small plots wj~bifl their property I~Ohelp :rc's~o.re resr. Beooi'ssil th.e defendsthe ~dea8<1:fid policies of the Assoc.i~lll.orl by sayi:rng: "we changed the poop!1e'sil:l.cowne wi"hom ch.a:nging (h~if beha v:i.Ol.~r, p.,e:&ervi:ng the oxigi"" of the soul wh:iJledev~.~op.il:lg '~he appear .. 'ljQC:l·"Hcal.oo stil(~S [hit( .Ai-Mou.h.il giV(lS, finllrn.cb~. u sJd IJO help thosewho ClHilnm1lffo.rd the renovluioJ], of theie property, HO~\I'~r, typ.lc:8.I.W. andas Jn o[ffiI.erde¥e~.op.~ng wum[~es" (he people o:f AS~llIh. esped~ln), rheyoullig. do not wam ro (ili,lty Ulei:r hands, T,me},wam ~o have 311 office job or WOl"~.in a .I~u.~.,e[facto!)" emu lad ng whllt they think is the ooul],(lois Eumpe-an thtnglo do. ",[,.heydo not wa~Jt W accept maaual jom" Each summer Asibh ~5llllumJated w~~h,~hmls9rJJd8of ~nUl:i5ts lI!1dvjsi~q.:r.'l. 150,000 gnhem, Th.ey sl:ay in the hotels and rent tbe houses, they eat in lhe :re~~m,~rn:ms, boost the a nod
-- ....
,
,.-
QOl'lHnejjciil:l~lC[ivi[ie.~
hy
wllh Ow
lJWS!
M~1"j!;I't..J",
f,~ r~brlN.l
ofservices arc g~n'l1lnu~d hy thi.~ y~a:rl}' in"'ll~im]. ofwh lch th,", kK~11 pC(j'pl~aru th~ ,chid hcnt:lfoirciarit':'s. During mmnfhs Iheyaccumubne survive fur :the rest of Ihe bund,
l"Iumths
:J
rh~'
CtmrlJohlliW"f!jl
'"if
(J
~!lb{»~q,/j'_ r
mt'an;; that IJ)I!n!' m'!i,'fl"(!fl~ff.'~l·.fl"r Sf!iti:w.:rj/(:II' ,~t~ Il,~[N(f; lM A~iltjh. iNth pi,jkii.l.!J-retl bUt":!1If"(msJh~f[HI.tF!: f~' n4t~UI'f;' lif wh,"1o:! !i¥rH<:
'~:J.cm.year
nf
and
g{l<xl
sense uf us
Ineiuhers,
(he
dean.
work,
il,~ Stro(!:~s
are pl,.v'(!:~Hnd
~h~rrohl~11"I
iEV4.'ln dl(mg~I
been cmnpl.eI.~~}' [·~sn~y(.~d,I.h~ pi:. n,~[or up,~r'.l(i~ng it are tmer.e_ Hm\'ev~r. people to sel
d~n~r
I_
is ~liU presen;
in
,th~ shape
of the
pl't'SSUI
re
.o!,!
'ttlit'
.'liWat~mlofthe lawn I~O hu~kl new houses, w change and ftlQde!'l!lise~h,e ~ow:rn.lin fact ~a urb ..nlse it, Th,u. of COUI'.'<!e,
wcmld destroy' Asi~ah, It is, therefore, of the ~HflI1OSJ[impoj'l:anoe lhal an ul'banren!;tbm[alion plan fGr A~~ i~~:lll')elmlde hy
So s:peciahed team,
~1a\fe10
1)'1::
a(:t\':p~~~1
:>-afl1enli.gJ:at:illlari,5h
);0
has afflicted
~~111.area,
:1 nd
man}' scenic
spots
nom
Oil!
tc
benefirsm
n can
Biilngbl~l~~!h. a I~pin.l cou lJ:lt'rywil.h seasoaal monsoons, b d~l,rLngwhi,C'h. a bigh f'd.inf:..n occues. M50ci::llI.'!:ld willi
rllOIlMXms,
Apt:l"Hi:.fptlW
m ,~~'(1fJl'Og''tllllm(1pl'Oi~a{y
the
.frol:U
:11"1
~ncn_>.ased
I'UI
n-olf
~hll
illll
!vh'fr:/) made IJerlumse f!t).'i{j.N.J/e; OPf'OSrrli.: y,lul\ tm whi'(;b ta i'milti, Mft all efKln/tilUS wort/) ~nillnnm;m digtl#Y
hyg(tmtl,
S!Jlf~
!lilOUPIW UflS~O
do"
('''~Icile diMII,~trcl'l,I,~l1oc)cis. Cyd.nn~,,, !;~()fmS :1Be also rmquem ~he seurh, It is a poor and popu ~o'U'"and of se'Ve:my-eijgtu l rlllilHo!:l ~nhahitants, e\gtu:y-f~ve' per cern of WhOi1il cart be
,es~irllla~edtabour US SU per 9.llmHlIl, rne tncome level of a 40 the hl.nd~~ssrural POpui:lt'LOIl is vin~any U1~,t of the desttnne,
h is[liIis land h;rss rural popu liuion .:ha~are hil[ [he hardest by
I.hi.~annual
filuru;oo:l:ii
live on :l:warginal lands, in [mH, f~ebl.e s:helwr:;, or mab:.'shi:f[ ho~nes dmt le••ve them, exposed to ,e\'eryris!c
Although dle landless poor provide the bulk ·ofthe ilgricuItural labour fQ.!'OC~fl[l'.1 flg~lIde~h, 8U!b~tOl!lU .. 1propor.11! tion. of them ilbo efl~,ge 1" a ~'arie~yf o.her ~ctiviUes o such as wea v:ung.rniu making. slRaU seale mldilltg" f'e!l:ring go ..rs or sheep, k~"ep~ng p.~geo'J;ls. sewi:ng, [~celw ski ng and ia:lilkg,ng
rmn~iI:y,Ekaltise ~:~y lack.~lle f~n,a[tchtlleoollrces
that
11Hl
I~~lei:r
tim.e is
[1m used prrx:lu.nively, I[ta.cy {~nnm bi,jY [he rnarerials or 11:ii.~ed~dIto allow them
W (lxpa:rnd
eools
thl.tl
;llmel.
ru~~ nlJ()I~e
p!J"'~Tly ~ine.
The GJ':amee.r:II.BlIl'IIk Programme \'ill:a~ or j,oh~ilhy[}r MoilamJned the Rum I F.oofiomicsProgr:1i1l1me, cred~Lro
or the De'.rmrt'fnellll~ of
iI'llCOI[lle' gefle'ratin;g,
the
r~Ir.ll,~und
<loU:vides,alld offe~ed II tc them ,I~ the ~GW ~!lTere.gl r:JITe or sixteen per Ce,tlIIL, Because r~~cy lack {me co~kHe!"lll, .~ ponx bJe arenorm ..
ny ba rred f~()m,olmiiniflg
credH from
aspect oJ ~:he
no C()Ull!tm111
themselves
who could
of
:I.n thd
62
m~:lHh~.r~ - if notthe
gl'Ollp
had
jo
~Xly.,Tlns eIlSiUIn.",I,~um·
1¥'WJ'j\(!~'1II'(,~f~' pJt'V~,d
(!
.:r~'{,'f't'.'·,<
f1llh~' /of.'!ucliug
n'/...-b :d!~"n.~~'r(,tP1X!d
~mh:pl;'ml~:t:nli:I,Lnkw~lh rhe name ~_~t' Grnmeen Bunk ifI the !9~3· Tho::Gm'~mine~~~ pmvkl.;(1 '~i,'ay per cent (C,f Ih~ ini.c iH~ paid up .~har!.': lpi,t:.~ I v.' I~ fm~y pt:lrct:I:iI'~ ""~$ held hy ~~1't: n ik bonx ~wt:r.~ ~~f HI! nk. Rt:{'cm It' Ihis wtLS :r,t::vi~d :.! ml ~cl~U the
[wt:'n,ty-fiv,t: p~rr'nm~for ~Ih\':' ovemment G ~\,"Cmy-.t1\1l.:l per cent
if:! Inilr~'
~lt:ll·,~S of
assets tngeth.er do, nn~.'~'Jw~ed the market va~.u~ of OII1.e I'~ of a~:
med
~um qlm
lily
bInd
in the
~re~L.i~,eHgihlC:lf~ )r~(:>:l as
I'm
,~
~nt'( )mc.g~[lfer.Jlt.i.ngH('I.ivilie);
nt~lIll.he;L'_ ~,t'~~. loan To ljlk~-mlmh:d
h~
or
she
·of t1ivl;'
,'1( )(,;~ ..
IYt"kg~ouml~. lh!:y elect achairman and S'-"01.:'!\,'~"~~'. a~d huM .. w!_"d:dy Inc~ring.~.~~~ Im!;:~ifl!1.e,~ severu ~group~ ln <!i. viI ~~~g~ g~r [og~,tht:r and :fo~m.~, 'centre' wilh an. elected Cenrre C:1;l~t:L.IUKI
1)~lr)lil.y
I hen
('( mducts
t h.(lw~t:ldy
n\~!t~i,n~~. and i~r.t:)ipOilil)i,ill:l(i or [h~ ob~rvHllnj' of [~u;:! f rules or th,t: Bank. B~tw~n
[he avem&~ b!.'liilil~six .!illUliP~, 1E~~I~'l}'.fou:r per {XlIU uf [hie G;rmrm:~n B:lrlk fIiI.tllli1~·~rii are women. hl. fau. Itlle beH~f of the
!tolnk ~~~ IhalWU111~11 urea P( )I.elM~;~.1 and 'I",:~,I,i:lhle ·~enn.om~c
evolved
.1 m.mift'.~to,
Ih~ members
ne~:ikOio~~'" '~',!hkh i~ 1idhere:t::l1 hy ,~II.I 10 thegroups. br,Hl~ :m: gi\l~fI l( ~iflJ~\lldua I members ~ liO the .gW1J P m~;~ ~r
whuk
each
toatll h~'ifig
ln atlJit[;on.,t:vt:iI,'Y
W(llj,'lk{l"K 30 ~ US :Sl )
f't.Hid A(nmnl.
-Gnm p FUln.d Au'( )Ul1't w~J'i:llre i;1can be used for 't ~~.e beneflt of On :I.Piprcyv:al fro.l.n the gB( )Up. Inen~be 1C:l n ea
then borrow
weeldy
,I
,~ta r-,I~~ of
Th is is
one-fou nil or~ hi!! ItO:t:I:I int~re,ll' heii'!:!'l p~.~(,1 .he B;lllk. 1:0 aeeldenr or (~d'tf!. diS'JIll~Cj'_~_Jh~ m,lxinUlm '
01'1
k)Oik~'(II~lf~t:'t
hy
A~~i.~m 1"I~.whtlaUt:I(](I.~ l:ht:fV(;c;:IliJ,]" IiIlc;:cl.ing~ ~ ml toUCt'IS p'aym~.I:ii:t~, H~ lidt:m~fit:s fmun: CU~W:lrWr.~, i~[dhllW.~ <II
~UlUl~. )mp(;tr~·ise.~lhCil grmlps
Ih~
lhalat't'ount~
bCl.lI1e
p:Jud
loo,ck.o:1lIHme_ In
grmllp..~" ~.·dil G.r.1Ul1i.e~,1lI Banik Hrllllu:1IiI A~N,i~l:ant ~~i respons i.Me tfo:r up to ten O~II:nI'~S, m.d. wilh : centre,
a"I~
that
.L1lii:l:HiI~~ eei ng up s
to 11m ree-hundred
p~orle l'lO!llr
and
mml fJw
d4!~~tmltjl~mHc;.fim,.!$
IN
~r,~~h
ctm:crol,t' jJO.<;/&
IIR> boueos
lfl.'ss (;,r!f!~.,.jm(!j~'sj'~'(! j'(,W_Y, ~/~'m'tl~g I'~ .~).ijibfIlN'f/,~ rif lWflroprtm.e 1&'o'.nw(IW!,' QPPOS{fJj'~ On,l'~ ~l lKCj~.~ "~Wn::I!.ral !n:m.rtt ts
,'J! ~
AjF
by
:l
Zorm~.Office, ~d\
P.mddcd.
indivIdual
"IW'",YS
ofeiglu
Ji@mA~
ht I:Mw.ka, and
'mr;;/o.W' Ib~i'l' hfN~.W.'i; .0 ifI1R~f',.,IIP; 0ItI.1)o,mif f)~'f!tJ,uwM~ .j~"C{Jmm(j'daU! ~~u/tj'll OJII:a'Rr! IndusI1',I'L";. $U,~1;J' 'j~~ Ihr! c I~'t~ul"g, u'lJit'fi!' bmJf! 1w11N1:1 ''f!Sf,dr,mf!/i tml)mw lhf!h' ,~t,~mdm'lil(if Iklrzy,' mrd I~J~~'!~(.'
It)
btJl~.t:ll()m~
it o",ersee.~ the who~.e proji;lcL B'lI' 5p~e..~ m,_I~ ove:u' 11, 793
M~",hl9B9 the GrameenB ..nk had 53.5,]"70J:nembers vill,lge~ in nine ~nne~ or Han;1J;!.,Lde .. ... h
look ~ng af~e:r2l ,612 cenrres, Of these centres, IS,S:,] are ,oo!~prise(l of fe!1l1a!le groups a ad on Iy :2, 7S1 are of malegroups, IEXiCluding the Housitmg,w:ilns •• h~ .om meen Bank has CUI'n=nitWdiSl~l:ib1jl~ed
jUS( O"'~I T.K 4.013.536,000. Or US
19.88 (h~ ~5lonishi:n:gm(;uli'C::ry mW~"'.1~ 9.8,35 per (-eIU. The HOl.lllli.L1g Loal'l P.rogf',i.lume ",,"'m.l1lilill~ed in Ot'IDb~:r i 19M Hf1~r H Nat:i.on1l1 \"for~S:lm.opduring wh~.ch Gr1Im(;len Bank wQrk,e", ~):dl,lI1Iged, the:ir pr.u;:~~.{. eN.r~:ri{;'ncc;!s and ideas" ...1 fro1m this 'e;l;!chao;g.ei~ hec"~nede'H lhat as~he im;mne gltl:llewti ng C'.t!.p"c~~.yf d'lc G~lnf!e~ BanJo, po:rum'!l'efl'; o improved the'if demand for beuer hOU~~flg increased, decision was .hen made ro ~rarl ,~ Ii;ou~ing lO:'Jfl
~rhe'
Progrnnune as
a specfflcand
Bilt:1Il':operanons, and nm jusr as an.adiuoctros,llother IO'Jn. Us a im was to I1nake funds a V"J ihtb~e for Grm,neen 13iln.k
fIlI.ember.o of good sl.and:i.ng for iblli.ld:in.!1l n~w hou~s,o[ ruhllbml:tlling lhc::ur old ones, O['lly
1~.,tlSe loans, Al.ld 1iI'1C1:,l1Ilb~w;
w:l:iio regula.rly
SWims
paid 'tih.ei dues on lill;n~.,1II1d who :.I.dh~·t,(!iCl. In the rules, Wtlfe r '(\o:n~idered for b~!C~u~e d\Hl illv'DI",~d the
W~:B~ ~lIluch l!lIrger th:l[l those Ihllt were avu ihi.ble lhrmLgh
g\elleml ~mm pmglf'.iI.Il1IIle, new ~em:li'l.~g icies II nd pm.cepol dures had to be' set up- PrefeiBeiFliCoE, 3"~ the'
!lJloM
:1
~w"ys,
W:lIIkl
gi'i'e.FiI in
:l'lIeedy"
A (wo Her svS'[em was estobhshed. lhe huger 100n, ror mnm~l'llSup ro lK '18,000, was (.~lled the 'S["['lo(.lard Housing
wan!, while the si'I'UIU!Crloans, of ~p to J!KW:OOD, were
6i'l~led
eo be
repi'tidal, a
:i1~te
Y'4..'ar,
:,1.[
SO (IHi( a pt:r:;o.n
I;aking: om a bUl
of 'JiI<.
15.000 ha.d up to fiot[~'ell yc::;ar.i, LOpay ~[ hack. '11C housl rig ! loan
[5
dl~rg~d
rr,g{ldfor the
of the housesoccupied
:U
3R;': 'iN
of
i!h
the' o:mkil'llg
"fe'.J '~l1Id1L!lii'il,ll
hOl.ll~'1er~:nmil]g a valid or' OIJtdoor work a fe<l- lhe ~srau i':H)ul'pose and 1IIC($ ~.•s a sleeping ares. and
,'t~.orag!:
(JWflS
ohhc
roof lru,~~"
,66
on (h~ resources
UOOIlJsheets,
U)
n, II ad
C1I'n. measu
ITColfrom
:2 .N 3 :mColtres
wll
metres
smaller than. those built with the loans, A.Uar:e bu i~Jt on raised
eanh platforras
1:0:;1 p~e:;;ef!il'e
them [rom
~heriisillg
Hood \v;;Rter:s
to'
of th~~m.i.n:y sellS.{lnJ" Some houses hllve w:i.ndO\vs. others do no~_ n{)or:\Vay~" made of b<lmboo m<lUing or' woood" ~e~l
ather .'le(:nndll!1'
provide
most
of (he
Iy open
lm:va~_
built with a bamhoo or wood frame I'hat can ~ll~,pon a ~ightweight wal I made of either bamboo roofs are l1iiIadJ~ ofgmss,
re'placllld
sra rr r~WOll.rdoors and shuners that open ini!;\~rds because they are not exposed to [he sun and rain. and ';]Ii1, [her~fon:: stlrvive~onS~f. Hdgh~ or pJind1snnd floors, are l(lf~: p ~o[1'1(:: u
~)Or.rr,ow~'r;'S" The GromC::l.:ln '&I nk has 11 pia n fo:u (he b11sk
and ha ve W be
!house, and makes suse that atleast us :lchieved. Howeves, the boerower
(he minimum.
ret~lI!mme:n:t
't:i1ei[' beref lives. S'O lha~ched fOOJ::; :lFC;: dispe'.[1];5c;:dwilh as soon ~;5 the owner can afford to buy co'rrug1lteocl s~u.'~ti.ng,Sumewith !lhee~ing" matertals to buHd the cheapest times even th.e Willis are replaced Uamboo :lIfld Jute sttcks.are
fur the re11~. design of ~:he.~r ouse. And even thmltgh they h
'LlSUlIHy cheese ma~e"ill],l; that ~Jekmg within
tural ,sly1.'eur their roofs :lnd as fiUers. no two IlQ~I:lle'~ eve. f ~e,n the s <I me ,
iii
new
loeauen .111lood f
tilne,i!.ndlor
do~s
as
:l
S:~m;:e mid-l~88. the pmgr.nnme has ilL~o~eqtl;ired t']J,e bcrrower to blli~d fllmrine for the house, uslng a hnuine's, base widl syphon and cen.leru: Hn~rs for [he p'~~.h~s~ are l IIIl!'lml rtlc~Jjr~d by lh~ GrdlJ'ilt1!.::n Btlnk preduction yrm;fu;, and II reglven w'ilh (h~ resl of the m~u(lr.i~l.s the smn of (h~ il~
house, hm I.n(l ura rnb"'<il1Bank (;1,o~5 nO( advise o,n (h~ur placement.
Ifelllltio[110
by ter,miw~.
Aoors, ~ re
~~'i
n5ml~.ly ,of mud, land .fr~q nllT'I[ mud <'"0111::; gi.y.es [h~hou~e5
'nw CF1Lrn.een
'BilrJ
iilsel fwith
neat and clean lonk ,.Nott h of nhal<lI where nood~ng common the houses have maslli'~'e~llmlliled
such delai.~5,as the lllJtilng of 3. house" its. orientation, or its, nelll'l:Jy l:mild~ ng:_;;.They :lliso dio natpmvide!oi3nil [Dr public fil,ciHlies; h()we'~'e:r, some ceerres are lIsing their sa \dngkl hmd fQ!rsetti i1Jglip !.lc;hoQ~s.or the yO~lflge~~ch~~dre~,. f
walls, h~[l il1l 19(191he floodw;au;ers rose so high that mlIllY of ~h,eile houses cOUa.p~ed_ P'eople ilOW prefe:r 10 h~li~d ,Ifmlne
house with
~m~rmelYUlsed~ts
The'~e'il1fo.eed cOrlcrel;epi]l:us 9 nd the hU:I'im,c kim.tl'e inan1Jl.IllcruuedS!l thhtY'-fmir diffe']'c't'H s lresacross rhe ermmry" lH:.iUlg: :rnm.dds, whi.ch are ea s ily ~rnnspon:ab~e ti,ccordillS to. <tem:am;J~,rhel{)C;l~ bmndl office Oildy needs W sPG'Cify th(i
3n.lOu nilS roquilred.
rr"t:>l"(;liVll
umiiu;
.rnm
house whi.dl Can be Itm,il~: wi(h II B11Sic Hou~~ loa n, and which ca n IJe I:tl.odifu!ed and e.lmmded lil.ei'r resources
permit it, A St:)rndi:ud
a loan :f:rr·om'l:ti:(J
l3ianll:
tit siXI!t:lttl1J ~[
umc::'.restto hdp tliJ.ern..fina nee the wCl'.rrk.. The bOI.rrow~r has to 3.rrange tlil.e transport.
ri.clkshllw Each C'o~umrl i:s TwopiUal1S, ean be moved
Gin carry One :i.11J ome
'lan, lIrli[:lJ.or~lIueelimm.
pHlar a~ 3. ~ime_
3.3, metre);
:omindependent
:nhlifl
CaO p~'Oduce!:wentY"fli~,e
CO~Uill!Jitl poe,
d"y;
had
wOOod'en pO~~8
to
be
.'lusoep,t~II:;IleQO
32'5. The)!
ohwo
1'X1fl8
~ermi~es and lII!'I..:!O!:<!Me ring {he noods. A nlOJle &ecur,e dIU ~n'.lct~l,re WS8 needed,
has fO~I,r~efl
FleinJol"Ct:-cloI~~m;tlS we"e~ntrodt1ced and ,ha li'C p.roven t.O c be very ~~1100ess:f~ I. Th.cy provide :l sec~ realttwhm.em pOilU
fot th.c WllUS, an,]! ~hc.:y hold up UlC roof lin S!LQd:! 11sr.abl(;l
m.tliil.ll(ir
ifou[ thlU: ilri. [urneS
The ooncC'pl: iln.<llhe (i!Cs;ijgrl of th.c hOl1s~s ot.igi:1i1I31ed:un Blilnglad!~slh:. Ma.ny of (he .mm~.riah are I.O!(_~I! 1~1Iilm~g;h 1
of floods (he
poop1~
('3,1"1
Sllfd~' si(
:,1:[
01l1l
th~
s.h~e'[,unB is~~m~3.1l:r a[l i.mponed proc!llct. um,em co:rn.es,[wm loc-al :[a.Ctllrii.es, a.s wen as fr,orn l'ndo.nes:l,a,
C'ui'nllgllled
milled ~nlBa[jglade5h.
to d'le Him I
bmnboo
by th.e
~lOl'[g\%',er,
sited
hy
road ersbankments
Or nel.d5. There is such a great (If tih~~e Spl1:!(;!i.fic;: built wdh hOll,I()'i~g for
me pi~il'h~
qj yu&il
cl~
&fdh!8,
ret"ifbtcf!tl
;Wflb l;amoou
"...Ir.i.~ly .in these houses that they e:.ulnut be de,scr~becl in g~ru~rul ~~:rmS, The foUowing descripnoas loans
sml).\:
makes tiM
SI'lrpri~fn8I;y
!IMb ptJ<$Iff,S(ill#ury
~'(Iil !mi/g,fD.~
(!
W.m
,r:.f .. h h-ou~'
:I/sopyifaln'fr:area,
rnembe r of I~helx.nk
ni.ne
oj
etl'Cb
ti!~/Ung.
[}j,/~ ,~hf!
ye,~! .She '~ook out a house ~mm allier her bouse was de.. ~ ~~rO'yed by f100d!s. i:i:er new house sl!i!"nds 01'1 a higbphuforun, fO'\!I:'~eein, quate rne~res, which. rises sec"'e'm~metres abov,e I[lae s level of nll~paddy f~:e~di$ lil[ surround it on, ~:hre(lsldes, T,I'a~ U [)I1iI~ka-Tafl,ga.n rOMI lles iI~oi'lsside the fiOunh. side. The house consssts gf a si~ngl!t room ~nea.~urillg x4 nl(ft:r,tl~.~Indaim. 6 m![hU'Llding. :2 x 4 nliu,m~s hil size, t h:IH h~nui.Qn$ JJS11k u~:(;~e[l1I, T~]e two s~c~io:l'lI:saru PO$~lt:~un~d11tlrigln lI[mgRes, '1l3.C.h. U) ,mher
11[1.d crearea smIlllU ope'rn'11~.rspace .ha( ;IIL~o 50 :l.e~s ,l~,an
ourdoor
ls al~o, inH~:rndil[]l;g, hui.~d:In to and Ith~ee elnldren share the house. .~:t1I. tnjs, );[Il"n llP<le~ siu,~.lkr:ep$ go .. t~ O!mJ
eCl{lk.~ng lI:B~ll,Sh.e
ducks which
.h1el.p to
the
I.md f!'Ulitl a lee ..ll;alldow~r:::f widl a. IO:llfl front 'Gr.trneen Bank Kamala BeguIn I:Uves wi'~h her husbililld i:ma new Bi,ll:l'k~mm house, sltuated some r.ftll'L'lIle~re~a"vay D:hu~.a;-Tungu,il rood. in squllr~
!I, small
compound
n.l~tlr(iS, whkh (hey bUli~.~ on 't'h.ei.r~.t:mse, hUH. 5i:I'lI.<:"e!ihe Banlkrrnc:::[nb~T thet ill~ deedswere
hmfif' :l ia.r.g'!:lOpen,I[~lI
:1~IDye
(1,"..1.1'15·
between
fields around
using
Ballk,
,I
f.mm. her S;lVil[]lgll, she bought her h~lsbmld a rickshaw. Rahiss.~Bel!l;~~llil hm;.a twc-room,
was
bu ill~ wUh
a Gr-Jlueen
~,flk
Hab~bpuu'. Mum:.n.igalli LJpaziht Dis~ricl. Thevmage coaslsrs of flmltil,,¥ eluseers lea \fing Iiu~~ mom fOI[ expansion. Ht.':r :hml,se face:l\ 'the river IM1~k. on oae side ao.d a ~mlln[rn.(li;g~.lh'l)l~d~l()od open il:r,~a on (h!.:l,mher Ih[ee. Silt: ~.a~ 11.kilcl'ierl AI[[huug~l it add
:I.rI
~b.el[ter. Her
t~dii.fficll~[
expand
10:1.1'1 ~n
extensloa
I ~".ewi.h them. Her i,noollil.e comes fro.~l two mill k 'cows "",:hi ich she bought with C .... ameen B'3nk loans,
lhe' 'Gr..lJneenBank [ioill.!lifl~Lm~n Prog:r.iu'Ilme :muted ln Or;tn1"l<ef 1~41;\'ilh ,I pOlenH,I~ hOLlse~om:tof up to TKt5,OOD,
ll[]l
1934 these
c.. meto
"
rose
i~" 1985 eo 1,264, but .hey decreased in 1986 when there were
Oiil~y ·Uti fie"'"' .hiOt~8in:g 100,H)s give:tiL om. Af~lCr ~~lle isasttous d
floods of 1'987 there was a S[l~rp imLC.rt.~scin [h.e nu mber of bermwer s, 21.366 ill 1987 and 2] .J'iS ~n 1988" Tihis .incrom'lil coin.d(b.::dwith above, (he
tWO
I.i~r
P ~()TK
70
nlOl[{l ofwn
[['I
b1~CI<at five per cent interest beenks down ~5 il"OUOWl;; concretepill ..es each
add anmher lwemY-Two rn:Ulio.n US doJl~r$ to thelr fund by 1992. Gmmeen Bank a Iso plans to expa rid the areas it serve's, bm only a Rer i[ hasmlufled~he n~ce~smy sl:aJfto carry Out this work, The s[ilff ~Ul;'r declicmed
Gl'ameen Bilink hopes re
10
the
ObiOCtU\1I.1S
o:ftheBank.
[he ones
airlK325
']'I;YQ
rK
sheets
1.3'00
bu nt:lles of ool"lf'~~Jied~ron
~t\('
IK 'J.,OOO
fK;OO
ha v~ been achieved
Sanimry rl.a~rii 00 Other :m~,I'tl[i1I~s, mof f:mme lOl~11 13)'fh,e end of ] 008, the Crllmee:nl3ao
The r-ellCliO[l of the users hOI:> been dimelcllt to me1lSlIJlfe. Tbe B".!'Ig~lIdeshInst~tuteof a~ss ".f1K eccuplers, Development
rK 3.20Q
irK
10,000
k hl~d diMrihl,llt:ed
3;7582,6] 8w 44,556 hQrrowers, alt <If! avei'a~e of TK 8;058 per head, P"·YfI'U~m.~re made Q~l a weekly ba5i.~ a~a rtlinj· .. mum rare, hm if th.e borrower Wishes, the repaymenl;;~ can be
the reaction off the GnuneenBard;; ]i.ous:ing Loan house From ;I ~lIr.:'ef cOi~d~c~edin the Tang:;;l.n, Dhaka <1110 Rangpuf Zofl!es. Of!! n sllmple o:f a hu fJidred a nd ~i}!;tie'e'n cases. {h.e benefns f:n:lIu rnov~~g imo d~e new houses in the ord!er of theif importance i"'Sivel1 as foUows:
-~.billg$ aresavad from da m3gecallsAild
lnt:en~iH~:~1 di:s;e11SJeS of
iargoerand the
time
period
shertened,
~iO
by rain:
But the 'i:llHXiII.llUm period :is f~ xed in the ratio of y~ars thousu nd~. 50.1K
- things, ~re S1I'If'eUfrom thieves, - a decreased - tncrease in the qU3.l]ty Oil' '\\'01"11; - tncreasejn eoclal dilgnlity' -capldJi:l
W1~S
[EI.oon has W be
repaid ~ eighll(l(tn fi
yeaws.
from the
indudin;g
fmeijgl'l donors,
1LS,
and U'·AD. The ltlaime:['iI,UlCe cost for lhese houses i<'O very low. It Imsicai~}' lncludes (he replacement, every two Oirthree yea.ffi. of [he jUlie l.! rid bamboo fIiIau~ on the walls, rherr·e~nfo.l'oed n.,g
NO~hlm, SmA, CIDA,GTZ
HOQ!rs,.. roofedverandah
concrets
c"n~D~ <lOGshouldnot
hOI,s een b
T,~!C
d~s,,&S!oci;ue~hephy.~iod
of
'7)l:ll~~S'i nd l:neS€' a
have to he and
II)'
prt)vidinli!: gcncrJ~ ];cmnsfor the prornmi.on of fIInm:u;egeneratamong rhe (i]'am.c(;:.n, B~:nk borrowers, ~rt{iLlmadiy Hous,~ng I.oo n. and il:5 end :rcstllt, is, an crrICcl:ive II rid successfu~ opeT1uiom, b(,·CUJISt{I:n.coorrowt:rrs cngas~d ill 3Clt.i"it.ues S~irrl!![I,I:ated 11gene'.ral. Grnm.ee:n. BlIllk~OiiU1. hi.d1. by w
used (he poison a~.dri n at the b<3~ of bamboo ..e lim ul: the I:ermut,e attacks, others liquid bitumen, T!;.o,chl'li~'lny, these hcuselcsnsare have coated
posts to
to
enllb~e5 Ilil;em [() cope w.ilh the rupl1ff'll.em:s on [he house, and emhellisb
it w.ill.h s1.lvi:ng;s, made fTOrtl
thetr self.ernployrnellJl.
ijllfll
monsoon, c:mu:m:y" land for most households i~is a s~gnifiC"Jn:~ .irl1p.rovern.cmoll thelr fmd il:io,rnal.housing. They also w~~hstand the &ulk
100M
are
nooo~ bt.,tn':.rr.A([:er
poo:r people
ee tllke'OUl
" 1000lfIIfotr
hOUS(l oWQ.e[SSp(l1U
~!CS$il'lD:n.ey
to~e'P!lY ~he~olln. The' income gencrilHng 100""$provide rhern wir~h I:he whe'JrewH.h."tl to do thar, Tbe vjsiOll'l,of Dr Mohiimmc·d
YlJnUS in cremi:l'l.,8, 5l1Cha package is to
than those who had Emd,i[iorn.alnotls(ts. . Th i~ was also appJ:l ~elliltlytrue for the disastrous
GF.ltl1een Ilarn.k house owners ~ stmrn,g frame for' the house C:l1"Ibe removed ~nd
be commended. h is
that h~1theB:~.nglad,esh. coastl ine i'F:1 the spring of 1991" The fared much better, and rhey
!UJiI
pmjcoL
a.
tnmsporu~d ~:osafer
fo'r
'file
~'ll ni i
level
of
~ec'h.nolog,yrequired
building and
ng
t~.i.C'":;~
U[$C.rS"
f:.l idl
~n tilt: m~l[cr:lals lIsl,.'ld in thdr S'IJC1:"es·s:f'IJl OPPillrJ7i, .FfK1# AlllOV!~: ""'("flail roq(s
til'(!
hOll~es,
lilt, {is
IlCC'l' ~jU()mcfl! f~'C O~mCC'l' .B«'l'k I:fcmsiJ!g ,Prog''a~imc f~t:!$ sbow~~ OOW mWJmal mmilS CliIJl iiI.{lkt> tii'l Jmportrml dljft!rt!'lH::f! {~~Ib~ lit:t!&
OJfJlIOPJf1Il>'ho
be{fltn'v.ru/'O.nlsly
7]
crras KIJAGAllBllAN
DEVELOPMENT
SAMAruNDA, INDONESIA
Cliem: M,wniclpal Govemme,u, Samarinda ..lJfJl)fJloptJ/~ IT pal'ldurrJ;~abu;iab (Didik.&xluMl.~uli. DiroclOl'J, &1m(;lr:i,~ctda_ Art;bllec,{:s; Al1t;ortiO ismae~PI' TJ'iaco aJ1.d IT G~'-iJxl~71am
lustilu/ttlor' De~l"(}p~nrtm Sludl~ (NGO).JalMJt't~. UstfI'S: Kop.m~s.i P'"'t.lu-IJ,;'ung m-nr P (the i''rifm~~lal s;rlctf»-';r){_)pr!/"lliveJ,Samarimk~, CDrnpl(!UOl~ Dale jr(/:y 1986
Ai'(.hi./~S"J?llImr:t(J. S[Xmroi;
Sllrnnrintill. is SlltmJ'ttltl (l,n t~H~banks of ~h~ .M~habmWiver Bo.rncm is one of the m:Jjor hlilber .f]~u:h ft)~l.nded the
c,L~lyfur
..
;I
U:ffHll{> of tucbJlt'ClUral
tll;li'k~ll.!Nibin
em mi(!~jlllm.rfif~d
!!if;b~'nlr:.
f.~f/flid~1illbm/~h~jW
,M tll)jJ~
li"w Sa~I·Uj/'t'jdaJ'mft.iM;OF.POSm~
Ni(fI,;',I:j lm.~ ~jPl
P/roM I~OOv:iN:
Sam'lf~nda ~\~~~~~ ,ls~h!l!!tnai n depot fo~ H:. reg~ol:l, h~, r'act. the
~lJ\\'[1
l,jllmwt"r..:
lot;'proi~t:l
r~\1'erf:l\nm it~ PO!!"l.More ~h;1 ha~f the 10m I [~rn1I)erof lndonefI Ri.. ise~'\;poned. rr<nu the' pCH:'rof SUlllilwil'uil:a. lhi~~ a:s.Sl~resthe cnminued prosperity Qlh:l:letown CV(;n a~~ il[~n("l!lrS a dc::'Va~mt· inJ!, eff~ct on, ~he fore.~~;~. other ~"(_"on()m,ic Iwt:i:'!Iit)' of :th.e lh~
region is orr-.~hor~ oi~~xp.lom.[~on, r.h~:loggung. oiil.c:l'xp~om. (ion, and cxp~oim(iort ~lIilpll,oym{lm lue:lwilh
11['(l nmMI}, linl the
COliIl~~1 nies,
high
II (_'OnlilnILm~lls~y grmvil'lg
popu ~,~tiur! of
d'lc::)'ourng and the pour, .:;~I<i.ngwolik Sam,lrtl n~bh~.~ become a fOC;li1 '~O'WtiL
in these t!<Ldelii.
ft il' imrnl~:gJranlS, The town did not h~ve ~~il,nt~~ing s~o~k lha[ ,ocUild ~jtA."QI'liI:~noda[C
I:his iI1Ifil~~)I:. theim ~1igr .. nts SCI lUP",Ilaciks ~fld squauer so seuleraenes, <Idding eo the 1:itcldu5rrt:and (h:tl,n.c~~rles~loo.lii.of
the
town,
d~11,11itC. W~[]]
its
uncc::-.~s1~m:l fiJ
heavy
mil'lfal~ (1,850
dces
11m.
Si I.H_"ethey
nnot
1i~.1 f~nd
tHIi!,,·~J. ~n
h<llwkel"~ or
~Q
~")~nbobly closer be
IQsil(,-
whidh mile fromU7,9UI!n 197110 343J9-8 by 1987, l;t",]93·S the M~miC~IMliIY Sill.n:;qrll'lda began I~Oconsider s:pt:cli.~,1 or p~ogr-,~mmes mmckle .~.h.eprobh:111S of ~iILC ~'>trecl:IMlwl!:eo:rl5
All.hmlgh
,x.",.mp!u~g, (~r
urban sh:!m, impro\lelllcn~' schemes had bC±:!I.:ln go:i.n.~ lioil'llce 'DIl 197'5, th!;:Ciu'a N~~LgH ProJ(;l('t~Va.~ ~h~ nrSt omfll1Jle.rrd:d, nd a
'n.Oin,-iniOusitil.g 111e sIn!},
:l r,~a~, that
Mr Soet\'<Indi
,lltl ex-
wllswolirie;:;~ ,Ihom
col ~nbommr
ilild
73
d~v~ln:p
11
~cheillle for atown cerare, D'.~dU;: eoruaeted his :PfOj~"': illil. Me:.>:i.co.logelher, thJey ecopted Deveik~p.ll.le'.n:r I[itle IXlilll.Zti:: of
~~1I~[WlI.Sa~lruadywor,k~nsin, '
A ,·(:m.W~iN,1ii't~,(){)!!!il :thfdt,;:..-r,
wb{'Cb
S(J.rtJ(jg tl~.:iI:
m~~'Ir~,g pOWI
{;!l
tbfl
If:ri~ficl.AlnnHii tolsmael, a Berkeley arc~Jitect who was wmkif!;Il OI1;lJmmmun.ily Sitlmilies, lh~y
lUI
mfds~
tile s(:il'\!':tm~s Ad i S~son()frOiln ihe InstimterOf of NCO p~~p<lredascherae H['I.d ~.ook[[: tip I[itlrough
~,!d SJfijJed F(~1 fl'rm~ (.dd ~ ml:d/~ro1i~1 (I,.~t:1 ~. Ib~ lugh' teJ!l'~j' u.wtJ·as tl &mdmark ~'f'l tIN! d(J®lojJmIJii·t; 0 VBRtlDlf', fROM .tI.BOVl\:,
Sile pkm,: deN,!mj's
of fix! p~~~
OProS1T1i~ C~~
!l!'f)fXl Qr-rl~a)QltJfi!'Jf;~lftglfrt!~
Salnar.ino:ia,.
'thegm,\'emm~m bu r~.u~~mcy,Ieve~ afn~.r~J~V«'itl,niH ~IU was fin<lUy pl)~senl.i!::dtn and approved hy I[:he Mini~,,[er of [m~rlior,
lhe decree WMp[-Hm~dg;lIted milJully 27, 198:;. Tillie arguments used Ito pu~ the Wl!ea:> ;,LC!:(lSf; ,tihe GOY~I'rn· W mein~officials· were the fonowi~lg: - :Mtlilla[in.d<l is tile cap~I[ld c1i:ty of East K.3J1m.. n;~"fl and should show 11 moderalsed from fOil: ;aUsectors nf theeconnrny _New d(lv(lI.opm.~ma{~[iviU~~ :~ttdro be llnd~fimken for lhllt
purpol;tl.
WO{li~d
:~rn:p.r-ov~ l[ih<!D'rr
cornmerci;.d
r...eil lties .
stlb~e<."~: m
I
not to be used and that thiny P~[t'(l:r!I[ of th~ space at C:i~:m N~ilga would be alllm:;a~e(jI,lD Mrn~[ Ihaw.k:erS who wowlldJ. oonsrlrute sb:ry per
W~fe
ffia.sOIJl'tl~,1U
the
~IISe
pmject
W;1[S
newlue;thodls (~furban man<lge:m!lllit 'i\lffiI.ic1l W~~e~ll'1i1CCC'plableG the 1()('1I1 MWl.f!idPil·~l~y. ~alhe,r dwy ~ or
co'!.dd ['il(.n aC~: them w.ii:hGut poor lII"pprov.al. on liiu![ihonl~liei\illJak~llta, Ihekey
rro~n the
hi:g~er
wm; [hoem()bm~~a(in:t1lof
variollsk:ey
resoutces,
lotalli fill C~.n:~_r~l~. Gove'.rrll'Iilent iI['ilcl ~:hepr.iV'J~eet.:'~m·, but, s most i:mpnnamly.mind~liC1C1:[[h_caO'[~\I'~pill:'~:i~i.pmi.ol:l the I of ~oclli. i[1:I.l~.bi~ll:['iIrrs,he low incomt: f~mi.li.es wh.o iUe~n.y t n~x-'upiedthearea in q~lleMii.()n. he prc~~l't: d~sign T wus not
only
In
be a S-ellf~c"o.~~ret·oyerylse~f-fli.n;:ulGOO alrl.d~eif-
1m
fhe C~I:mNi!!ga site ~~filllt. and ~Wlrl'nu~,d·r:)d :1n sides by on ~·()llI;nllLen.::La1WI!i)3J11 devdop![len~. and "'elhiCU~<lr~()Illdsthllt are ' crowded widl a wid..e V'arlel~l of mob!'~erransporrs. Buildings in. I[h.einlm.edilne Ileighbou~hood !Ire g.efiier.allytwo s~Dfey~·in h~~g~![,Be"yr~.n.d le ~~i~ctse~f. w.i1IIerethe land Pf~oeS are d i hii:gh~r, the bu iklings areconcrete 5~mctllre$, Fou~lI!nd five ~~orey~ .~.igh. h'l1lm~d~at(l~:y U1CS()UU:~. D!> N:uaga-Sel~il[l m tbJe dIJ1i.lc11rrill~cw~ty .crellt~d ttl: I:he time .of the p.roie<.'Il, The designe r WlIS de'.ir in theo!bjecl:ives of his scheme. ·i'illiey indILH.dJed:
- the creation (lit <II. p]<Ice whe;~e·~:h.e Iridh and pour could
m~u~I,..nye j~'i:~; x
~ the il(."OOillrnOOIllJio-n of aU economtc kvelt~ or~:hePQPl.II.lati.on
75
01 D
.1
~J~G~
H~~r:s,'
StaUls
~M~hoo= ;Sltop~
16
~ the creation of innow!lle" ,oof.lex: ,financil:lg eeheraes ~hro\a:Sll a miXit'IJre'of 'cross subsidy', 'se~f finance', self ,genernUn;g: :ru nds', 'resource :f~nal:ldng'. a rid ba$ii['iJg ~h.efll .on a
coffee
seventeen, per cern {<xxi, :o;i;;.;: poe. work, 'th.ree per ce:n.t. medicine shops
symbolic
tower toact m.a fo;;a~pointfor the ~ile. public open s;.~mcefore"'en.ing glltheJ"i.l1!g~; Oil " co"e~ed SP3'Qef'Of pe:l'fQrmllm;e .s; a Cllr pa.rk;
- the
crellW;;'11 or
a fl1.iK:ed
use ..nd~fltegrated
scheme CQllJslsting of h.Qus~~. comnJefcial fac;iHHes; - ~he d~vision of ~he projeot: il:lm phases fil:l<Hildng viiilib~e,
1[.0
and rec;reatiQrllal
raa ke the
and"
Oill
fleW
MeaJliWhi]e
~f<lmc!'Oad.foro;m~l:!'l.lction between fh~ J] IIftd JU_ 'tlle designer, A:ntQ~iolsmae~,. was i!i~o wO'.l'kin,g,
lhe Fl]nc(ionalrequilfemtlalts,
d~sigf'let discessions and ~h~ developer,
a number o:f different fronil\'l,imc£ra:~'ins aad cooiIH.:Ii.lialing the dif:feremils:pects .ohhcpropect desigiil, from creiuinJg a f~sr~v-e ilitm.osphere, and baziliil~·"likc pub]i.c squa:l'es, atrm
alrm and Imle bale,
fOil:
th~ c'OmJn~rdal
1.0
and :r~creaHo:l'ml
ben~'lw[of
dleCOm~lUrl:~l:y,
a p~d.es(ruan d~s<~gnke>!.'lp.~ng
for Ih~
commercia.l ~tl'ee~ hllwl!;er5, and tile s~~.(}p.hou5es Il~.d to be design.ed wre:[lee~. 'the traditiona] go.ten,g ro'y\!';l~]~,Dr :mutulIlt <lid ~.ife$~yl.e" bll.d .sha~ifJg hlld to be worked O'l,ll for playillig spaces, :i:<Iroagecun.ection, fire ~af'elyas wen as n~l~ery radlit]es and pla.mi!'l£r PocketpSlrkin,g area,s had to be djstrib~t'ed to avoid 'pa:!'kin,g deserts'. lJ!'ib~fl art hadto be pl'ov.ided wj,th "" setting so fh!a~ the 3Jl1l'liie:l1loe was civilised andc,;!I~II.!:~ed. and refleeted ~he ~phi~ o.f the oociely.
!th,e de-slglfl.!lilUM~eaect local sw!.e, and be ,physicaUy attractive. f'lunl:ien:no.!'e the layout between the hui~dl.!'.lg:,<l should be $i,H.;'hthat lmegra~1o!'l fOJ" aU users will be easy. wbi~e ·~h:lW!'lesso[ design. should be a:vQ1ded, lhe developer defined [me fO:U..ow.inglypes of users for marioe[i:n;g: th.e com.pl.ex:: hous~shop()Wlleffi Oil,Sh aad i m:~d!dle in.oofll.e le",els).,kiosk-corJ:il~r shepowners (low i:n.oo.mel(tVCllJ.) andpr:lv~m.(lm m:u:J~r"infhITl'na.l ~c~Or Uow~S'!
i:[i).oome~(lY,~D, The pro,grnml[lewa~ cun,e;e~ved i:rnthree phllSJes,w:ulh the fi['s~ phase C'ol1aemr;:n:ing on <i~G~O'I.llly commerdal de¥e~,op'rnef!i~whQ!e sale' would fillanoe the second phase., thaI rela~~ng ,t:o the'i!'lfQ.ma~ sector, As rhe ratto of bod 'use' between the m~J'onn:;dectorand othe.s had S!he~dybeen e .specit'ied by' the GQvemmem,~he developer had to work oriJ~ the econo,lnics with great esre, .Afte:riliU, Ihinv percear of ~he built spaeein Phase ] ~"'ThS goil:lig~o users Jor free, whi,le sevenlty per cern of th.e users bad to purchase the prcpertles
area 'O'W~:~S 7 he,cl9r~s. lhe~~la,1 bt]HI:-lIP :2. phJas~s ls 18,300 sq,uare metres n,83 heetares) p~us ] .,;800 ~n (he i:trn:[o.ml:l,lliec[OT. Open. spaoa and
plO~e,ct, slre
The
area of aU Ulrree
f'I Wllys
pedesl'llii
s.qJ[]11l[(l
metres, 'whi](!
:rolldls
oJ the
built-up
j [lformal
spllce is as fdnows=
sq~;are metres,kiol5,1k8~ke 'up 1,4:45 .squa.re rne~:res, and the sector occupses 1 ,SO!) SCJjm1femetres" Therefore, in the flnal. sehene, the im.olI1l!a1 8'ector gets 8.5per cenr o.fdle tolilJ~.built"up area. The oomple:)l hSJs d!oub\~e~ i]t'ld sin.g.le~~o.re)'ed bu:il.dings, 1,11.erorm.er coaslsts of a. house ebove the shop and Js sold as si1lig~c 1[1lnil[3,Kiosks fl~e si~8~:e sto!t.eyed tl.l1Jdl:l3.ve pymmid3.1mofs,. TlI1.ebu.il.ding syste:m uses wooden p.iles fo.rrthe foulm.dJa-
now
;\O\J,ffjciemcash
ttl],f~
of retai] ollttetsfDr
]J
three
ti.ol1J5.TillLS is
11.common,
usess
W3S
~Phase
Hou~e;~oops5S:
made of concrete
columns
Kiosks
Piiv,emem.;[mdesllii.ops
Prcorn. tih,e chan
WlJJS,
2S
224
lIbove
14J 79
2.24
~.!:LPhase'
made 'of t:lli1'~wOOtXl_ MoISt.of~he'mClifs 1If'l;!mllde of concrete ti1es~ Q.nly~he 8t:!'ee~ hawkers' are covered !,'vitll woodei:l i_hi!'l:gle!l~Ex;terLm: wal ~j'flfi'ltls are ofij~d Floors are made of both. concrete
SPilCe'S,
giiven itsf:adl.ities
an in. one
it can
,go
U, and ;th;~~the
'!MIS win iflg ~o waut unU~ P'h;~se' IU. when the cornu1ileiIJCillill ts ~l~gi<eM, efore ge~Ung Ills nn;alretll,lrfls,. U r31t:to b was a r~sk he was 'wiU~ngl:o take' becau,se' he' 'W'<i,sure that s pfOif)el'ity value's wou~d ~ise aJfle'rPh.3ses [ and n. and hi8rn~es wO\I1d be flWc'h higin.er,. ]l paid off ooJ"ldso.meJy,. He was very particular abo!l,u the ki:ncl·of re~ail 9iOnvit,y thiu shcmkl be aUowedoudeliS. and only permitred si~ tYlPes of ac[ivi[ics·in
developer
system uses dmlble ch:a mber ~ep~:ictanks. MOSE: of the open the p]:lila g"ndthe parking sreas use COalc],f!te block pa vers iill.whi.clm. piH'tia] ra ilm,Wil.rerCilill be returned to the so~1 viii :oom.... se~J!agc, ]n. ,f'aCI,. [he enUre bu~l.djng [~(lmnol.ogy is d ~.ocal,~Sare the buitld:~ngm~l:er]al;s.
The :ri}roj,ec~was, cntlreived io]983,
eJnber [98", the .~~.c:ence lbu~.~d:~Qg for '('DJmSEHCtiOllW3S g1i31lted, 1II.~.d by 1986 comlillercia.1 space-5 were lIhe::idy upfm
T01a.~ C~'t8
I~he in£brmalseotor.
Ow: of atomi
of't,W'Q-IUlll.dred ilnQ
for~heproj,ec[
th_,e
basic
C'QS~'5
are as fO:IIIQw~=
if!;p3.9 hiU~o!'lliiS
$6,189;000
Other costs, such a_\~ res€,~lt~,iIlg. those wiI1I.o did not ~ nl: II(~ s~"Y in thie project limere,~I:(,'in$[~ were
came to Rp 0.4 h~I'lion, Oil: US 5>634,:000, TI:ii.~ R:P 160 Ill'In.n iOlli!. or US S2'53.000. Wbt:ln One
for~&J.iN.}'.eighl per wh~le i~
.md c.. rt<J~Y8~. \f;i;;\!II!Iwhu ised the wh(]l~ dil:lv~l.up!n~Il~, need W be ~j:ngredOUt :fC)f pmise. Tille U~~1J;u~ll~''1!lt~mnf u,~in:iJ ~he co'mmen:ial pr.~oe of Ihe hig !lholpc.~ n s~l,b~ldiM: the~'n!lt;;tnucUo<n of the pliJhlk ~i'eil~ ~,nd ~ ~'he 1"11 vement hawkers was 8-oe'E§ec~ively worked om Ihlilt ~1~.1 ~!l'ie'~f,iprufi~edfr'(~rnll, Th.e a"hi.eveflllen& of a mil( illr~m~1
risk, and Anllnoin
[Sll1!~H~l~'h,e a~l;hit~~
mutle~:-;h<J!~lven the g
it becomes a complex
li~d~l.de"£ tl:lxe.~, the Itmnl~x!S'!MIS proball':ly ~n:M.md Pip 5.3 billion. ' In Pl\iili>~ [ th~s~l~ of Ih.~ 5ho[J;1S ~id [lh~~
c~"rrut. [h~ itaki .liU1:u:, or l:iThe of .illfunlll,:d sl:l~:~o:rf1I(:~.litues_In
the visJi~ol1lwho carl choose :(tmn ~xp~nsci,,,~ re~llllmlm~,If) fdst food 'ou m:¢r,~.~rid from b()ll(iqm~~ 1.0pi.l"'~:liIl~:lfn dothes 1J:'hi~(_·Ol'l'ipl!.':K exp~r.i'em:.:e is I.md uliml.:d~;y"Il!d :i,n!:n:ncsicaUy a ¥,~:ry A5i.~ I1J o:.IIil.e. and shot! M hl:l enc;:m.mug~d_':IJCoon,,!:!)' fle\\' u t]:cvel.opme:nts
Pha~ In the
i:lli;)!)ur
rose
W f()lj!)', •four
:un. Asil.l
are looki:ng
tnW'J rds~'lne
A~le'.i(. .. n
<lppm..\;i~.m~e~ywe my pel' cenr, wi~h Ithe It ~if!:S.ei:ghtyper cenil. l}!'!lfes..<;iorm f~\t!:>'Were 6. 'Sper cern, wbile pmjeorluililagemeru: fee.'!came to 4.50 per cent .e~pecUvdy'. O'ft'h.epm~e,~ cost, TI.l~ developer ,sm a rare of I)etum of I[Wt;n;~,y-seV!ilnpc:l[O~il:il'[ b~f(~r'~ ."u; 'Whichi~ hiSh. de:sp~te the 3l:os~ .~ld');liidv~~ of Rp '00 mmioll (US .$l,U ]'000), l:i:e borrow~"d Inon~yfrolil'l. [htl StaHl
~o materi:J I cn....t._s mOllkung up~~e~em<!i
{;H5t,~ Clime
Iffmdel of a shoppi:lIilg rI.mU wh.u:;e nr~~:n~ ~io!'l iesmere~y pn:i~t .. lhi;.\;~xac~rl~te!l the "heu.dy exiM~!li_g dh'i~io~, between the rich and (he POOT. or the sub~url"}afl wealthy fron~ thetr own (;.u~y'~ ~h._I!'l'!! "fea~- In Citr a Nia~. the dev~.lo~.,~ hav~ ,~lICC~S$-
fuUy m"!'l<lged recreaee a fI enlv:iroi:lmenll:thcat refl~l:; ;lind efl(;Onlr>;JJs.'i:e~ the lm..dlii!!> an aspe"t~ lind (Ja:ss!.t.5 achy, of {~r and j fIj il pl'()fit:ab~e linilinner, whirh h~t~hvjmlsI)i'nJO lll<lllm, fel.lt.
Bilnlk wihich
'00$(. lll[
ll'['
one 'tUl'Ile'ext1~"tld&1 h~rr~:y pti[ ,tl~till of [he project per Ctll'i( ill'lllteru51: mite.
iI Ilt'.wm:ph·
a [~my"one
fh~ {:"(),,~I: sqmllBI:l metre ofbuilr-up per lIr;ea.W"~.~ 289.000 .Rp ,nr US $4,,8. l'wo y~1I:r5 later the' eost rer squ .. ~e metre for si:mi~arh~lliklings m... w Rp 425,000 n~'us .$;674. ~ rh~~lll~nJ~:e!'laIl!.(""e f~u' the projet'ilL18 onf,ied om hy a ,'1e~f!1!.l1l!Ja;geci rd wi!!;t repre~lltativesfrnmaU bot! dl~ users, Th~ $r.:~vi(.\:dUl;rges, purki.mg f'Ot.:'.~!~n.<II~ni~.~t f~~s g(;tItt:Jt'.ult!3.n
anm!a~, irwQm.e 'of Rp l2.<ioS 11idl:llio.rn (US :H9t.!,OOO)., whereas
CWf'O$:f'1'H: "l'i!-!1' USf! o!Uled ¥f1l!f~ (j~1 Ihl! Interior q/Ia!'J!,'('r sJrucWro:..:, u'iJlif.l U{,)~ fj'jm:uMlaJiyllN!(~l~'Y, {u1ti~~ UJ,I'b.!iir W,ll(~~lJht qlwl!~r
H1Cl'Rtlilltt.::n:ll,nct!: ~xpcflldil[illre (·Ol~i;lc.~o Rp 1]4.;, rnulli,inn, (US r S181,.000),l~l~ s!;lfVi.(;~(I'I~rges rl()!" ['tIi,~ .kaki Um" uf dil,e il:'lfntliLla~,.s!;."{'[or cOL'Db~1[0 R['I1,500 WSS.2·.5) ,r~,rchiI'. 1l1.~5,
when hrdken dow~. wurk..,
OWI[
kaki Nm.{,l, W&J.obefore (he prolet.;~~, ere p,,:ving ~;p 2,000 ~ w ~::If~)I'untl.Kmn:ioUl fee .....mel afl;nl:tl~r Hp : ~""'~m'l~i~.AiI<B i~b;l_s beecme ,i~,d,
it{l<WIl,
the
s~yh:. iL~:er:msof h
I~beynumglookil'l!il
S'J1iIl<I~indilaC[~y C~.iiI:~'re, P~lpXe gj.l~bcr ,~~ruun [he~v,eil'll:ing~, for ,e[l~(l'rt'ai:rn.lIIlernr[, [he street hawkers
~:m~hops, s
i~lmedi,Hely
~n thevisltor,
I:>Ihe woolYthe
pn:~eot gll~\I'lIllJ1.ised thewhole oom.IiIUll1uly 10to ~~.fl!'lllf!!.gt~~e pmjoot. sl[!l!~1oeSt'i<fW1.IIIV. It is n,~t we .. \'Oyil'l the develqping
wo.rld
tn dht:ll.un the~'ooiJ)'er'.,I~tml of I:he dJiffe~e'm, and di3'para~:e nlellit~1<ers nr a c()!:IlImtmil~Y. ,lmJ ~bc fact dUII[ they did ~ou~ ~be nl0sl iil.ll!pre~l'ii\O'e ~ch~eVe!'llent ()f [he Cilnt Niug.a pro,i~ct. 1ilteom'l1Uni~lnent of ~he people who e"oi~d ~b:l5p.rojecl: is
79
IGUREL SUMMiERRESW,EN'ClE CWf\KKALE~ WRKEY Client: Ouzitt oa~~ l$t~nb.~t[ Arcbflect: 5&lat GU1:rJl, Comp!.t2J.t"ti.·July 1971
The summer resWence of Ihe Gti,rel famllywas buIll by [~~ hue Sedm Geirel for the en~o~nnen~ of hi~ fami~y and fr.iends.,
tbrut! qf l~(ll
firot~"(l Ixm!1 of
Whll!:l !fr~"'Jstalulb{l) cl)mcmpora,,~ lhe jcor1frs of·~'hc IM)Use'''''ho !le!'lI.j·C!fkjl' ,,~h~1«I~j.r"e; Q},I>OSJ7'l:: 8"W i',jfNrlid1~fI"
tI fiwp'ClW, c!mlYiEmttl ,~l:l/b(il {t~J:cm'
decIded in] %8 th~[ du:y wou Idii,k,e a ,,"YI'Ilillle'r ~-,~",ce the 91.fl"ldj;a~eregu.Gn" in 'fhey had spern om.oy en~oyable hgHdaY8~fl that ~egi(1rl aod
hUll
tV{iiltiJ(J r:~mlral
the (;flroJ .H'ow.:se 'is jfm oUldoo~'P'(l!;mii: OI!I1!<J.!tA f: ~"'t.~f;m; j1ool'phm'; (I simple f;tJlJ!Jl ''felli'$, (wet: CIte' pmw ajlfu!' Clilr,~rl CJJ{CltJ;[!,'(Jg
tb~ cbamct!S1' oj.tbfs pa.rt oj OJ wlallfwlJI smt:11I sp,t;Jcc
and <lrcbaJeal,ogiclll
..ble to provkle privacy and sol:r[:ude .rorindL"'I~du1l1$. eda~ S Gi,lif~1 acquainted hill1$eUwith l!h.e ecology. CQ.rJ£lfUCW:U1Jtechn ique.s Of t:he local anm,1~nd "['he ve macular :archi~ec!ure
wesll(l[nQOI1S~
oJ Turkey i:t;oollcepwilUy
~:hal'lasloped roof, are the nerrn. Today mQ~~ .., and havea
wooden roof
hil,
l'~iki;Sh I~.ouse.!l havea great deal of i.nlmHt elem~[t[s dtem, [loomS;ire p~ovided wilth alcoves, cupboards, 'Of these evel)'dllY
siJ]eIV{lS, lIliHti.es
ar,chi~.ectlLl:re is a d:~rect:
andfWlflcUo.l1:a1 c:cuwenience[h,a~ is
asscelsted with M~dd~~B1~~iernheuses, th~ G~rr~:trestdence was ~o iliccatnmodale t~.~ fa.mHy and friendson square manes,
~Q
the smi'l!,i
~e3.C'.h. Seven s~~pung 8ind HV;LQ& units W~il'e des,~I1Jt:d, grouped a eound di:ff'eoom cou:rlYilros,
·11
th~ afdlil!CC[, ll.n:cr his dei1th~:hey WC'.l'COocllp<ied by Ills wife. Un~i[ l coaslsts of 11~Ie~pilig ~.~, wi~~1I. pr,u\":lm bathrcern its 1I11d. 'Outdoor sealing area, whi[I,e)I.mit : comprises the i~doo:r 2
8H~iflg ~nd di[lung rooms,
ki:tchiCl'I!
twO
Unit: :5 ls equtpped
barhroemUnlr been used for
~.o house
:oo\u:tyai'd,
3U3dll.('ld
that I(h,ey can ~Jeep four people, '['be ,Ii.ving ~!ni[ (6)
o.f
<I
plus kitchen,
M:ailfl[el'l~nru
COSTS
are
very
Iter~(,'Ietnilldng
n~ce~smy.
be whitewl.Ished
or US :$4:5
square metres,
:l!ach
a cost
suffi.d~:J]t!. andtD
ensu red,
bUll:
wss
vamjshed
the o'o'(l.mUpbHl so
i(
"",,;IS
every seven years .. Ih.l,rJflg ~he winte:r !nOfl!lh~.tile un:uu; 11f1e docsed ~~ptmt they can be opened, deafIJed and ready for use
in .iUi~l a few
hO!.llfS.
meet and ga:t:~,(lr'[:og',H:h,erwh~'I'1I!~1{(lr eyw'amed 'trl .. can feel free' t:o come and go as Ih(lY will, and t'hei.r hO$13 i.n lhernl1ln), counfl1:Bds"
Glle:ll[S w:ith
eo g1uh~r
ox 'Oil
Ithi.e
beach,
The 'Open a nd frOcky terrain around Ith.eunits was left in il~, natnral Ma~e. DotUnglhe~lI!).d$cape aBenilJmerCll,.II;l; p.ine, Q~i.\'e and oak trees, NaW<e 11;.15 been !fiCQ:fiP'Ora~ed~!It:o the de~iug!1 process, lhe se...and sky, and lhe~ocky la.~dscape are
Ih~
hnmry
or
im~8J1'amedimo Ihea[dli~ecU!ral fO!'1u.n: of the' residence. There ilre :L'ill~.lllero{jj'" nauu:al sea~~"3 areas. 'lmQ~ ~he trees and rocks, a:J:lJ.Yvistas of I'he sea alldn~uure abound ~lHIJUg~lout rhe si[~. Nothing is imrldSi.v~, rheundiv:idu;li] and courtyards off(ft (he
1.00
The G~rei
fUflOi.QflS·
complex,
welL
~~d~neJr
cakul:ated and
l'he he.igh~ lIm.l. slze of the i!IJJdjv~dllmllllnuls, des:~ned djS'pe·".!iallhro~lgh the site,
baleenies
S~
1l10r,~ roru'rOH~
II
ouedoors, b1J:Lhey [
11:r,~
help to im:egmte them lnte lhe su.rw~lnd~flg cou~try~ide. "file separllle 'lll'lli~s i~5y~;u;ed fwmeaih ether, file w 1fJ!d are
noi~es.
The
irregu
I",
breezes
paved with
picked
from the
buill iruto the rocks, ~~1Id1 from the UJnH:s own 't:o I.h:eb~ad].es" d Ii h.jgh waU,,:!IIl.1;lll Hne of !iipeci:lll.)' pia[Med trees, h,elp to itlSl;)hiu:ethe' residence s~~ii,m~od a~ollg
Q~
skle.
brick as '~h!C
EX(.--ep~ for
0.11 a woode.n.
the
or thie sim,piest
atlld
cheapest variel:y,and ilva:ibblc lo(,:~ny. he wooden fll.llmUufe, T doors, winclows and sJ:Lti~I~ers ">'ere made by a cClallpelcru: local atrpe~[er. and clisphl'llhc .-:>i:mp1eM designs, Un~H1971 there was ll.o~1cc(f.ici[y in ehe restdeace, llghMng was p.rovi.d-ed by candl.cs and kerosene lamps, Wil~e', is from, II
wen. and [rnere lis
n,ot~l.cp]TI.OI'lt:,
enjoys this natural Uf'e, and is, nota,( all di~turbg{1 by the lack
of modern facllltles.
T.li:i:earchlrectural
cCIi[lsl:mctio[l
phn
i111%9.
r,
3 [ijd
1
h WlIS 001'1.1-
The ~otalcost
(971). A~~ funds carne from the Cl'Urelfa:rnily, T.he COS~8 have been be~ow av{;'rnge for l~;l,cl~HQmll cruempoc
rnry COil'i.$t~uc~:ions,
li(iriClj~$1N"1$
O!?,POSlr~.fn a i.ll'OV'I!! qf 1= 11m ~h(J bluff abm'C lb~ Ac£ean, tbe of the Jxm~ 8i~Ff!it <li ~.m(1s'(;'·Jn~' ,ut;.pt.";~
--e ...
,l
]:n1977 lhe $al]dI Alrabian Govem:metl'1rr d~ci.cled to create :J new di,pl.ommi.c q(lanl!ar [Dr ~I;l;new capital c.ity in .Riyadh. [tsUm\linjt~.on was to Iril['[J;5f'!'l[ an the di:.plomlltiC' mi5si.U[Jjl,j
frOlo Jedd:J.h to R.iY'ddh, 'once
ft·1
OProS1TE~
IhiJ
It.J(ti~nmf$, /)ij)lQm'(:!tif;
Q"fjn~r~wwPFQllfde
cempleted,
the fla}l"r,Assarara~(])ip\~Ol'll>t~:ic Qlu.H'lJer) res .of open de'&en~and si~u3J~eclOct thJet1LOnh-wes~outskuts of[.lliyadh, some eight k~~ometres from the ~OWIl centre. The si[~ stretches idoit1l8 the D:a;mWah road O"'~r 8i .h!i.ngdl of thr6~
of
llO
(h~
w~~L
areacan
l1Il~n~:, ravines,
:iI.fit!
that
Vegelation is main~y scrub w~(h tanru,tJsks, betng the .only lrees Ul~U grow nflTu.mUyand
other cuhi,viuion and sustnin,ed w~[ih.irri8~ui.Qn.
ease.
An
,[,h~ d~:SI\gn.fox the Di,plnrllllltic Q'UI;afiter was not onJy to ~ncllJdi~:3. residennal clal, cull[l.i1rall OItlii landscapingof area, offices and dubs. b~!al:so comraerThe relig~ous f:;acillitie.s lfb~' '~he community, aU
value and as 8ig[l_if!c"]1J~.3S the llrChi~ecllJi:al coneeur and desj~ .. The arcbl~:ec';~irJ~ style of the cemiil.lre'gion of Saud,j A~abia was tIiIken as the reference fb\!' the sl~ldy of the m~,$te~plafl. Tmdi~iollia~, paaerns o:f Najcli. 1'lf(~l~lrecmru !]re eviJC1em:~nthe urban. design of the Qllanrer. Thctt~ is (las), accessibility between all pans WiUi no ,gn.~,rseparation be~:w'ee[l,thccomm.e.fCi:al eduaU:io:r1Ri, 'pub~i.c arid :r~!Hgifi!J.5
filciltr~e3, Bocause
becorneene
twenty,.five
categoetes,
Oecll.pying 3. tntal ofa hu mIred and flfty hectares, or abm.n percent or the ~a~:lI~. deve~op.ed area, 'fh.e landscapilrng uf the Oiplofnatic QU<Brte.r' was arranged in ~:wo major
intensive andextenslve landscaptng, Bmh~:ype.s Oif
87
A pl(j)rJld
Wl'~t.
wi~'h ml
(ir1~;!iJk.:pm1el'~~,!vea/~1 n
tmfl ~·iajm"rwm;c' m'(:!terf:!/s UJh/{;,{iI OJFC used th"(mghfm~ .Df:Plom,a,~'i~Qtdatt.;'1i'; OVMlE4!I( 11'1(;11.1-111(;1«(1 cr{!m(J;n.~ illd(wmrms
irdgiuiorl (spriliii~~c:trr dltir) ~nd wli ich form, pilr[of tim air
[he
private
II
ltd
·of [he
project.
occupies
,be Ibl!'! :QU'OIrt,l?Y' oW to Ihf:! W:at'it J:la'iffi~,.,{].(.,"'.iM/; ~t~7J;g fflM;lrmQ (be"j'{j/~j~f' stroj~ijic~/ff.m of rock ledges
(I.
(4'$'~'~i
t'iE'W'/J;Q''''
the "j'''l
W l!,n> escarpesen!
WciJl!Qj
l$ iFolC(l1p(l-'
per.iphery of fhe huil~ aee a, a ~d wh1ch recel \\'e"~ mlaimum water fog"irrlgaUon, !Earth berms ..JlJcI "n:~fic:i<'ll~ycreated "'JUeys or w<ldics .. n,d basins collectand dl.an~el surface water and run off from the roods into this arid zone, These extenslve ~andocapedilireasare ~ lnked ee th.e rest o.ftl~ieo,p~n,spaces by a 11.~~:work green of ftilllg>ersan.d smali gardens; ~;hey also act as u"'IQisirion Zo:r!Les
ef land ma.inly (>nl;l1L~edollhe t txm"''ee:lCI, t:hitl plllm!:ld a nd fOim:mlgardensarrd rhe [l3't1l mUy
ceneluded
cOfJlSldered m be OUit ofplaa. However, a 'green' eflViroflm.em, co:n:.5istingef trees, fruits and other specles, hardy sheabs, planes ,Hld flowers tha[ WOuld :tihrive in this arid diLna~e, was dl01tJ.gh:t [0 beessential for (~l!.'lo,ver'J,111.
OfW;<ll~ef~~as
to create II protected
:@.5
en,,,.uJo:n:mem, shaded .from noise, glate, dust and sand, UI1Jiafi fdnge areas were to be made to act protecove h:lr'rier;s
llgni.n5l strong w.inds and sand stonns, All the lao.d."lCllpillg d.e-slf:'l~swere made to coaform to the eCQ~Qgica~<lflclae$~ h,eUc~equiremefU~ or d~ ~."O!m;ls('<l.pe. M~crod ima~lcco[lditiot1swere crented by careflll groupings
dl~
w.aikwa.ys ~llalrwould oonn,oot UiI.C d:lfi'crem areas, Cll,r truffk was to be std.,dy Hmi~~d, ~I:rnd kepr Out o:fenvlronmenrally
se.nsiUy~ areas, The basic
cO.IJIC'.ept
of themasterplan
was influenced
by the
central spine "",,11 fo~~ows the contours ich the phYillC3.1:si,::m:ill£ [or the rnan.y embasroutes and the il1~jo~ ueban land uses
~'er;fj~eMric~ed to the J'lJt terrain wadls, 'which provide de'~igfl oi the i'<!lYou r; tand
t~~fHwas
and
surrounds
'of the
The escsrpments i1Jld edges of the ravines and such d!t';;lrn.a~ic \I:~St'l'i5 of ~:he sll.rrm.lno,ing in,
(Joumrysi.de., wereincleded
d ral nage,O[
landscapmg,
.of
ver::s.'lHil.il)"
92
roods and ~llgh.l\raY8- ere the means envlw sionedtoscreewand protect ueban area" fvom nelse, .a~.r.nd . dust poll,utiotl.
a~.of!(gside the
Wadi's edge. Mo~:hers and dl~.ir children use the p.~1'lyg;rol!l1ds e::'aeJTl:sivdy. 0 :fac~,it ~e'rllsdmMe ~ncoumer ~ee.trnseo be [
taking p~aoeootw~en [he people f:lndlh~ kil[1&C@i~of tltis new ccOflilmt~ni'[y. In :~ecovel1i:ng.ti:mnd:r~ds of plants, a nimals andbtrds on the endallge.~ed species ltiM,,;JJfl,o, H~.!o·wjng them to grow and have li:!e[~e!lL\dom of thies ];@udsca.ped e'.n:\'jro'n:!Ii~e'Ilt:,. thepiQf!eer~i1!il designerl!i. and C'Q,n~uharu~1ii this pr'Oj.ect hnve made ;l!1"sU~_g of and si;gnufkant coru!ribulinn to the .'l~abl~i~~io'n of the' .n~'glOf!'8. eCQ,~o;gy.Not Qnly hil\'e the~'ue"l.re:rsedthe' process of de5ert~fiC'<ltionhl that area of the Niljd, but, even more
The d;lite p!lIIl'1 [roe was taken as ~:herl'lain r~fen.1'n!(oeoint: p for ILh.<l iplomat lc Qml rl\(!r as ~he c."(:ologi.c~1 model synrulbol:i.S. D
itng ll~~.[n(;l IJrrlribu[esohhe
Nl1j(l Eventmi.~d~llig
11:pahn
heigh~:swe.re
plants
in 1m. area
of a bundred k:ilometres
W e}tp"nd~helf
he
rots
re.'iulted
in de'Vs.MaUng Itille
lanel.
lh~spm~OOl
impOIl'tamly for the :r~l.u.re.lhey b:ave rnade a posiHve impllCl on, "tld shJJned the aW~Ui'emess and consctousaess of ~he erbamsed pOl?~lbu:lon of [Uvaclh.
The
~;Il
nh OOr.1lI15 lutel:rock)l~mH:ll5caping
give a [I Ilge!e'5,';
this
eeologlcal bili~:anceof
amh~mic
ttl.•lkl.:lrl"and
dl~
area.
SYl>[elna[~.ceed ,o.U~ct:io:n of s p~!o'iC[. nllr511[)i'~'~~ perl to Il'n.d fif[), species .. Qver two from the people of Riyadh
and lastung fe::elUng the pll rks" 1II1I.d 11~.the ¥egetllt!un to ,co()nli:nJ:[lles~D,gre,w .ilwiltl help stablllse naruealleok, developed II ad made
whi.ng 11:tn.d 1lutl:umlicme N.iaterja.1s used (Of the pavemenrss
... ~e[-ean
mtuve:rr
more (han
hundred
loca ny by growing
hundred and :fif~:y animal and birdsp~ci.e~ were 11Lsosaved lind regenerated ..'rhl~ response has been ,ovef'!.'\I'ihleI:lIlil:l;g, 11h,01;1.8111111]8 have IH::Uvely become atmched to the: projec~. (j.ee:ung~~as ares~o.rn~"on oK ,<I eode
~hemewl
pllrk,
lI!ldmesh
for
the
MaiUl1eI"!JiltlCeasto be h
COminil]()i1..!S,
their past w<lyof life_ The rOflrnJl aspecrs of the la ndscape designs, which ~!1duded ,,,,roUel lines of palm trees frnn.l~n,groaiCls, well aruculated ,earth berms, and rock fonnmiofi$ thae echoed ill10
exempHfyil'lg
essenual for the i~uens·]ve lafJ;dscapiUl.g areas. [( appea rsto be: ~nder good eenercl. Irrigation and ami f1ag~ sysnt:'msappear
10. be fl]ncti.ollimg 'WeU, andwal.tlr"va$ms~kep{
rnm['l. A :mk:ro-dill:lITtk ('1Jlldilion
to ll. mini·
npproiXitt.fi1tl'ed evo.ked
of rhe
regiD.rnI. abo
of Riyadh
dll,e ro fh,e
II n enrhuslasdc response
t~l,eI.DCal.inlllll)imms
lise .il with enjo'ymem. Ifi.xrrlJ~eswer-e ca~efidy
me'~l A~uho~it~lheaded
ot" the c1ief!i~.the Ruyadh ])evelop" by' Dr Mohammed AI·Shaikh, and the
~~lek ,~UCCe);5 .. Porta ~s, seats, (ou nrains, arcade-s and Iighl lfH their location, The bench developed! marketed world-wide patternswere for the Qua nier is now P!lve,tI'Lerl~
~wo prinC:i.p<lJ,landscape desiglJ!e:l's,BMcker ,uldWagenfekl The experience helped in blliJd]ng lip I:he:O.rgllJi'lisil~ion of ~he
DC"I."e'klpmc'm AllthorilY and :in devclopiilg lts (~pii'Hy to dCi~~ widl cOJiuplel'!: Issues, In rac~,the espertence has f:I~.low~'d the di.em to develop 11 overall plogrJmm.c for nmi.onillllI1.d n
.reg:Lon~d parks .•now in .it<; e.ar~ySI:lJ],~ creatlon, [lance,
31lJd 1ll'lG
of
im.pl.em.emaliCiI.n .• the
workiedmlt
II:l~e:resringlye:nollgh. t~heWillY dllfLt these sa~d~LiL!> 111l.d pa rks a ~e presendy being used has provi.d>cda mirror in11\~cof trn<:
soclenes tharmake way of li:f'e. Thus, up R[rya.dJI• Bach I1:l;[iol1.11~irryor ,group uses the IEgY[1[.ians, S)'rtans
Kho:~ 111.111 Park, designed
oh
remarkahle
nuasery,
11 .repository
fO'f
the local
o:r opening
the
rrnguHw
oJ
c1lrl'nm be llndef$t3ted_
11 wil~ pmlA!l.bly be
eo ro.n.g;r~gme in
can imer:!ltt
open oasis
marmer,
How·ever. the
'he
ah~e
[0
ofpauerru and beha v.ioms can be ob&erved !tlSlwe:o~.;:I vadel:V duu ma'iches and renec~s ~ he <Ii versUy, th.e <t~lTereI:lJ~ social ~ndcllluH··<il origia:'iltS the ,of population, ,of Ri),lldh. r::~mi~ypknics peop~e .pog,gi,I"IS. b:tcyding fUiliC~hiking cam be seen a~o:ngsldct:(lam;s spons. Or CCl'J:lte.mptali\l\e eople se~kil1i,gst:cltls~on II nd th~ ",Lew o:h~(l p
Ii ,rich v<ltiew ifI .hese
J.
OPPOSITE: ~
bas lMlp¥tl
I'D
93
1![(Jil
''f)!r.;> laYOJir
cf Ib~
In kecp.fng wltb' tbctmailfottal NajeU SlylC. tli=lt;{! .wails .(fPP'rQXim'(:jt~~~ .~'h(Nfp~"(m'!;~ qfm',jd b~·.k bmp!jr."WOPr!f~~'l:gs. Oi~
opposm:, Itioll
tiI~
dl1CtJi.ral'iw
rritijUe!l/dj'
htm&
S'qIl;IlIfe wttll
.sbopp.ul1£;
.l.fAF: 'IbIs :m¥lig/;ifrm.QfjY4 .rnW'.'Prn/~li(m (jfNafrH arc/)It'!!ClllnJ ~pJ'i(;(i,re$ .~hf! !>rid ~tm!i11'1l~HClr.l oj ~'he~I ~;'j' mg.!>!;, ~hjJ:(rbfe, ~Qlllt'i'mpom'Y matcrl(iil!G; two '1IJtI<l'irn~ ldol'l,tifJ' flM .Frldtliy fl'!f;j~fl (mto AI,Kimll Phlz(:!
m.~a
Oil
Mosquolt,
square metres, while thetetal floot area is about fifty"four thousand ~quare metres. The blcekas 3" wlmlie.,is erganlsed arm.. d tne maklian, but each ~ndividual btli Ming is orga:ti1 isecl m arroun.da ceni~'rnlomJI:'t.yard. 'FW(~ comp~el\lsa~ew;)ys llnk U'n.e block wilth. dll.e surrounding boulevards, :F~I[eriffilg ~h.etraffic
through I:he .ni:gih[ chtl,nne~s- ped~~ri.a,ns (Iltrmlgh (he .ground
l'iIoorwl:liLe motor
Th_,eurban archaeetute of the Najd was til k_,enas the pOi~fll o.freference'. anclihe M~5~er Plan deurly show'S lh,u innu" ence, Cha~ct:erlLsticNajdi thtckwalls, smaU ,ex~ierioi!'openirJ.gS, and the p~inctples of secluslon and pri:\I'ilcy are an evldent in the de'sign of the AHtin.d:~ Plaxa. Response tocHma~eii.nd
~opogLii.ph:lI" waselse atchi[~ill:re, ~1Il,Micsquares a madeso reflect d'lJemanner of local were juxmposed ln such T.h.c sequences of rhe ditfferom spaces, souks, ilrnd l:a,ndscap~darcas of alder seulemernt
pmH':[.1li5
wa:y
as to c['e:;ll(([l: sembtance a
the moo.er.rn and ullh~,n rn.e"sigJrn.of the Mock. l1he Fr~dlly Mosque" built a.crmdjl'lg~Q a ll'aditd,Ol'lll~ Najdi de-llign, demlnares the rnatdan., fQrrnuf!gorne of Us srdes_ Two tal ~m.if!are'~~l"tk the ga~eW<l:Ys the mosque, Shops, to restaurants and other public facHiUesin arcaded buildings form one of !.he otaer sides of the ma~,lan, wMle the:governmeru service cO.fll,p.lex c:omple~es Iheremainillg defining edges., Th.ese offices :lire organised around ca:refl!JUyp.~:lin.[,'(j cen;t't'a~.atrit.:!msand 3, numoe:r of ope,ncorunYfl[\ds ..The atrlum ~ used as a cooHngspl1ioe and alsoas an aide i:r1Loom:mull:ica-
uons bel'M'lemL
na rrfOW ope.ni[igs.,
TIli.e ~a.llJdstapi·m1g featur-es ohhe shaded arcades, small fountains
AI·KiI:'IU],i P'~azaeonsist of
and planters ..T~]emaidan is p3\1'ecI widllll1arMe this pubh,c squar-e' is only usedm lhee¥enil'lg-s.
plllllts, placed along the sides. Ah.. sence of shade me"n~ that