APPENDIKS B

PERHITUNGAN NERACA ENERGI

kapasitas = 151,515.1515 Kg HFS/ hari

= 50,000 ton HFS/ Tahun
suhu referensi = 298 K =
Cp = kJ/kg.K
Satuan Energi = kkal
Basis Waktu = 1 jam
Asumsi : Tidak ada akumulasi energi pada sistem (steady steate)
Q loss pada peralatan = 5-10%

Berdasarkan Perry's & Green, 2008, data Cp adalah :

Cp pati = 0.364 cal/g ̊C
= 0.00152 kJ/kg.K
Cp Dekstrosa = 0.364 cal/g ̊C
= 0.00152 kJ/kg.K
Cp Maltosa = 0.32 cal/g ̊C
= 0.00134 kJ/kg.K
Cp Fruktosa = 0.52 kJ/kg.K

Diketahui data Kapasitas Panas (Cp) :

Cp Air
Suhu (˚C) 30 45 60 75
Cp (kkal/kg˚C) 0.9987 0.9990 1.0001 1.0021

Cp CaCl2 = 16.9 + 0.00386

∫Cp dT = 16.9 (T-Tref) + 0,00386/2 (T^-Tref^)
BM CaCl2 = 110.984 Kg/Kmol
T (˚C) 30 45 60 85
T (K) 303.15 318.15 333.2 358.15
∫Cp dT (kkal/kmol) 85.03075 340.702 597.2418 1026.738
∫Cp dT (kkal/Kg) 0.7662 3.070 5.3813 9.2512

Cp Dekstrin
Cp = 0.291 + 0.00096 T
∫Cp dT = 0,291 (T-Tref) + 0,00096/2 (T^-Tref^)
Suhu (oC) 30 60 85 95
Cp (kkal / kgoC) 0.3198 0.3486 0.3726 0.3822
 ∫Cp dT (kkal/kg) 1.863 11.889 20.904 24.678
∫Cp dT (kJ/Kg) 6.64 48.59 86.31 102

Cp Enzim k(BM)a
Cp Enzim dihitung berdasarkan pendekatan berat molekul (BM)
Cp = =
Untuk enzim harga konstanta k dan a =
k 0.587
a -0.0135
BM enzim bernilai 12000 - 120000 dan lebih tinggi. (Fessenden jilid II)
Diasumsikan BM enzim merupakan nilai tengah dari kisaran 12000 - 120000
BM = 110000
Cp enzim = k(BM)a
= 0.501856207101774

Cp Glukosa
Data Cp Glukosa untuk berbagai suhu :
Suhu (oC) 0 20 30 60
Cp (kkal / kgoC) 0.277 0.300 0.3115 0.346

Cp HCl
Cp = 6.7 + 0.00084 T
∫Cp dT = 6,7(T-Tref)+0,00084/2(T^-Tref^)
BM HCl = 36.461 kg/kmol

Suhu (oC) 30 58 60 80
∫Cp dT (kkal/kmol) 33.616 222.250 235.750 370.926
∫Cp dT (kkal/Kg) 0.922 6.096 6.466 10.173

Cp Karbon aktif
(Cp/R) = A + BT + DT-2
dengan A = 1.771
B = 0.000771
D = -86700
0.0076880835
sehingga harga Cp Karbon aktif untuk berbagai suhu :
Suhu (K) 303.15 331.15 333.15 353.15
Cp (kJ/kg.K) 8.82374 10.2735549709 10.365060569 11.2080468328
Jika dikonversikan dalam kkal/oC
Suhu (oC) 30 58 60 80
Cp (kkal / kgoC) 0.1765 0.20550 0.2055 0.2073
Cp Lemak
A
Cp = + B(ToC - 15)
(d )
15 0,5

dimana : A = 0.44
B = 0.0007
d = densitas lemak=
(Perry, edisi keenam, tabel 3-205, hal
Sehingga harga Cp lemak untuk berbagai suhu :
Suhu ( C ) 30 58 60 80
Cp (kkal / kg.C) 0.710332 0.729931964 0.731331964 0.745331964
Cp Pati
Cp = 0.291 + 0.00096
sehingga harga Cp pati untuk berbagai suhu :
Suhu ( C ) 30 58 60 80
Cp (kkal / kg.C) 0.3198 0.34668 0.3486 0.3678

Cp Maltosa = 0.32 kkal/kgC (Perry, edisi 6, Tabel 3-184)

Berdasarkan Maroulis ZB & Saravacos GD, 2003, Cp Protein,Lemak, dan Abu adalah :
Cp = b0 + b1 . T + b2.T^
∫Cp dT = b0(T-Tref)+(b1/2)*(T^2-Tref^2)+(b2/3)*(T^3-Tref^3)

∫Cp dT (kJ/kg.K
Komponen b0 b1 b2
30 58
Protein 2.01 0.0012 -1E-06 10.21 67.91
Lemak 1.98 0.001 -4.8E-06 10.02 66.42
Abu 1 0.002 -3.68E-06 5.26 35.52

Cp Fruktosa = 0.52 kJ/kg.K = 0.124

Cp MgSO4.7H2O = 89 cal/mol.K
= 81.178 kK/kg.K = 19
Cp NaOH = 1 cal/g˚C
= 4.1868 kJ/kg.K = 1
 25 C

Cp MgSO4.7H2O = 89 cal/mol.K
= 81.17797 kJ/kg.K
Cp NaOH = 1 cal/g ̊C
= 4.1868 kJ/kg.K

0.999962

90 100
1.0050 1.0076
Geankoplis,2003
T (kkal/Kmol.K)

95 105 53.7
368.15 378.15 326.7
1199.212 1372.072 489.7
10.8053 12.3628 4.4

(kkal/kgoC)

105 56 53.716645408 (Perry edisi enam)

0.3918 0.34476 0.3425679796
 28.548 10.50228 9.7175732509
118 42.787 46.86
(Perry edisi keenam)

(Himmelblau
(Himmelblau
ediedisi kelima, hal 384, 1982)

35

00
k(BM)a = = 0.587 x (65000)-0.0135
0.501856207101774 kkal / kgoC

80 85
0.369 0.3748
(Perry edisi ketujuh tabel 2-197)

(kal/moloC) (kal/moloC)

95 105 53.716645408 (Perry edisi keenam)

472.528 540.368 193.35092499
12.960 14.820 5.3029517839
(Perry edisi keenam)

dimana R = 8.314 kJ/kmol.K

(Smith Van Ness, tabel C.2)

368.15 378.15 324.15

11.76558835 12.107254314 9.9417214113

95 105
 0.2242 0.2353

0.94
y, edisi keenam, tabel 3-205, hal 146 )

95 105 53.716645408
0.755831964 0.762831964 0.7269336158

(Perry edisi keenam)

95 105 53.716645408
0.3822 0.3918 0.3425679796

y, edisi 6, Tabel 3-184)

n Abu adalah :

∫Cp dT (kJ/kg.K)
60 80 95 105 53.71665
72.07 113.85 145.46 166.66 59.03029
70.47 110.99 141.45 161.77 57.7662
37.73 60.17 77.37 89.00 30.80616

Kkal/kg.K

Kkal/kg.K

Kkal/kg.K
(Perry edisi enam)
Van Ness, tabel C.2)
 JET COOKER (E-121)
Fungsi = Memanaskan substrat pati sampai tergelatinasi

<7> Steam
T= 140

<6> JET COOKER

Bubuk Tapioka
30 ˚C

kondisi operasi : T = 105

pH = 6

∆H = Q + W,W=0

a. ENTALPI MASUK
bubuk tapioka masuk dari tangki pancampur T =
Massa Cp ∆T
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C) (˚C)
Pati 43,406.55 0.32 5
Protein 249.75 10.21 5
Lemak 149.85 10.02 5
Abu 149.85 5.26 5
Air 80,065.58 1.00 5
CaCl2 19.96 0.77 5
α-amilase 1.56 0.50 5
Total 124,043.10

Menghitung kebuuthan steam (digunakan saturated steam);

Kondisi : P = 316.3 kPa
T = 140 ˚C
Steam Liquid 140 C
140 C Ml
M x Cp x ∆T
Liquid 105 C
∆H Steam = ∆H laten +
∆H laten = Mxl
= 512.61 M
(data l didapat dari Geankoplis edisi ketiga, A.2-9 hal 858)
ΔH sensibel = M x Cp x ∆T
= Mx 1.0089
 = 116.0235 M
ΔH Steam = 628.64 M

Sehingga :
ΔH Masuk = ΔH bubur pati
ΔH Masuk = 493,494.96

b. ENTALPI KELUAR
pati yang tergelatinasi keluar dari Jet Cooker pada T =
Massa Cp ∆T
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C) (˚C)
Pati 43,406.55 0.39 80
Protein 249.75 166.66 80
Lemak 149.85 161.77 80
Abu 149.85 89.00 80
Air 80,065.58 1.01 80
CaCl2 19.96 12.36 80
α-amilase 1.56 0.50 80
Total 124,043.10

ΔH keluar steam yang berubah menjadi air :

ΔH air = M x Cp x ∆T
= M x
= 80.712 M
Asumsi : Q loss = 5% ΔH keluar(total)
ΔH keluar(total) = ΔH air + ΔH Pati encer + Q loss
ΔH air + ΔH Pati encer + Q loss = 80.712

Maka jumlah ΔH keluar dapat dihitung dengan :

ΔH air + ΔH bubur cassava
ΔH keluar =
95%
80.712 +
ΔH keluar =
95%
ΔH keluar = 84.96 +

Neraca energi :
ΔH masuk = ΔH keluar + Q loss
dimana : ΔH masuk : 493,494.96 +
ΔH keluar (total) : 14,924,943.93 +
Sehingga didapatkan nilai M yang merupakan massa steam pada Jet Cooker
M = 26,544.22 kg
ΔH masuk(total) = ΔH pati encer + ΔH steam masuk
ΔH steam = ΔH laten + ΔH sensibel
ΔH steam = 512.61 + 116.0235
ΔH steam = 16,686,645.59 kkal

ΔH masuk(total) = ΔH pati encer + ΔH steam masuk

ΔH masuk(total) = 493,494.96 + 16,686,645.59
ΔH masuk(total) = 17,180,140.55 kkal

ΔH keluar(total) = ΔH air + ΔH bubur cassava + Q loss

H air = 80.712 M =

Q loss = 5% ΔH keluar(total)
Q loss = 5% x (ΔH air+ΔH pati encer+Q loss)
Q loss = 5% x (ΔH air+ΔH pati encer)+(0,05 x Q loss)
0,95 x Q loss = 5% x( 2,142,436.80
0,95 x Q loss = 816,056.68 kkal
Q loss = 859,007.03 kkal

ΔH keluar(total) = ΔH air + ΔH pati encer + Q loss

ΔH keluar(total) = 2,142,436.80 + 14,178,696.73
ΔH keluar(total) = 17,180,140.55

∆H masuk (kkal) ∆H keluar (kkal)

∆H in tapioka 493,494.96 ∆H air 2,142,436.80
∆H steam masuk 16,686,645.59 ∆H out tapioka 14,178,696.73
Q loss 859,007.03
Total 17,180,140.55 Total 17,180,140.55
 ˚C

<8>
Pati tergelatinasi
105 ˚C
Q loss

˚C

30 ˚C
∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(kkal)
69,407.07
12,751.25
7,506.96
3,941.84
399,807.47
76.45
3.92
493,494.96

kJ/kg
T ( C)
o
P (kPa) hL
140 316.3 589.13

M x Cp x ∆T

∆H sensibel

kkal

x 115
 kkal
kkal

ΔH bubur pati + ΔH Steam

+ 628.64

105 ˚C
∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(kkal)
1,360,534.90
3,329,853.48
1,939,332.33
1,066,921.77
6,462,253.04
19,738.48
62.73
14,178,696.73

1.0089 x 80

+ 14,178,696.73

14,178,696.73
95%
14,924,943.93

628.64 M
84.96 M
2,142,436.80 kkal

+ 14178696.7291 )

+ 859,007.03
 kJ/kg kkal/kgoC
hL HV hL HV l
589.13 2733.9 140.805449330784 653.417782026769 512.612332695985

1 kJ = 0.239006 kkal
 COOLER (E-122)
Fungsi = Menurunkan suhu pati yang telah tergelatinasi agar sesuai dengan suhu optimum enzim α-amilase

Air pendingin masuk

30 ˚C
<8>
COOLER
Pati Tergelatinasi
105 ˚C Air pendingin keluar
45 ˚C

1. ENTALPI MASUK
Merupakan entalpi produk keluar JET COOKER, pada T= 105
Massa Cp ∆T
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C) (˚C)
Pati 43,406.55 0.39 80
Protein 249.75 166.66 80
Lemak 149.85 161.77 80
Abu 149.85 89.00 80
Air 85,274.37 1.01 80
CaCl2 19.96 12.36 80
α-amilase 1.56 0.50 80
Total 129,251.89

2. ENTALPI KELUAR
Produk yang keluar dari Cooler pada T = 95
Massa Cp ∆T
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C) (˚C)
Pati 43,406.55 0.38 70
Protein 249.75 145.46 70
Lemak 149.85 141.45 70
Abu 149.85 77.37 70
Air 85,274.37 1.0079 70
CaCl2 19.96 10.81 70
α-amilase 1.56 0.50 70
Total 129,251.89

3. MENCARI KEBUTHAN AIR PENDINGIN

Suhu air pendingin masuk = 30 ˚C
Suhu air pendingin keluar = 45 ˚C
Azas Black
Q dilepas bahan = Q diserap air pendingin
Q dilepas bahan = ∆H feed - ∆H produk
Q yang diserap air pendingin :
= ∆H feed - ∆H produk
= 14,599,108.26 - 12,031,124.79
= 2,567,983.48 kkal

∆H air pendingi masuk :

= M x Cp x ∆T
= Mx 0.9987 x
= 4.9935 M kkal

∆H air pendingi keluar :

= M x Cp x ∆T
= Mx 0.9990 x
= 19.979 M kkal

Q diserap air pendingin = ∆H air pendingin keluar - ∆H air pendingin masuk

2,567,983.48 = 19.979 -
2,567,983.48 = 14.9855 M
M = 171,364.55 kg

Jadi: ∆H air pendingi masuk : = 4.9935

∆H air pendingi keluar :
= 4.9935
= 855,708.88
= 19.979
= 19.979
= 3,423,692.36

∆H masuk (kkal) ∆H keluar (kkal)

H bahan masuk 14,599,108.26 H bahan keluar 12,031,124.79
Q diserap 2,567,983.48
Total 14,599,108.26 Total 14,599,108.26
optimum enzim α-amilase

<9>
Pati tergelatinasi
95 ˚C

˚C
∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(kkal)
1,360,534.90
3,329,853.48
1,939,332.33
1,066,921.77
6,882,664.57
19,738.48
62.73
14,599,108.26

˚C
∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(kkal)
1,161,298.84
2,542,994.25
1,483,773.34
811,545.90
6,016,362.30
15,095.27
54.89
12,031,124.79
 5

20

4.9935

M kkal
x 171,364.55
kkal
M kkal
x 171,364.55
kkal
 REAKTOR LIQUIFIKASI (R-210)
Fungsi = tempat konversi pati menjadi dekstrin dengan bantuan enzim α-amilase

<9> REAKTOR
Pati tergelatinasi DEKSTRINASI
95 ˚C
Air pendingin
45

Neraca Energi :
∆H = Q + W
W = kerja yang diberikan oleh pengaduk

1.ENTALPI MASUK
Energi produk keluar Cooler pada T = 95
Massa Cp ∆T
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C) (˚C)
Pati 43,406.55 0.38 70
Protein 249.75 145.46 70
Lemak 149.85 141.45 70
Abu 149.85 77.37 70
Air 85,274.37 1.01 70
CaCl2 19.96 10.81 70
α-amilase 1.56 0.50 70
Total 129,251.89

2. ENERGI KELUAR
Energi produk keluar reaktor liquifikasi pada T = 95
Massa Cp ∆T
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C) (˚C)
Pati 38,197.76 0.38 70
Protein 249.75 145.46 70
Lemak 149.85 141.45 70
Abu 149.85 77.37 70
Air 85,042.81 1.01 70
CaCl2 19.96 10.81 70
α-amilase 2.44 0.50 70
Dekstrin 2,604.39 28.55 70
Maltosa 1,099.66 0.32 70
Dekstrosa 1,736.29 0.36 70
 Total 129,252.76

3. ENERGI REAKSI :
n= 1000

(C6H10O5)1000 + 400 H2O → 50(C6H10O5)10 + 100(C12H22O11 )+ 300 (C6H12O6)

Pati Air Dekstrin Maltosa

Konversi pati menjadi dekstrin = 12%

Pati terkonversi = 5,208.79
Dekstrosa terbentuk = 1,736.29

∆Hc Pati = -4177 kkal/kg

∆Hc Dekstrin = -4108 kkal/kg
∆Hc Dekstrosa = -673 kkal/kmol
∆Hc Maltosa = -1348.9 kkal/kmol
∆Hc Air = 0 kkal/kmol

∆Hr298 : ∆Hc reaktan - ∆Hc Produk

= [(m pati terbentuk x ∆Hc pati) + (m air terkonversi x ∆Hc air)] - [(m dekstrin x
= -21,757,099.12 - -13,350,698.58
= -8,406,400.54 kkal

Pathway perubahan entalpi bahan :

<9> <10>
Reaktan
95 ˚C DH2
DH1
DHr (25oC)

DHr = DHreaktan + DHr298

DHr = DH pati+air + DHr 298

DHr = -7,021,968.21 + -8,406,400.54
DHr = -10,154,980.89 kkal

4. MENGHITUNG KEBUTUHAN AIR PENDINGIN

∆H air pendingin masuk :
= M x Cp x ∆T
= Mx 0.9987 x
= 4.9935 M
∆H air pendingin keluar :
= M x Cp x ∆T
= Mx 0.99895 x
= 19.979 M

H bahan masuk + ∆H air pendingin masuk = H bahan keluar + ∆H air pendingin keluar
12,031,124.79 + 4.9935 M =
155,662.18 =
M =

Sehingga :
∆H air pendingin masuk :
= 4.9935 M kkal
= 4.9935 x 10,387.52
= 51,870.08 kkal

∆H air pendingin keluar :

= 19.979 M kkal
= 19.979 x 10,387.52
= 207,532.26 kkal

∆H masuk (kkal) ∆H keluar (kkal)

H bahan masuk 12,031,124.79 H bahan keluar
Q air 51,870.08 Q out
Total 12,082,994.87 Total
 Air pendingin
30 ˚C
AKTOR <10>
TRINASI Dekstrin + Pati
95 ˚C

˚C

˚C
∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(kkal)
1,161,298.84
2,542,994.25
1,483,773.34
811,545.90
6,016,362.30
15,095.27
54.89
12,031,124.79

˚C
∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(kkal)
1,021,942.98
2,542,994.25
1,483,773.34
811,545.90
6,000,025.24
15,095.27
85.63
5,204,514.80
24,632.30
44,240.77
 11,875,462.60

300 (C6H12O6)
Dekstrosa (glukosa)

231.56
110.237099999999

= -0.03 kal/kmol
= -2.53 kal/kmol
= -3.74 kkal/kg
= -3.94 kkal/kg
(Hougen,Tabel 30)

r terkonversi x ∆Hc air)] - [(m dekstrin x ∆Hc dekstrin)+(m maltosa x ∆Hc maltosa)+(m dekstrosa x ∆Hc dekstosa)]

908.063100000028

Produk
95 ˚C

+ DHproduk
(Smith Van Ness, edisi kelima, hal 140)
+ DH produk
+ 5,273,387.87

5
 20

∆H air pendingin keluar

11,875,462.60 + 19.979 M
14.9855 M
10,387.52 kg

kg

kg

H keluar (kkal)
11,875,462.60
207,532.26
12,082,994.87
∆Hc dekstosa)]
 COOLER (E-131)
Fungsi = Menurunkan suhu larutan pati + dekstrin yang keluar dari reaktor liquifikasi, agar kondisinya sesuai denga

Air pendingin masuk

30
<10>
COOLER
Pati + Dekstrin
95 ˚C Air pendingin keluar
45

1. ENTALPI MASUK
Energi bahan yang masuk ke Cooler pada suhu 95 ˚C = 11,875,462.60

2. ENTALPI KELUAR
Energi bahan keluar dari Cooler pada suhu = 60

Massa Cp ∆T
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C) (˚C)
Pati 38,197.76 0.35 35
Protein 249.75 72.07 35
Lemak 149.85 70.47 35
Abu 149.85 37.73 35
Air 85,042.81 1.00 35
CaCl2 19.96 5.38 35
α-amilase 2.44 0.50 35
Dekstrin 2,604.39 48.59 35
Maltosa 1,099.66 0.32 35
Dekstrosa 1,736.29 0.36 35
Total 123,812.42

3. MENGHITUNG KEBUTUHAN AIR PENDINGIN

suhu air pendingin masuk : 30 ˚C
suhu air pendingin keluar : 45 ˚C
Azas Black
Q dilepas bahan = Q diserap air pendingin
Q dilepas bahan = ∆H feed - ∆H produk
Maka energi yang diserap air pendingin :
Q diserap air pendingin = ∆H feed - ∆H produk
= 11,875,462.60 -
= 7,231,386.25
∆H air pendingin masuk :
= M x Cp x ∆T
 = Mx 0.9987
= 4.9935 M
∆H air pendingin keluar :
= M x Cp x ∆T
= Mx 0.99895
= 19.979 M
Q diserap air pendingin = H air pendingin keluar - H air pendingin masuk
7,231,386.25 = 19.979 -
7,231,386.25 = 14.9855 M
M = 482,558.89 kg

Sehinga : ∆H air pendingin masuk = 4.9935 M

= 4.9935 x
= 2,409,657.82 kkal

∆H air pendingin masuk = 19.979 M

= 19.979 x
= 9,641,044.06 kkal

∆H masuk (kkal) ∆H keluar (kkal)

H bahan masuk 11,875,462.60 H bahan keluar
Q air masuk 2,409,657.82 Q air keluar
Total 14,285,120.42 Total
liquifikasi, agar kondisinya sesuai dengan suhu optimum enzim AMG

endingin masuk
˚C
<11>
COOLER
pati + dekstrin
endingin keluar 60 ˚C
˚C

kkal

˚C

∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(kkal)
466,050.92
629,966.23
369,581.27
197,880.26
2,976,795.93
3,758.94
42.81
4,429,160.96
12,316.15
22,120.39
4,644,076.36

4,644,076.36
 x 5

x 20

r pendingin masuk
4.9935

482,558.89

482,558.89

∆H keluar (kkal)
H bahan keluar 4,644,076.36
Q air keluar 9,641,044.06
Total 14,285,120.42
 REAKTOR SAKARIFIKASI (R-130)
Fungsi = tempat terjadinya reaksi perubahan dekstri dan pati sisa menjadi larutan dekstrosa dengan bantuan enzim A

<11>
REAKTOR
Dekstrin+pati
SAKARIFIKASI
60 ˚C
Air pendingin
45

Neraca Energi = ∆H = Q + W

W= kerja yang diberikan oleh pengaduk

1.ENTALPI MASUK
Energi masuk dari Cooler dan tangki HCl pada T = 60
Massa Cp
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C)
Pati 38,197.76 0.35
Protein 249.75 72.07
Lemak 149.85 70.47
Abu 149.85 37.73
Air 85,082.24 1.00
CaCl2 19.96 5.38
α-amilase 2.44 0.50
Dekstrin 2,604.39 48.59
HCl 0.13 6.47
AMG 30.05 0.50
Maltosa 1,099.66 0.32
Glukosa 1,736.29 0.35
Total 129,322.36

2.ENTALPI REAKSI
diketahui :
Glukosa : DHc = -673.00
BM = 180.16
ΔHc = -3.74

Maltosa : DHc = -1,348.93

BM = 342.30
 ΔHc = -3.94

Dekstrin : ΔHc = -4,108.00

BM = 1,621.41

Pati : ΔHc = -4,177.00

BM = 162,141.00

Air : DHc = 0.00

BM = 18.02

Konversi Dekstrin menjadi Glukosa = 0.98

Konversi Pati menjadi Gula = 0.98
antara lain : 0.97 menjadi Glukosa
0.03 menjadi Maltosa

Reaksi yang terjadi :

1.Perubahan Dekstrin menjadi Glukosa
dekstrin yang masuk =
Mol dekstrin =
Dekstrin terkonversi menjadi glukosa =
Reaksi :
Glukoamylase
(C6H10O5)10 + 10H2O
Dekstrin Air
M 1.61
R 1.57 15.74
S 0.03 15.74

Glukosa Terbentuk :
Glukosa = mol Glukosa x
= 15.74 x
= 2,835.95 kg

H2O dibutuhkan untuk reaksi :

H2O = mol H2O x
= 15.74 x
= 283.66 kg

Dekstrin terkonversi:
Dekstrin = mol Dekstrin bereaksi
= 1.57
= 2,552.31 kg
Menentukan panas pembentukan :
∆Hf Desktrin = DHf glukosa
dimana a = jumlah atom C
b = jumlah atom H (Hougen pers. 17)
Sehingga :
∆Hf dekstrin = - ∆Hc dekstrin
= -901,785.00
∆Hf glukosa = - ∆Hc glukosa
= -974,206.66
∆Hf air = - ∆Hc air
= -68,317.40
DHr298 : ∆Hf Reaktan - ∆Hf produk
= (m dekstrin x ∆Hf dekstrin + m air x ∆Hf air) - (m glukosa x ∆Hf Glokosa)
= 441,789,291.05 kkal
Menghitung ∆H reaksi :
Reaktan = DH reaktan = Mreaktan x Cpreaktan x (Tref - Treaktan)
Komponen Massa Cp DT
(kg) (kkal/kgoC) (oC)
Air 283.66 1.00 -35
Dekstrin 2,552.31 48.59 -35
Total
Produk = DH produk = Mproduk x Cpproduk x (Tproduk - Tref)
Komponen Massa Cp DT
(kg) (kkal/kgoC) (oC)
Glukosa 2,835.95 0.35 35

∆H Reaksi = ∆H reaktan + ∆Hr298 + ∆H produk

∆H Reaksi = -4,350,506.75 +
∆H Reaksi = 437,473,127.63 kkal

2. Perubahan pati menjadi glukosa

Pati terkonversi 98%,97% menjadi glukosa dan 3% menjadi maltosa
mol pati = 0.24
Pati terkonversi = 0.95 x
Reaksi :
Glukoamylase
(C6H10O5)1000 + 1000H2O
Pati Air
M 0.24
R 0.22 224.04
S 0.01 224.04
Glukosa terbentuk = 40,363.05 kg
H2Odibutuhkan untuk reaksi = 4,037.20 kg
Pati yang terkonversi = 36,326.07 kg
Menentukan panas pembentukan :
∆Hf Desktrin = DHf glukosa
dimana a = jumlah atom C
b = jumlah atom H (Hougen pers. 17)
Sehingga :
∆Hf pati = - ∆Hc pati -
= -901,716.00 kkal/kg
∆Hf glukosa = - ∆Hc glukosa -
= -974,206.66 kkal/kg
∆Hf air = - ∆Hc air -
= -68,317.40 kkal/kg

DHr298 : ∆Hf Reaktan - ∆Hf Produk

= (m pati x DHf pati + m air x ∆Hf air) - (m glukosa x ∆Hf glukosa)
= 6,290,340,204.83 kkal
Menghitung ∆H reaksi :
Reaktan = DH reaktan = Mreaktan x Cpreaktan x (Tref - Treaktan)
Komponen Massa Cp DT
(kg) (kkal/kgoC) (oC)
Air 4,037.20 1.00 -35
Pati 36,326.07 0.35 -35
Total
Produk = DH produk = Mproduk x Cpproduk x (Tproduk - Tref)
Komponen Massa Cp DT
(kg) (kkal/kgoC) (oC)
Glukosa 40,363.05 0.35 35

∆H Reaksi = ∆H reaktan + ∆Hr298 + ∆H produk

∆H Reaksi = -584,530.60 +
∆H Reaksi = 6,290,244,470.77 kkal

3. Perubahan pati menjadi maltosa

Reaksi yang terjadi
Glukoamylase
2(C6H10O5)1000 + 1000H2O
Pati Air
M 0.01
R 0.00034 0.17
S 0.01 0.17

Maltosa terbentuk = 58.09 kg

H2O dibutuhkan untuk reaksi = 3.06 kg
Massa pati terkonversi = 55.03 kg

Menentukan panas pembentukan :

∆Hf Desktrin = DHf glukosa
dimana a = jumlah atom C
b = jumlah atom H (Hougen pers. 17)
Sehingga :
∆Hf pati = - ∆Hc pati -
= -901,716.00 kkal/kg
∆Hf maltosa = - ∆Hc maltosa -
= -1,880,103.40 kkal/kg
∆Hf air = - ∆Hc air -
= -68,317.40 kkal/kg

DHr298 : ∆Hf Reaktan - ∆Hf Produk

= (m pati x DHf pati + m air x ∆Hf air) - (m maltosa x ∆Hf maltosa)
= 59,377,902.15 kkal
Menghitung ∆H reaksi :
Reaktan = DH reaktan = Mreaktan x Cpreaktan x (Tref - Treaktan)
Komponen Massa Cp DT
(kg) (kkal/kgoC) (oC)
Air 3.06 1.00 -35
Pati 55.03 0.35 -35
Total
Produk = DH produk = Mproduk x Cpproduk x (Tproduk - Tref)
Komponen Massa Cp DT
(kg) (kkal/kgoC) (oC)
Mlatosa 58.09 0.32 35

∆H Reaksi = ∆H reaktan + ∆Hr298 + ∆H produk

∆H Reaksi = -778.43 +
∆H Reaksi = 59,377,774.28 kkal

Dari ketiga reaksi di atas :

∆H Reaksi total = ∆Reaksi 1
∆H Reaksi total = 437,473,127.63
∆H Reaksi total = 6,787,191,106.73
3.ENTALPI PRODUK KELUAR REAKTOR SAKARIFIKASI
suhu keluar reaktor sakarifikasi = 60 ˚C
Massa Cp
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C)
Pati 1,831.49 0.35
Protein 249.75 72.07
Lemak 149.85 70.47
Abu 149.85 37.73
Air 80,759.99 1.00
CaCl2 19.96 5.38
α-amilase 2.44 0.50
Dekstrin 52.09 48.59
HCl 0.13 6.47
AMG 30.05 0.50
Maltosa 1,158.21 0.32
Glukosa 44,917.36 0.35
Total 129,321.17

4. MENGHITUNG KEBUTUHAN AIR PENDINGIN

suhu air pendingin masuk = 30 ˚C
suhu air pendingin keluar = 45 ˚C

Neraca Energi Total

Energi masuk = energi keluar
DH feed + DH reaksi total + W = DH produk + Q diserap air pendingin
Maka Q yang diserap air pendingin
= DH feed - DH produk
= 9,108,516.84 - 4,696,519.15
= 6,791,663,333.93 kkal

ΔH air pendingin masuk :

= M x Cp x ∆T
= Mx 0.9987 x
= 4.99 M

ΔH air pendingin keluar :

= M x Cp x ∆T
= Mx 0.9990 x
= 19.98 M

H bahan masuk + ∆H air pendingin masuk = H bahan keluar + ∆H air pendingin keluar
9,108,516.84 + 4.99 M
4,411,997.69 = 14.99
 M = 294,417.78
Sehingga :
∆H air pendingin masuk = 4.99
= 4.99
= 1,470,175.20

∆H air pendingin keluar = 19.98

= 19.98
= 5,882,172.89

∆H masuk (kkal) ∆H keluar (kkal)

H bahan masuk 9,108,516.84 H bahan keluar
∆H air pendingin masuk 1,470,175.20 ∆H air pendingin keluar
Total 10,578,692.04 Total
an dekstrosa dengan bantuan enzim Amyloglukosidase.

Air pendungin
30 ˚C
<12>
EAKTOR
Sirup Glukosa
ARIFIKASI
60 ˚C

˚C

˚C
∆T ∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(˚C) (kkal)
35 466,050.92
35 629,966.23
35 369,581.27
35 197,880.26
35 2,978,176.02
35 3,758.94
35 42.81
35 4,429,160.96
35 28.98
35 527.78
35 12,316.15
35 21,026.52
9,108,516.84

kkal/kmol
kg/kmol
kkal/kg

kkal/kmol
kg/kmol
 kkal/kg

kkal/kg
kg/kmol

kkal/kg
kg/kmol

kkal/kmol
kg/kmol

2,604.39 kg
1.61 kmol

Glukoamylase
100000 (C6H12O6)
Glukosa

15.74
15.74

BM Glukosa
180.16

BM H2O
18.02

x BM Dekstrin
x 1,621.41
 = - ΔHc - 94051 (a) - 34158,7 (b)
= jumlah atom C
tom H (Hougen pers. 17)

- 94,051.00 x6 - 34,158.70 x10

kkal/kg
- 94,051.00 x6 - 34,158.70 x12
kkal/kg
- 94,051.00 x0 - 34,158.70 x2
kkal/kg

osa x ∆Hf Glokosa)

eaktan
x (Tref - Treaktan)
H = M x Cp x DT
(kkal)
-9,929.01
-4,340,577.74
-4,350,506.75
roduk
x (Tproduk - Tref)
H = M x Cp x DT
(kkal)
34,343.32

441,789,291.05 + 34,343.32

enjadi maltosa

0.24

1000(C6H12O6)
Glukosa

224.04
224.04
 = - ΔHc - 94051 (a) - 34158,7 (b)
= jumlah atom C
tom H (Hougen pers. 17)

94,051.00 x6 - 34,158.70 x10

94,051.00 x6 - 34,158.70 x12

94,051.00 x0 - 34,158.70 x2

eaktan
x (Tref - Treaktan)
H = M x Cp x DT
(kkal)
-141,316.17
-443,214.42
-584,530.60
roduk
x (Tproduk - Tref)
H = M x Cp x DT
(kkal)
488,796.54

6,290,340,204.83 + 488,796.54

1000(C12H22O11)
Maltosa

0.17
 0.17

= - ΔHc - 94051 (a) - 34158,7 (b)

= jumlah atom C
tom H (Hougen pers. 17)

94,051.00 x6 - 34,158.70 x10

94,051.00 x12 - 34,158.70 x22

94,051.00 x0 - 34,158.70 x2

Hf maltosa)

eaktan
x (Tref - Treaktan)
H = M x Cp x DT
(kkal)
-107.03
-671.39
-778.43
roduk
x (Tproduk - Tref)
H = M x Cp x DT
(kkal)
650.55

59,377,902.15 + 650.55

+ ∆Reaksi 2 + ∆Reaksi 3
+ 6,290,340,204.83 + 59,377,774.28
kkal
 ∆T ∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(˚C) (kkal)
35 22,346.04
35 629,966.23
35 369,581.27
35 197,880.26
35 2,826,882.34
35 3,758.94
35 42.81
35 88,583.22
35 28.98
35 527.78
35 12,972.01
35 543,949.27
4,696,519.15

rap air pendingin

+ DH reaksi total + W
+ 6,787,191,106.73 + 60,229.51

20

r pendingin keluar
= 4,696,519.15 + 19.98 M
M
 kg

M
x 294,417.78
kkal

M
x 294,417.78
kkal

∆H keluar (kkal)
H bahan keluar 4,696,519.15
H air pendingin keluar 5,882,172.89
Total 10,578,692.04
 ROTARY VACUM FILTER (H-140)
Fungsi : memisahkan filtrat dari bahan yang tidak larut

<12>
ROTARY VA
Sirup Glukosa
60 ˚C <14>
Solid water
30

1. ENTALPI MASUK
merupakan entalpi produk keluaran reaktor sakarifikasi pada T :
∆H aliran <12> =
dan entalpi dari aliran Process Water pada T ; 30.0
∆H aliran <13> =
=
=
sehingga ∆H masuk total =
=
=
2. ENTALPI KELUAR
Aliran <14>
Massa Cp
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C)
Pati 1,813.18 0.35
Protein 247.25 72.07
Lemak 148.35 70.47
Abu 148.35 37.73
Air 1,906.98 1.00
CaCl2 19.76 5.38
α-amilase 2.41 0.50
Dekstrin 51.57 48.59
HCl 0.06 6.47
AMG 29.75 0.50
Maltosa 9.84 0.32
Glukosa 381.80 0.35
Total 4,759.30

Aliran <15>, dengan T = (X+Tref), sehingga ∆T = X

Massa Cp
komponen
 komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C)
Pati 18.31 0.35
Protein 2.50 72.07
Lemak 1.50 70.47
Abu 1.50 37.73
Air 104,225.12 1.00
CaCl2 0.20 5.38
α-amilase 0.02 0.50
Dekstrin 0.52 48.59
HCl 0.07 6.47
AMG 0.30 0.50
Maltosa 1,148.37 0.32
Glukosa 44,535.57 0.35
Total 149,933.98

Q loss = 5% dari ∆H masuk

Q loss = 5% x
Q loss = 241,160.74 kkal

Neraca Energi Total :

Energi masuk = Energi Keluar
∆H <Aliran 12> + ∆H <Aliran 13>+ W = ∆H <Aliran 14> + Q loss + ∆
4,823,214.78 = 39,173.07
X = 28.7
Temperatur keluar RVF : = X + T ref
= 53.7
Sehingga entalpi keluar RVF dapat dihitung sebegai berikut :
Aliran <14>
Massa Cp
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C)
Pati 1,813.18 0.35
Protein 247.25 72.07
Lemak 148.35 70.47
Abu 148.35 37.73
Air 1,906.98 1.00
CaCl2 19.76 5.38
α-amilase 2.41 0.50
Dekstrin 51.57 48.59
HCl 0.06 6.47
AMG 29.75 0.50
Maltosa 9.84 0.32
Glukosa 381.80 0.35
Total 4,759.30
<ALIRAN 15>
Massa Cp
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C)
Pati 18.31 0.34
Protein 2.50 59.03
Lemak 1.50 57.77
Abu 1.50 30.81
Air 104,225.12 1.00
CaCl2 0.20 4.41
α-amilase 0.02 0.50
Dekstrin 0.52 46.86
HCl 0.07 5.30
AMG 0.30 0.50
Maltosa 1,148.37 0.32
Glukosa 44,535.57 0.34
Total 149,933.98

∆H masuk (kkal) ∆H kelua

H bahan masuk 4,696,519.15 H bahan keluar
Q air proses 126,695.63 H cake
Qloss
Total 4,823,214.78 Total
 <13>
Process Water
30 ˚C
<15>
ROTARY VACUUM FILTER
Sirup glukosa
T= 53.7
Q loss
˚C

60 ˚C
4,696,519.15
˚C
M x Cp x ∆T
25,372.11 x 0.9987 x 5.0
126,695.63 kkal
∆H keluar Reaktor sakarifikasi + ∆H aliran process Water
4,696,519.15 + 126695.63
4,823,214.78 kkal

∆T ∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(˚C) (kkal)
5 632.07 5
5 17,819.04
5 10,453.87
5 5,597.18
5 1,907.17
5 106.32
5 1.21
5 2,505.64
5 0.37
5 14.93
5 3.15
5 132.10
39,173.07

∆T ∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
 (˚C) (kkal)
x 6.38
x 179.99
x 105.59
x 56.54
x 104,235.54
x 1.07
x 0.01
x 25.31
x 0.46
x 0.15
x 367.48
x 15,409.31
120,387.84

∆H masuk
4,823,214.78

<Aliran 14> + Q loss + ∆H <Aliran 15>

+ 241,160.74 + 120,387.84

∆T ∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(˚C) (kkal)
29 18,416.16
29 519,177.31
29 304,584.92
29 163,080.08
29 55,567.48
29 3,097.87
29 35.29
29 73,004.54
29 10.84
29 434.97
29 91.79
29 3,848.93
1,141,350.17
 ∆T ∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(˚C) (kkal)
29 180.17
29 4,233.64
29 2,485.79
29 1,325.65
29 2,987,921.91
29 25.29
29 0.35
29 700.93
29 10.74
29 4.33
29 10,552.75
29 433,262.33
3,440,703.87

∆H keluar (kkal)
H bahan keluar 3,440,703.87
H cake 1,141,350.17
Qloss 241,160.74
Total 4,823,214.78
Sirup glukosa
˚C
 HEATER (E-314)
fungsi = memanaskan sirup glukosa agar sesuai dengan suhu optimum karbon aktif

Steam
140 ˚C

<15>
HEATER
Sirup Glukosa
53.7 ˚C Kondensat
140 ˚C

1. ENTALPI MASUK
merupakan energi sirup glukosa keluar RVF T= 53.7 ˚C
∆H feed = 3,440,703.87

2. MENGHITUNG KEBUTUHAN STEAM (DIGUNAKAN SATURATED STEAM) :

kondisi : P = 316.3 kPa
T = 140 ˚C
Steam Liquid
140 ˚C Mxl

Liquid

Q Steam = ∆H laten + ∆H sensibel

∆H laten = Mxl
= 512.61
(data l didapat dari Geankoplis edisi ketiga, A.2-9 hal 858)
∆H sensibel = M x Cp x ∆T
= Mx 1.0180 x
= 117.07 M kkal

Q steam = 512.61 M +
= 629.68 M kkal
Sehingga :
ΔH masuk = ΔH glukosa + ΔH steam
ΔH masuk = 3,440,703.87 + 629.682 M

3. ENTALPI KELUAR
merupakan aliran keluar dari pemanas, T = 60 ˚C
 Massa Cp ∆T
komponen
(Kg) (kkal/kg˚C) (˚C)
Pati 18.31 0.35 35
Protein 2.50 72.07 35
Lemak 1.50 70.47 35
Abu 1.50 37.73 35
Air 104,225.12 1.00 35
CaCl2 0.20 5.38 35
α-amilase 0.02 0.50 35
Dekstrin 0.52 48.59 35
HCl 0.07 6.47 35
AMG 0.30 0.50 35
Maltosa 1,148.37 0.32 35
Glukosa 44,535.57 0.35 35
Total 149,933.98

∆H keluar (steam yang berubah menjadi air), T= 140

∆H air = M x Cp x ∆T
= Mx 1.0180 x
= 117.07 M
Asumsi : Q loss = 5% ∆H keluar (total)
∆H keluar(total) = ∆H air + ∆H sirup glukosa + Q loss
∆H air + ∆H sirup glukosa = 117.07 M

Maka jumlah ∆H keluar dapat dihitung dengan :

∆H keluar = ∆H air + ∆H glukosa
95%
∆H keluar = 117.07 M + 4,213,574.32
95%
∆H keluar = 123.2316 M + 4,435,341.39

Neraca Energi :
∆H masuk = ∆H keluar + Q loss
Dimana : ∆H masuk = 3,440,703.87 + 629.68
∆H keluar total = 4,435,341.39 + 123.2316
Sehingga didapatkan nilai M yang merupakan massa steam pada Heater
M = 1963.94 kg
∆H masuk (total) = ∆H sirup glukosa + Q steam masuk
Q steam = ∆H laten + ∆H sensibel
Q steam = 512.61 M +
Q steam = 629.68 M
Q steam = 1,236,656.61 kkal
∆H masuk (total) = ∆H sirup glukosa + Q steam masuk
∆H masuk (total) = 3,440,703.87 + 1,236,656.61
∆H masuk (total) = 4,677,360.48 kkal
∆H keluar (total) = ∆H air + ∆H sirup glukosa + Q loss
117.07 M = 229,918.14 kkal
∆H air = 5% x (∆H keluar total)
Q loss = 5% x (∆H air + ∆H sirup glukosa + Q loss)
Q loss = 5% x (∆H air + ∆H sirup glukosa) + (5% x Q loss)
Q loss = 5% x 229,918.14
95% x Q loss = 222,174.62 kkal
Q loss = 233,868.02 kkal
∆H keluar (total) = ∆H air + ∆H sirup glukosa + Q loss
∆H keluar (total) = 229,918.14 + 4,213,574.32
∆H keluar (total) = 4,677,360.48 kkal

∆H masuk (kkal) ∆H keluar (kkal)

H bahan masuk 3,440,703.87 H bahan keluar
Q steam 1,236,656.61 ∆H air
Q loss
Total 4,677,360.48 Total
 Q loss

<16>
Sirup Glukosa
60 ˚C

STEAM) :

140 ˚C
T (oC) P (kPa)
M x Cp x DT
140 316.3

106 C

115

117.07 M
∆H = M x Cp x ∆T
(kkal)
223.46
6,299.66
3,695.81
1,978.80
3,648,244.05
37.59
0.43
885.83
15.96
5.28
12,861.74
539,325.70
4,213,574.32

˚C

115

+ 4,213,574.32

M
M

117.07 M
 + 4,213,574.32

+ 233,868.02

keluar (kkal)
4,213,574.32
229,918.14
233,868.02
4,677,360.48
 kJ/kg kkal/kgoC
hL HV hL HV l
589.13 2733.9 140.8054 653.4178 512.612332695985

1 kJ = 0.239006 kkal
 EVAPORATOR 1
Fungsi = Memekatkan sirup glukosa sampai 50% bahan kering

Neraca Energi Overall:

Sirup Glukosa :
F= 126,921.11 <16>
TF = 60.00 ˚C
xF = 0.36

Saturated steam
361.30 kPa
140.00 ˚C

STEP 1
Persamaan yang digunakan untuk estimas kenaikan titik didih sirup glukosa:
BPR (˚C) = 1,78 x + 6,22 x^2
Dimana : x = Fraksi berat gula dalam larutan

Menghitung kenaikan titik didih

BPR (˚C) = 1.78
BPR (˚C) = 1,78*0,5+6,22*(0,5^2)
Ditetapkan tekanan dalam evaporator efek dua

Dari steam table :

P= 21.33 kPa, maka T =
Sehingga : T2 =
T2 =

STEP 2
xF = Bahan kering masuk
total bahan masuk
= 45,596.50
126,921.11
= 0.36

F = L2
F *xF = L2*xL
45,596.50 = 0,48 L2
L2 = 94,992.71
 Jumlah H2O yang diuapkan (asumsi (V1=V2) :
(V1+V2) = F - L2
= 31,928.40

Banyaknya uap masing-masing effect sama,

maka V1=V2 = 15,964.20

Total material balance pada tiap effect

effect1
F = L1
126,921.11 = L1
L1 = 110,956.91
effect2
L1 = L2
110,956.91 = L2
L2 = 94,992.71
kg

Solid balance pada effect 1 dan effect 2 untuk menghitung x

effect 1
F = L1
45,596.50 = 110,956.91
X1 = 0.41
effect 2
L1 = L2
45,596.50 = 94,992.71
X2 = 0.48

STEP 3
Menghitung BPR larutan glukosa pada tiap effect :
Rumus perhitungan : 1.78x + 6.22x2

BPR1 = 1.78 X1 + 6.22 (X1)2

= 0.73
= 1.78

BPR2 = 1.78 X2 + 6.22 (X2)2

= 0.85
= 2.29

∑ ΔT available =
=
 =
U1 = 2,700.00 W/m2K
U2 = 2,000.00 W/m2K

Jadi, ΔT1 =

=
=

ΔT2 =

=
=

Perhitungan ABP (actual boiling point) pd tiap effect :

effect 1
T1 = Ts1 -ΔT1
= 140.00
= 108.27
effect 2
T2 = T1 - BPR1 - ΔT2
= 108.27
= 63.65
Ts2 = T1 - BPR1
= 108.27
= 106.49

Temperatur pada kedua effect :

effect 1
Ts1 = 140.00 C
T1 = 108.27 C

STEP 4
Perhitungan heat capacity
cp = 4.19 - 2.35 x
F: cp =
=
L1 : cp =
=
L2 : cp =
=

Perhitungan enthalpy H di tiap effect :

effect 1
Ts2 sat P uap (kPa) hL
106.49 125.31 106.21

H1 = Hs2 (enthalpy saturated pada Ts2) + 1,884 x BPR1

= 641.81
= 645.17

λs1 = Hs1(vapor saturation enthalpy) - hs1 (liquid enthalpy a

= 2,733.90
= 2,144.77
= 512.61

effect 2
Ts3 sat P uap (kPa) hL
104.20 116.93 104.19

H2 = Hs3 (enthalpy saturated pada Ts3) + 1,884 x BPR2

= 642.92
= 647.23

λs2 = H1
= 645.17
= 538.96

Suhu larutan yang masuk

Neraca panas :
V1 = F
V2 = L1

1). F Cp (ΔTf) + S λs1 = L1 Cp (ΔT1) + V1 H1

126,921.11 x
6,089,593.57
 2). L1 Cp (ΔT1) + V1 λs2 = L2 Cp (ΔT) + V2 H2
L1 0.77
83.44

Dengan cara subtitusi, diperoleh :

= 512.61 S
= 512.61 S
=
=

L1) L1 =
L2 =
V1 =
V2 =
S =

STEP 5
Nilai q dan area (A) pada tiap effect :
q1 = S λs1
= 23,188.18
3,600.00
= 6.44

q2 = V1 λs2
= 13,149.20
3,600.00
= 3.65

A1 = q1
U1 x ΔT1
= 3,471,523.96
2,700.00
= 3,471,523.96
2,731.73
= 1,270.82

A2 = q2
U2 x ΔT2
 = 1,968,579.19
2,000.00
= 1,968,579.19
2,042.83
= 963.65

Nilai rata-rata area Am =

steam economy = V1+V2
S
= 31,928.40
23,188.18
= 1.38

Neraca masssa masuk Neraca massa keluar

komponen Komponen
ke kondensor
air 81324.606 Uap air (V1)
glukosa 44451.486 Uap air (V2)
maltosa 1145.013 Total
ke T. Penampung
air
glukosa
maltosa

Total

Total 126921.105 Total

Panas bahan masuk =

=
=

Q yang di supply steam =

=
=

Panas bahan keluar =

=
=

Panas uap V1 =
 =
=
=

Panas uap V2 =
=

H feed + Q suuply = H keluar + H vapor 2 + Q loss

6,089,593.57 + Q supply
0.95 Q supply
Q supply

Q suuply = mxλ
11,042,083.76 = m
m = 21,540.81

Neraca panas di Evaporator (overall)

Panas masuk Panas keluar
H bahan masuk 6,089,593.57 HL2
Q supply 11042083.761 H vapor 2
Q loss
17131677.336

Neraca panas masuk

e
Q supply
H bahan
Total
e
H bahan
H vapour
Total
 <17>

sirup glukosa:

gula dalam larutan

(Geankoplis edisi ketiga,hal 506)

x + 6.22
=
=
=
=

61.37 ˚C
T + BPR
61.37 + 2.45

Bahan kering masuk

total bahan masuk

+ (V1+V2)
+ (V1+V2)

kg
kg

kg

+ V1
+ 15,964.20
kg

+ V2
+ 15,964.20

x X1
x X1

x X2
x X2

X1^2 0.17

+ 1.05
C
X2^2 0.23

+ 1.43
C

TS1 - T2 (saturated) - (BPR1 + BPR2)

140 - 61.37
74.56 C

∑ΔT x 1/U1
1/U1 + 1/U2
74.56 x 0.00037
0.00037
74.56 x 0.00037
0.00087
74.56 x 0.43
31.73 C

∑ΔT x 1/U2
1/U1 + 1/U2
74.56 x 0.00050
0.00037
74.56 x 0.00050
0.00087
74.56 x 0.57
42.83 C

- 31.73
C

- 1.78 -
C

- 1.78

effect 2
Ts2 = 106.49
T2 = 63.65
 4.19 - 2.35 xF
3.35 kJ/kgK =
4.19 - 2.35 x1
3.22 kJ/kgK =
4.19 - 2.35 x2
3.06 kJ/kgK =

hV (kkal/kg) λ (kkal/kg)
641.81 535.60

y saturated pada Ts2) + 1,884 x BPR1

+ 3.36

turation enthalpy) - hs1 (liquid enthalpy at Ts1)

- 589.13
kj/kg
kkal/kg

hV (kkal/kg) λ (kkal/kg)
642.92 533.68

y saturated pada Ts3) + 1,884 x BPR2

+ 4.31

- hS2
- 106.21

- L1
- 94,992.71

0.80 x 60.00

6,089,593.57
 512.61

T) + V2 H2
x 108.27 +
L1 + 68,405,309.31
-455.52 L1 +

+ 561.73 L1
+ 63,909,378.14
512.61 S
S

113,771.90 Kg
94,992.71 Kg
13,149.20 Kg
18,779.20 Kg
23,188.18 Kg

x 538.96 x
W
x 538.96 x

x 538.96 x
W
x 538.96 x

3,471,523.96
+ 31.73

m2
 1,968,579.19
+ 42.83

m2

m2,sudah
1,117.23 mendekati nilai A1 dan A2 sehingga tidak perlu trial

13149.203
18779.196
31928.399

49396.207
44451.486
1145.013

94992.706

126921.105

F Cp (ΔT)
126,921.11 x 0.80
6,089,593.57 kkal

S λs1
23,188.18 x 512.61
11,886,548.11 kkal

L2 Cp (ΔT)
94,992.71 x 0.73
4,425,198.54 kkal

V1 x (H1-V1) x λs2
 13,149.20 x (645,17-13149,20)
8,483,453.61 - 7,086,885.07
1,396,568.54 kkal

V2 x H2
12,154,374.61 kkal

= 16,579,573.15 +
= 10,489,979.57
= 11,042,083.76 kkal

x 512.61
kg

(overall)

4,425,198.54
12154374.610
552104.188051259
17131677.336

Perhitungan Neraca Panas per effect

Neraca panas keluar

effect 1
11886548.109 H bahan 9,492,688.07
6,089,593.57 H vapour 8483453.609
17976141.683 Total 17976141.683
effect 2
9,492,688.07 H bahan 4,425,198.54
7086885.073 H vapour 12154374.610
16579573.148 Total 16579573.148
V= 31,928.40 kg Tekanan pada efek
Tv

Sirup Glukosa
L= 94,992.71
xL = 0.50

x^2
2.45
60.00 cmHg vakum
160.00 mmHg
21.33 kPa

= 63.81 ˚C
- 4.07
0.00037
+ 0.00050

0.00050
+ 0.00050
105.00
110.00

5 =
1
5x -

5 =
1
5x -
42.83
hL

5 =
1
5x -

Condensor hV
Ts3 = 104.20
5 =
1
5x -

λ
0.80 kkal/kg C

0.77 kkal/kg C 100.00

105.00
0.73 kkal/kg C
5 =
4
5x -

5 =
4
5x -

hL

5 =
4
5x -

hV

5 =
4
5x -

+ S 512.61 = L1
+ S 512.61 = L1
+ 512.61 S =
 S + 561.73 L1 =

126,921.11 - L1 x 538.96
- 538.96 L1 = 4,425,198.54
68,405,309.31 = -57,056,503.03
125,461,812.34 = 1,102.75
L1 = 113,771.90

= 75,795,926.25
= 75,795,926.25
= 11,886,548.11
= 23,188.18

1,000.00 = 12,497,486.24 (tanpa konversi)

1,000.00 = 3,471,523.96

1,000.00 = 7,086,885.07 (tanpa konversi)

1,000.00 = 1,968,579.19
x 60.00

x 63.65
 x 538.96

0,05* Q supply
Tekanan pada efek kedua : P2 = 21.33 kPa
Ts2= 61.37

kJ/kg kkal/kgoC
T (oC) P (kPa) hL HV hL
140.00 316.30 589.13 2,733.90 140.81

1.00

kJ/kg
T (oC) P (kPa) hL
60.00 19.94 251.13
61.37 21.33 256.85
65.00 25.03 272.06
 120.82 440.15 2,683.80 2,243.65
143.27 461.30 2,691.50 2,230.20

22.45
x-120,82
604.10 = 22.45
5x = 626.55
x = 125.31 kPa

21.15
x-440,15
2,200.75 = 21.15
5x = 2,221.90
x = 444.38 = 106.21

7.70
x-2683,80
13,419.00 = 7.70
5x = 13,426.70
x = 2,685.34 = 641.81

-13.45
x-2243,65
11,218.25 = -13.45
5x = 11,204.80
x = 2,240.96 = 535.60
 101.35 419.04 2,676.10 2,257.06
120.82 440.15 2,683.80 2,243.65

19.47
x-120,82
506.75 = 77.88
5x = 584.63
x = 116.93

21.11
x-419,04
2,095.20 = 84.44
5x = 2,179.64
x = 435.93 = 104.19

7.70
x-2683,80
13,419.00 = 30.80
5x = 13,449.80
x = 2,689.96 = 642.92

-13.41
x-2243,65
11,218.25 = -53.64
5x = 11,164.61
x = 2,232.92 = 533.68

x 0.77 x 108.27 +
x 83.44 +
-561.73 L1 + 81,885,519.82
75,795,926.25

= 94,992.71 x 0.73 x
+ 647.23 L1 - 61,481,701.56
+ 647.23 L1
L1
kg
 λ =

kkal/kgoC
HV l
653.42 512.61

1.00 kkal = 4.18 kJ

kkal = 4.18 kJ

kJ/kg kkal/kgoC
hL HV hL HV
251.13 2,609.60 60.02 623.71
256.85 2,611.98 61.39 624.28
272.06 2,618.30 65.02 625.79
 5 = 22.45
-1 x-120,82
5x - 604.10 = -22.45
5x = 581.65
p x = 116.33

5 = 21.15
-1 x-440,15
5x - 2,200.75 = -21.15
5x = 2,179.60
kkal hL x = 435.92

5 = 7.70
-1 x-2683,80
5x - 13,419.00 = -7.70
5x = 13,411.30
kkal hV x = 2,682.26

5 = -13.45
-1 x-2243,65
5x - 11,218.25 = 13.45
5x = 11,231.70
kkal λ x = 2,246.34
 kkal

kkal

kkal

126,921.11 - L1 x 645.17
81,885,519.82 - 645.17 L1
63.65 + L1 - L2 647.23
 l
563.69
562.89
560.76
kPa

kPa = 104.19 kkal

kPa = 641.08

kPa = 536.89
 BAROMETRIK KONDENSOR 1
Mengkondensasikan
Fungsi : uap dari evaporator

Q loss

<17>
Dari Evaporator
BARO
63.65 C

Digunakan counterflow pada Barometric Condensor

# Aliran masuk
tv = 63.65 C
V2 = 18,779.20 kg
λ = 1418.50168756027 kkal/kg
cp = 0.999315613558192 kkal/kg

H laten = Mxλ
= 18,779.20 x
= 26,638,321.52 kkal

H sensibel = M x cp x ΔT
= 18,779.20 x
= 725403.307865966 kkal

H vapor = H laten +
= 26,638,321.52 +
= 27,363,724.83 kkal

Perhitungan kebutuhan air pendingin dihitung dgn persamaan :

w = 607 + (0.3 tv)-t2
t2-t1
Hugot, persamaan 40.5
Dimana,
tv = Suhu uap air masuk ( C )
t1 = Suhu air pendingin masuk ( C )
t2 = Suhu air pendingin keluar ( C )
Air pendingin yang dibutuhkan :
Untuk menghitung suhu ai pendingin keluar, digunakan persamaan :
tv-t2 = (0.1 + 0.02*a)*(tv-t1)

Dimana,
a = perbandingan udara dalam uap (% berat)
Dari tabel 40.16, Hugot, a = 5-6 gram per 1000 uap yang terkondensasi.
Ditetapkan :
a = 5.5 g/1000 g uap terkondensasi
Sehingga a (dalam % berat) :
a = 5.5 x
1000
= 0.0055 x
= 0.0055 =

Sehingga,
tv-t2 = (0.1 + 0.02*a)*(tv-t1)
= 63.65 - t2
= 63.65 - t2

63.28 C

w = 607 +

= 607 +

= 562.81
33.28
W = 16.91 kg air pendingin / kg uap terkondensas

Asumsi : uap terkondensasi 95 %

Uap terkondensasi: 0.95 x
0.95 x
17840.24 kkal

Air pendingin yang dibutuhkan : Uap terkondensasi *w

301664.911741802

Cp air pada suhu 30C 0.9987

H air pendingin : m x Cp x ΔT
= 301664.911741802 x
= 1506363.73678269 kkal

H masuk total : H vapour + H air pendingin

= 27,363,724.83 +
= 28,870,088.57 kkal

# Aliran Keluar
massa steam menuju Steam Jet Ejector =
=
=

H laten : Mxλ
= 938.96 x 1418.50168756027
= 1331916.08 kkal

H sensibel : m x Cp x ΔT
= 938.96 x 0.999315613558192
= 36270.17 kkal

H vapor total keluar barometric condensor :

H total = H laten + H sensibel
= 1331916.08 + 36270.17
= 1368186.24 kkal

Q loss = 5% dari H Vapour masuk

= 1368186.24148576 kkal

Aliran ke hot well (massa kondensat) :

massa kondensat : m vapor masuk + m air pendingin - m ke jet eje
= 18,779.20 +
= 319,505.15 kg

H kondensat : m x Cp x ΔT cp : 1.0009

319,792.70 (T-25)

Neraca Energi :
H masuk = H keluar
 28,870,088.57 = H ke jet ejector +
= 1368186.24148576 +
= 1368186.24148576 +
27,501,902.33 = 319,792.70 (T-25)
85.9991553465614 = T-25
110.999 =

Sehingga H kondensat = m x Cp x ΔT
= 319,792.70
= 27501902.3250121

∆ H masuk (kkal) ∆ H keluar (kkal)

H Vapuor 27,363,724.83 H ke steam jector 1368186.24148576
H cooling water 1506363.73678269 H kondensat 27501902.3250121

Total 28870088.57 Total 28870088.57

 Air Pendingin
30 C

BAROMETRIK KONDENSOR 1 Ke steam ejector

63.65 C

Ke hot well
T= 60 C

suhu referensi
(fahrenhet ke celcius)
336.80 F ke C 114.578067790963
146.578067790963

1,418.50

0.9993156135582 x 38.65

H sensibel
725403.30786597

maan 40.5
uap (% berat)
ndensasi.

100%

100%
0.55%

0.02*0.55 0.011 tv-t1

= (0,1 + 0,02 a ) x 33.65
= 0.011 x 33.65
= 0.370199303167
= t2

0.3 tv - t2
t2-t1
19.096344631827 - 63.28
33.28

gin / kg uap terkondensasi

vapour masuk
18,779.20
 0.9987 x 5

1506363.7367827

5% x massa steam masuk

0.05 x 18,779.20
938.96 kg

suhu keluar barometrik = 38.65

x 38.65

dingin - m ke jet ejector

301664.9117418 - 938.96
 + H kondensat
1368186.2414858 + 319,792.70 (T-25)
319,792.70 (T-25)

T-25 = 85.999

kkal
 60 19.94 251.13 2609.6
25 C 65 25.03 272.06 2618.3

5 = 5.09
3 x-19,94
5x - 99.7 =
5x =
P x =

5 = 20.93
3 x-251,13
5x - 1255.65 =
5x =
hL x =

5 = 8.7
3 x-2609,6
5x - 13048 =
5x =
hV x =

5 = -12.23
3 x-2358,47
5x - 11731.2 =
5x =
λ x =
Interpolasi data cp untuk aliran masuk
Geancoplis A.2-11 cp liquid water

150 1
200 1.01
250 1.02
cp = 200 - 150
146.5781 - 150
= 50 0.01
=
-3.42193 x
= -14.6116 = 0.01
x
= 0.01 = -14.6116
= -14.60 = -14.6116
= x = 0.999316
2358.47
2346.24

5 = 5.09
-3 x-19,94
15.27 5x - 99.7 = -15.27
115.0 5x = 84.43
22.994 P x = 16.886

5 = 20.93
-3 x-251,13
62.79 5x - 1255.65 = -62.79
1318.44 5x = 1192.86
263.688 = 63.02294 kkal hL x = 238.572

5 = 8.7
-3 x-2609,6
26.1 5x - 13048 = -26.1
13074.1 5x = 13021.9
2614.82 = 630.3809 kkal hV x = 2604.38

5 = -12.23
-3 x-2358,47
-36.69 5x - 11731.2 = 36.69
11694.51 5x = 11767.89
2338.902 = 563.8626 kkal λ x = 5883.945
 1.01 - 1
=
x - 1
0.01
- 1
0.01
- 1
x - -14.6116
x
= 57.51495 kkal

= 627.864 kkal

= 1418.502 kkal
 STEAM EJECTOR 1
Fungsi : Menurutkan tekanan evaporator
Q loss

Dari Barometrik
STEAM JET EJECTOR 1
63.65 C

H aliran masuk :
# Aliaran masuk dari BC :
H uap air = 1368186.24148576
# Steam
H laten : Mxλ
517.06 M
H sensibel : M x Cp x ΔT
M x
116.0465 M
H steam : H laten +
517.06 M
633.11 M

Menghitung steam yang digunakan :

Kebutuhan air untuk BC :
0.06 * kebutuhan steam
(Ludwig. Hal 208)

Diketahui kebutuhan air di BC :

Sehingga, kebutuhan steam di BC :
= Kebutuhan air di steam
301664.91
Kebutuhan steam
Sehingga H steam

H Vapour masuk total

H aliran keluar
massa aliran menuju hit well (kondesnat)
 M = Massa aliran dari barometrik kondensor + massa
= 301664.91
= 5329413.44

H condensat = M x Cp x ∆ T
= 5377911.10308287

Q loss = 5% dari H Vapour masuk

= 159223733.31

Neraca Energi :
Panas masuk = Panas keluar
3184474666.24 = Q loss + H kondensat
= 159223733.31
3025250932.92 = 5377911.10308287
562.53 = T-25

H kondensat = M x Cp x ∆ T
= 5377911.10308287
= 3025250932.92

∆ H masuk (kkal) ∆ H keluar (kkal)

H masuk steam ejector 1,368,186.24 H kondensat
H steam 3183106479.99 Q loss

Total 3184474666.24 Total

 Saturated Steam

STEAM JET EJECTOR 1

Ke hot well kondesnat

60 C

kkal

1.0091 x 115.00
kkal
H sensibel
+ 116.0465 M
kkal

301664.91 kg

= 0.06 x kebutuhan steam

= 0.06 x kebutuhan steam
= 5027748.53 kg
= 633.11 kg
= 3183106479.99 kkal
= H uap air + H steam
= 1368186.24148576 +
= 3184474666.24
an dari barometrik kondensor + massa steam
+ 5027748.53
kg

(T-25)

Vapour masuk
kkal

+ 5377911.1030829 (T-25)
(T-25)

x 562.53
kkal

∆ H keluar (kkal)
3025250932.92
159223733.31

3184474666.24
 T ref = 25 C

P 316.30 kPa
T 140.00 C
hV 653.42
hL 140.81
λ 517.06

3183106479.99
 COOLER
Fungsi : Menurunkan suhu larutan glukosa dari evaporator
Air pendingin
30 C

Glukosa COOLER Glukosa

63.65 60
Air pendingin
45 C

a. Panas masuk
Suhu masuk cooler =
∆T =
Komponen massa (kg) cp ∆T
Air 49399.88 1.0021 38.65
Glukosa 44451.49 0.346 38.65
Maltosa 1145.01 0.32 38.65

Total 94996.38

b. Panas keluar
Suhu keluar dari cooler =
∆T =
Komponen massa (kg) cp ∆T
Air 49399.88 1.0001 35
Glukosa 44451.49 0.346 35
Maltosa 1145.01 0.32 35

Total 94996.38

H masuk = m x cp x ∆ T
= 2522214.31

H air pendingin masuk = m x cp x ∆ T

H masuk + H air pendingin masuk =
2522214.31 + m x cp x (t1-25) =
2522214.31 =
2522214.31 =
2522214.31 =
241913.83 =
M =
Q serap = H air pendingin keluar -
= m x cp x (t2-t1)
= 241913.83 kkal

∆ H masuk (kkal) ∆ H keluar (kkal)

H masuk 2,522,214.31 H keluar 2280300.48
Q serap 241913.83

Total 2522214.31 Total 2522214.31

C suhu referensi 25 C

63.65 C
38.65 C
H
1913536.93
594514.21
14163.17

2522214.31

60 C
35 C
H
1729168.83
538307.49
12824.15

2280300.48

H keluar = m x cp x ∆ T
= 2280300.48

H air pendingin keluar = m x cp x ∆ T

H keluar + H air pendingin keluar
2280300.48 + m x cp x (t2-25)
2280300.48 + m x cp x (t2-t1)
2280300.48 + m x (45-30)
2280300.48 + 15 M
15 M
16127.59 kg
H air pendingin masuk
 REAKTOR ISOMERISASI

Glukosa
REAKTOR ISOMERISASI
60

Air pendingin
45 C

a. Panas masuk
Suhu keluar cooler =
∆T =

Komponen massa (kg) cp ∆T

Air 49399.88 1.0001 35
Glukosa 44451.49 0.346 35
Maltosa 1145.01 0.32 35
MgSO4.7H2O 95.85 19 35
NaOH 0.01 1 35
Glukoisomerase 94.99 0.5018562071018 35
Total 95187.23

b. panas keluar
Suhu keluar dari reaktor isomerisasi
∆T

Komponen massa (kg) cp ∆T

Air 49399.88 1.0001 35
Glukosa 22225.74 0.346 35
Maltosa 1145.01 0.32 35
MgSO4.7H2O 95.85 19 35
NaOH 0.01 1 35
Glukoisomerase 94.99 0.5018562071018 35
Fruktosa 22225.74 0.52 35
Total 95187.23

Panas reaksi yang terjadi :

1000 C6H12O6 → 1000 C6H12O6
m 123.37
r 51.82
s 71.55
 ∆Hc Fruktosa
∆Hc Glukosa
(Data dari tabel hougen)

∆H25 = ∆Hc produksi - ∆Hc Reaktan

= 15607513.82064 -
= 31215027.64128 kkal

∆H Fruktosa = m x cpx ∆T
= 169893.58 kkal

∆H Glukosa = m x cpx ∆T
= 113044.57 kkal

∆H reaksi = ∆H Produk -
= 169893.58 -
= 31271876.65 kkal/jam
(menunjukkan eksoterm)

H masuk = m x cpx ∆T
= 2345709.52
H air pendingin masuk = m x cpx ∆T

H keluar = m x cpx ∆T
= 2481064.29
H air pendingin keluar = m x cpx ∆T

H reaksi = 31271876.65 kkal

H masuk + H reaksi +
2345709.52 + 31271876.65 +

33617586.16
31136521.87

Qserap = mxcpx(t2-t1)
= mx1(45-30)
= 31136521.872462
 ∆ H masuk (kkal) ∆ H keluar (kkal)
H masuk 2,345,709.52 H keluar 2481064.29
H supply 33060243.60 H reaksi 31271876.65
Q loss 1653012.18

Total 35405953.12 Total 35405953.12

 Air pendingin
30 C
suhu referensi
ISASI
Fruktosa 60 C

Sirup fruktosa mengandung

Glukosa
60 C Maltosa
35 C Fruktosa

H
1729168.83
538307.49
12824.15
63740.18
0.31
1668.54
2345709.52

= 60 C
= 35 C

H
1729168.83
269153.75
12824.15
63740.18
0.31
1668.54
404508.52
2481064.29

massa Glukosa =
BM glukosa =
BM fruktosa =
51.82
51.82
 mf 9334.81
15607513.8206397 mg 9334.81
-15607513.8206397

H masuk =
=
-15607513.8206397 H steam =
=

Note : Karena Q supply = H steam - H konde

Q supply =
=
=
∆H reaktan + ∆H25
113044.57 + 31215027.64128 Menghitung steam yang digunakan :
H masuk +
H steam -
Q supply
H masuk +
2345709.52 +

H air pendingin masuk = H keluar + H air pendingin keluar

mxcpx(t1-25) = 2481064.29 + mxcpx(t2-25)
= + mxcpx(t2-t1)
= + mx1(45-30)
= 2481064.29 + 15 M
= 15 M
M = 2075768.1248308

kkal
 25 C

Sirup fruktosa mengandung :

55%
3%
42%

∆ Hf C6H12O6 = -673000 +
= -673000 +
= 301215.2

∆Hf C6H12O6 = -673000 +

= -673000 +
= 301215.2

22225.74
180.156
180.156
 m x cpx ∆T H keluar = m x cpx ∆T
2345709.52 kkal = 2481064.29
m x cpx ∆T H kondensat = m x cpx ∆T
=

upply = H steam - H kondensat, sehingga Q supply = Mλ

Mxl Q loss = 5% x Q supply
512.61 M = 25.6306166348
33060243.600114 kkal = 1653012.18001

m yang digunakan :
H steam = H keluar + H kondensat +
H kondensat = H keluar - H masuk +
= H keluar - H masuk +
Q supply = H keluar + Q loss +
512.61 M = 2481064.29 + 25.6306166348
-31407231.42 = -486.98 M
M = 64493.66 kg
6x-94051,8 + 12x-34158,7
-564310.8 + -409904.4

6x-94051,8 + 12x-34158,7
-564310.8 + -409904.4
kkal

M
kkal

H reaksi
H reaksi
H reaksi
H reaksi
M + 31271876.65
 HEATER
Fungsi untuk memanaskan sirup fruktosa dari 60C sampai 70C
Steam
T 140

HEATER
Fruktosa
60 C Kondensat
Q loss T

a. Panas masuk
Suhu masuk heater
∆H feed

b. Panas keluar
suhu keluar heater
∆T

Komponen massa (kg) cp ∆T

Air 49399.88 1.000 45
Glukosa 22225.74 0.346 45
Maltosa 1145.01 0.320 45
MgSO4.7H2O 95.85 19.000 45
NaOH 0.01 1.000 45
Glukoisomerase 94.99 0.502 45
Fruktosa 22225.74 0.520 45
Total 95187.23

H masuk = m x cpx ∆T
= 2481064.29 kkal
H steam = m x cpx ∆T + Mλ
=

H keluar = m x cpx ∆T
= 3189939.80 kkal
H kondensat = m x cpx ∆T
=

Note : Karena Q supply = H steam - H kondensat, sehingga Q supply = Mλ

Q supply = Mλ
= 512.61 M
= 746184.749146 kkal

Menghitung steam yang digunakan :

H masuk + H steam =
H steam - H kondensat =
Q supply =
H masuk + Q supply =
2481064.29 + 512.61 M
-708875.51
M

∆ H masuk (kkal) ∆ H keluar (kkal)

H masuk 2,481,064.29 H keluar 3189939.80
H supply 746184.75 Q loss 37309.24

Total 3227249.04 Total 3227249.04

 suhu ref 25 C
C

Fruktosa
70 C

140 C

60 C
2481064.29 kkal

70 C
45 C

H
2223217.07
346054.82
16488.19
81951.66
0.40
2145.27
520082.38
3189939.80
 Q loss = 5% x Q supply
= 25.6306166 M
= 37309.2375 kkal

H keluar + H kondensat
H keluar - H masuk
H keluar - H masuk
H keluar + Q loss
= 3189939.80 + 25.6306166 M
= -486.98 M
= 1455.65118424 kg
 EVAPORATOR 2
Fungsi = Memekatkan sirup fruktosa sampai 72% bahan kering

Neraca Energi Overall:

Sirup Glukosa :
F= 94,019.99
TF = 70.00 ˚C

Saturated steam
361.30 kPa
140.00 ˚C

STEP 1
Persamaan yang digunakan untuk estimas kenaikan titik didih sirup glukosa:
BPR (˚C) = 1,78 x + 6,22 x^2
Dimana : x = Fraksi berat gula dalam larutan

Menghitung kenaikan titik didih

BPR (˚C) = 1.78
BPR (˚C) = 1,78*0,72+6,22*(0,72^2)
Ditetapkan tekanan dalam evaporator efek dua

Dari steam table :

P= 21.33 kPa, maka T =
Sehingga : T2 =
T2 =

STEP 2
xF = Bahan kering masuk
total bahan masuk
= 45,140.53
94,019.99
= 0.48

F = L2
F *xF = L2*xL
45,140.53 = 0,72 L2
L2 = 62,695.19
 Jumlah H2O yang diuapkan (asumsi (V1=V2) :
(V1+V2) = F - L2
= 31,324.80

Banyaknya uap masing-masing effect sama,

maka V1=V2 = 15,662.40

Total material balance pada tiap effect

effect1
F = L1
94,019.99 = L1
L1 = 78,357.59
effect2
L1 = L2
78,357.59 = L2
L2 = 62,695.19

Solid balance pada effect 1 dan effect 2 untuk menghitung x

effect 1
F = L1
45,140.53 = 78,357.59
X1 = 0.58
effect 2
L1 = L2
45,140.53 = 62,695.19
X2 = 0.72

STEP 3
Menghitung BPR larutan glukosa pada tiap effect :
Rumus perhitungan : 1.78x + 6.22x2

BPR1 = 1.78 X1 + 6.22 (X1)2

= 1.03
= 3.09

BPR2 = 1.78 X2 + 6.22 (X2)2

= 1.28
= 4.51

∑ ΔT available =
=
 =
U1 = 2,700.00 W/m2K
U2 = 1,200.00 W/m2K

Jadi, ΔT1 =

=
=

ΔT2 =

=
=

Perhitungan ABP (actual boiling point) pd tiap effect :

effect 1
T1 = Ts1 -ΔT1
= 140.00
= 118.14
effect 2
T2 = T1 - BPR1 - ΔT2
= 118.14
= 65.87
Ts2 = T1 - BPR1
= 118.14
= 115.05

Temperatur pada kedua effect :

effect 1
Ts1 = 140.00 C
T1 = 118.14 C

STEP 4
Perhitungan heat capacity
cp = 4.19 - 2.35 x
F: cp =
=
L1 : cp =
=
L2 : cp =
=

Perhitungan enthalpy H di tiap effect :

effect 1
Ts2 sat P uap (kPa) hL
115.05 169.06 482.48

H1 = Hs2 (enthalpy saturated pada Ts2) + 1,884 x BPR1

= 2,699.00
= 2,704.82

λs1 = Hs1(vapor saturation enthalpy) - hs1 (liquid enthalpy at

= 2,733.90
= 2,144.77
= 512.61

effect 2
Ts3 sat P uap (kPa) hL
110.55 143.27 461.30

H2 = Hs3 (enthalpy saturated pada Ts3) + 1,884 x BPR2

= 2,691.50
= 2,699.99

λs2 = H1
= 2,704.82
= 2,222.34

Suhu larutan yang masuk

Neraca panas :
V1 = F
V2 = L1

1). F Cp (ΔTf) + S λs1 = L1 Cp (ΔT1) + V1 H1

94,019.99 x
4,816,071.88
 2). L1 Cp (ΔT1) + V1 λs2 = L2 Cp (ΔT) + V2 H2
L1 0.68
80.09

Dengan cara subtitusi, diperoleh :

= 512.61 S
= 512.61 S
=
=

L1) L1 =
L2 =
V1 =
V2 =
S =

STEP 5
Nilai q dan area (A) pada tiap effect :
q1 = S λs1
= 89,372.33
3,600.00
= 24.83

q2 = V1 λs2
= 16,420.64
3,600.00
= 4.56

A1 = q1
U1 x ΔT1
= 55,171,052.09
2,700.00
= 55,171,052.09
2,721.86
= 20,269.63

A2 = q2
U2 x ΔT2
 = 10,136,737.38
1,200.00
= 10,136,737.38
1,249.18
= 8,114.72

Nilai rata-rata area Am =

steam economy = V1+V2
S
= 31,324.80
89,372.33
= 0.35

Neraca masssa masuk Neraca massa keluar

komponen Komponen
ke kondensor
air 81324.606 Uap air (V1)
glukosa 44451.486 Uap air (V2)
maltosa 1145.013 Total
ke T. Penampung
air
glukosa
maltosa

Total

Total 126921.105 Total

Panas bahan masuk =

=
=

Q yang di supply steam =

=
=

Panas bahan keluar =

=
=

Panas uap V1 =
 =
=
=

Panas uap V2 =
=

H feed + Q suuply = H keluar + H vapor 2 + Q loss

4,816,071.88 + Q supply
0.95 Q supply
Q supply

Q suuply = mxλ
39,884,978.13 = m
m = 77,807.29

Neraca panas di Evaporator (overall)

Panas masuk Panas keluar
H bahan masuk 4,816,071.88 HL2
Q supply 39884978.131 H vapor 2
Q loss
44701050.006

Neraca panas masuk

eff
Q supply
H bahan
Total
eff
H bahan
H vapour
Total
h sirup glukosa:

gula dalam larutan

(Geankoplis edisi ketiga,hal 506)

x + 6.22
22*(0,72^2) =
=
=
=

61.37 ˚C
T + BPR
61.37 + 4.51

Bahan kering masuk

total bahan masuk

+ (V1+V2)
+ (V1+V2)

kg
kg

kg

+ V1
+ 15,662.40
kg

+ V2
+ 15,662.40
kg

x X1
x X1

x X2
x X2

X1^2 0.33

+ 2.06
C
X2^2 0.52

+ 3.22
C

TS1 - T2 (saturated) - (BPR1 + BPR2)

140 - 61.37
 71.04 C

∑ΔT x 1/U1
1/U1 + 1/U2
71.04 x 0.00037
0.00037
71.04 x 0.00037
0.00120
71.04 x 0.31
21.86 C

∑ΔT x 1/U2
1/U1 + 1/U2
71.04 x 0.00083
0.00037
71.04 x 0.00083
0.00120
71.04 x 0.69
49.18 C

- 21.86
C

- 3.09 -
C

- 3.09
C

effect 2
Ts2 = 115.05
T2 = 65.87
 4.19 - 2.35 xF
3.06 kJ/kgK =
4.19 - 2.35 x1
2.84 kJ/kgK =
4.19 - 2.35 x2
2.50 kJ/kgK =

hV (kkal/kg) λ (kkal/kg)
2,699.00 2,216.52

y saturated pada Ts2) + 1,884 x BPR1

+ 5.82

turation enthalpy) - hs1 (liquid enthalpy at Ts1)

- 589.13
kj/kg
kkal/kg

hV (kkal/kg) λ (kkal/kg)
2,691.50 2,230.20

y saturated pada Ts3) + 1,884 x BPR2

+ 8.49

- hS2
- 482.48

- L1
- 62,695.19

0.73 x 70.00

4,816,071.88
 512.61

T) + V2 H2
x 118.14 +
L1 + 208,944,470.12
-2,142.26 L1 +

+ 2,624.74 L1
+ 203,677,803.93
512.61 S
S

77,599.35 Kg
62,695.19 Kg
16,420.64 Kg
14,904.16 Kg
89,372.33 Kg

x 2,222.34 x
W
x 2,222.34 x

x 2,222.34 x
W
x 2,222.34 x

55,171,052.09
+ 21.86

m2
 10,136,737.38
+ 49.18

m2

m2,sudah
14,192.17mendekati nilai A1 dan A2 sehingga tidak perlu trial

16420.637
14904.165
31324.802

49999.804
44451.486
1145.013

95596.303

126921.105

F Cp (ΔT)
94,019.99 x 0.73
4,816,071.88 kkal

S λs1
89,372.33 x 512.61
45,813,358.28 kkal

L2 Cp (ΔT)
62,695.19 x 0.60
2,465,713.85 kkal

V1 x (H1-V1) x λs2
 16,420.64 x (645,17-13149,20)
44,414,883.61 - 36,492,254.56
7,922,629.06 kkal

V2 x H2
40,241,087.25 kkal

= 42,706,801.10 +
= 37,890,729.22
= 39,884,978.13 kkal

x 512.61
kg

(overall)

2,465,713.85
40241087.250
1994248.90655809
44701050.006

Perhitungan Neraca Panas per effect

Neraca panas keluar

effect 1
45813358.280 H bahan 6,214,546.54
4,816,071.88 H vapour 44414883.614
50629430.155 Total 50629430.155
effect 2
6,214,546.54 H bahan 2,465,713.85
36492254.559 H vapour 40241087.250
42706801.100 Total 42706801.100
V= 30,441.77 kg
Tv

Sirup Glukosa
L= 63,578.22
xL = 0.72

x^2
4.51
60.00 cmHg vakum
160.00 mmHg
21.33 kPa

= 65.87 ˚C
- 7.60
0.00037
+ 0.00083

0.00083
+ 0.00083

49.18

Condensor
Ts3 = 110.55
0.73 kkal/kg C

0.68 kkal/kg C

0.60 kkal/kg C

+ S 512.61 =
+ S 512.61 =
+ 512.61 S =
 S + 2,624.74 L1

94,019.99 - L1 x
- 2,222.34 L1 =
208,944,470.12 =
375,755,093.93 =
L1 =

= 249,491,162.21
= 249,491,162.21
= 45,813,358.28
= 89,372.33

1,000.00 = 198,615,787.52 (tanpa konversi)

1,000.00 = 55,171,052.09

1,000.00 = 36,492,254.56 (tanpa konversi)

1,000.00 = 10,136,737.38
x 70.00

x 65.87
 x 2,222.34

0,05* Q supply
Tekanan pada efek kedua : P2 =
Ts2=

kJ/kg
T (oC) P (kPa) hL
140.00 316.30 589.13

T (oC) P (kPa)
60.00 19.94
61.37 21.33
65.00 25.03
115.00 169.06 482.48 2,699.00
120.00 198.53 503.71 2,706.30
 110.00 143.27 461.30 2,691.50
115.00 169.06 482.48 2,699.00

L1 x 0.68 x
L1 x 80.09
-2,624.74 L1 +
 = 249,491,162.21

2,222.34 = 62,695.19 x
2,465,713.85 + 2,699.99 L1
-166,810,623.81 + 2,699.99 L1
4,842.25 L1
77,599.35 kg

anpa konversi)

anpa konversi)
 21.33 kPa
61.37

kJ/kg kkal/kgoC
HV hL HV l
2,733.90 140.81 653.42 512.61

1.00 kkal =

1.00 kkal = 4.18

kJ/kg
P (kPa) hL HV
19.94 251.13 2,609.60
21.33 256.85 2,611.98
25.03 272.06 2,618.30
2,216.52
2,202.59
 2,230.20
2,216.52

118.14 + 94,019.99 - L1
+ 254,307,234.08 - 2,704.82
254,307,234.08
0.60 x 65.87 + L1
- 169,276,337.66
 λ =

4.18 kJ

kJ

kkal/kgoC
hL HV l
60.02 623.71 563.69
61.39 624.28 562.89
65.02 625.79 560.76
 x 2,704.82
L1
- L2 2,699.99
 BAROMETRIK KONDENSOR 1
Fungsi : Mengkondensasikan uap dari evaporator

Q loss

<17>
Dari Evaporator
BAR
65.87 C

Digunakan counterflow pada Barometric Condensor

# Aliran masuk
tv = 65.87 C
V2 = 14,904.16 kg
λ = 2346.24 kkal/kg
cp = 1 kkal/kg

H laten = Mxλ
= 14,904.16 x
= 34,968,747.93 kkal

H sensibel = M x cp x ΔT
= 14,904.16 x
= 609178.56083776 kkal

H vapor = H laten +
= 34,968,747.93 +
= 35,577,926.49 kkal

Perhitungan kebutuhan air pendingin dihitung dgn persamaan :

w = 607 + (0.3 tv)-t2
t2-t1
Hugot, persamaan 40.5
Dimana,
tv = Suhu uap air masuk ( C )
t1 = Suhu air pendingin masuk ( C )
t2 = Suhu air pendingin keluar ( C )

Air pendingin yang dibutuhkan :

Untuk menghitung suhu ai pendingin keluar, digunakan persamaan :
tv-t2 = (0.1 + 0.02*a)*(tv-t1)

Dimana,
a = perbandingan udara dalam uap (% berat)
Dari tabel 40.16, Hugot, a = 5-6 gram per 1000 uap yang terkondensasi.
Ditetapkan :
a = 5.5 g/1000 g uap terkondensasi
Sehingga a (dalam % berat) :
a = 5.5 x
1000
= 0.0055 x
= 0.0055 =

Sehingga,
tv-t2 = (0.1 + 0.02*a)*(tv-t1)
= 65.87 - t2
= 65.87 - t2

65.48 C

w = 607 +

= 607 +

= 561.28
35.48
W = 15.82 kg air pendingin / kg uap terkondensas

Asumsi : uap terkondensasi 95 %

Uap terkondensasi: 0.95 x
0.95 x
14158.96 kkal

Air pendingin yang dibutuhkan : Uap terkondensasi *w

224000.51131432

Cp air pada suhu 30C 0.9987

H air pendingin : m x Cp x ΔT
= 224000.51131432 x
= 1118546.55324806 kkal

H masuk total : H vapour + H air pendingin

 = 35,577,926.49 +
= 36,696,473.05 kkal

# Aliran Keluar
massa steam menuju Steam Jet Ejector =
=
=

H laten : Mxλ
= 745.21 x 2346.24
= 1748437.40 kkal

H sensibel : m x Cp x ΔT
= 745.21 x 1
= 30458.93 kkal

H vapor total keluar barometric condensor :

H total = H laten + H sensibel
= 1748437.40 + 30458.93
= 1778896.32 kkal

Q loss = 5% dari H Vapour masuk

= 1778896.32459062 kkal

Aliran ke hot well (massa kondensat) :

massa kondensat : m vapor masuk + m air pendingin - m ke jet ejector
= 14,904.16 +
= 238,159.47 kg

H kondensat : m x Cp x ΔT cp : 1.0009

238,373.81 (T-25)

Neraca Energi :
H masuk = H keluar
36,696,473.05 = H ke jet ejector +
= 1778896.32459062 +
= 1778896.32459062 +
34,917,576.72 = 238,373.81 (T-25)
146.48243654631 = T-25
171.482 =

Sehingga H kondensat = m x Cp x ΔT
 = 238,373.81
= 34917576.7204698

∆ H masuk (kkal) ∆ H keluar (kkal)

H Vapuor 35,577,926.49 H ke steam jector 1778896.32459062
H cooling water 1118546.55324806 H kondensat 34917576.7204698

Total 36696473.05 Total 36696473.05

 Air Pendingin
30 C

BAROMETRIK KONDENSOR 1 Ke steam ejector

65.87 C

Ke hot well
T= 60 C

suhu referensi
(fahrenhet ke celcius)
339.02 F ke C 118.571475790963
150.571475790963

2,346.24

1 x 40.87

H sensibel
609178.56083776

maan 40.5
 100%

100%
0.55%

0.02*0.55 0.011 tv-t1

= (0,1 + 0,02 a ) x 35.87
= 0.011 x 35.87
= 0.394603463167
= t2

0.3 tv - t2
t2-t1
19.761912631827 - 65.48
35.48

gin / kg uap terkondensasi

vapour masuk
14,904.16

0.9987 x 5
 1118546.5532481

5% x massa steam masuk

0.05 x 14,904.16
745.21 kg

suhu keluar barometrik = 40.87

x 40.87

m ke jet ejector
224000.51131432 - 745.21

+ H kondensat
1778896.3245906 + 238,373.81 (T-25)
238,373.81 (T-25)

T-25 = 146.482
kkal
 60 19.94 251.13 2609.6
25 C 65 25.03 272.06 2618.3

Interpolasi data cp untuk aliran masuk

Geancoplis A.2-11 cp liquid water

150 1
200 1.01
250 1.02
2358.47
2346.24
 STEAM EJECTOR 1
Fungsi : Menurutkan tekanan evaporator
Q loss

Dari Barometrik
STEAM JET EJECTOR 1
65.87 C

H aliran masuk :
# Aliaran masuk dari BC :
H uap air = 1778896.32459062
# Steam
H laten : Mxλ
517.06 M
H sensibel : M x Cp x ΔT
M x
116.0465 M
H steam : H laten +
517.06 M
633.11 M

Menghitung steam yang digunakan :

Kebutuhan air untuk BC :
0.06 * kebutuhan steam
(Ludwig. Hal 208)

Diketahui kebutuhan air di BC :

Sehingga, kebutuhan steam di BC :
= Kebutuhan air di steam
224000.51
Kebutuhan steam
Sehingga H steam

H Vapour masuk total

H aliran keluar
massa aliran menuju hit well (kondesnat)
 M = Massa aliran dari barometrik kondensor + massa
= 224000.51
= 3957342.37

H condensat = M x Cp x ∆ T
= 3993354.18208862

Q loss = 5% dari H Vapour masuk

= 118269324.99

Neraca Energi :
Panas masuk = Panas keluar
2365386499.77 = Q loss + H kondensat
= 118269324.99
2247117174.78 = 3993354.18208862
562.71 = T-25

H kondensat = M x Cp x ∆ T
= 3993354.18208862
= 2247117174.78

∆ H masuk (kkal) ∆ H keluar (kkal)

H masuk steam ejector 1,778,896.32 H kondensat
H steam 2363607603.45 Q loss

Total 2365386499.77 Total

 Saturated Steam

STEAM JET EJECTOR 1

Ke hot well kondesnat

60 C

kkal

1.0091 x 115.00
kkal
H sensibel
+ 116.0465 M
kkal

224000.51 kg

= 0.06 x kebutuhan steam

= 0.06 x kebutuhan steam
= 3733341.86 kg
= 633.11 kg
= 2363607603.45 kkal
= H uap air + H steam
= 1778896.32459062 +
= 2365386499.77
an dari barometrik kondensor + massa steam
+ 3733341.86
kg

(T-25)

Vapour masuk
kkal

+ 3993354.1820886 (T-25)
(T-25)

x 562.71
kkal

∆ H keluar (kkal)
2247117174.78
118269324.99

2365386499.77
 T ref = 25 C

P 316.30 kPa
T 140.00 C
hV 653.42
hL 140.81
λ 517.06

2363607603.45
 TANGKI PENAMPUNG
Air pendingin
30
Sirup Fruktosa
TANGKI PENAMPUNG
65.87
Air pendingin
45

a. Panas masuk 65.87

Komponen massa (kg) cp ∆T

Air 18,437.68 1.000 40.87
Glukosa 22,003.49 0.346 40.8730421060904
Maltosa 1,133.56 0.320 40.8730421060904
Fruktosa 22,003.49 0.520 40.8730421060904
Jumlah 63,578.22

b. Panas keluar 32

Komponen massa (kg) cp ∆T

Air 18,437.68 0.999 7
Glukosa 22,003.49 0.312 7
Maltosa 1,133.56 0.320 7
Fruktosa 22,003.49 0.520 7
Jumlah 63,578.22

H masuk = mxcpx∆T
= 1547342.41
H air pendingin masuk = mxcpx∆T
=

H masuk + H air pendingin masuk

1547342.41 + mxcpx(t1-25)
1547342.41
1547342.41
1547342.41
1287835.95
Q serap = H air pendingin keluar
= mxcpx(t2-t1)
= 1287835.9488347 kkal

∆ H masuk (kkal) ∆ H keluar (kkal)

H masuk 1,547,342.41 H keluar 259506.47
Q serap 1287835.95

Total 1547342.41 Total 1547342.41

 Sirup Glukosa suhu refrensi 25

32 C

H
753679.55
311174.89
14826.30
467661.68
1547342.41

H
128896.00
47978.60
2539.18
80092.69
259506.47

H keluar = mxcpx∆T
= 259506.47
H air pendingin keluar = mxcpx∆T
=

= H keluar + H air pendingin keluar

= 259506.47 + mxcpx(t2-25)
= 259506.47 + mxcpx(t2-t1)
= 259506.47 + mx1(45-30)
= 259506.47 + 15 M
= 15 M
M = 85855.729922 kg
- H air pendingin masuk
C