Malaria
Department of the Navy
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
The etiology of malaria is from the protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium with an asexual stage in humans
and a sexual stage in mosquitoes. The four genus are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P.ovale, and P. malariae.
The Anopheles mosquito is essential for the development, multiplication, and spread of malarial disease. The
bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito can occur at night, but is particularly noted during dusk and
dawn periods and is seen at altitudes less than 2200 meters. Malaria is found throughout the tropical and
subtropical areas of the world usually between 45 N and 40 S latitude with 200-300 million infections and 1.5
million deaths estimated per year. Most deaths are attributable to P. falciparum.
Signs may range from asymptomatic (usually semi-immune patient) to a rapidly fatal disease. The nonimmune
patient usually has acute onset of fever (102-106°) and rigors (100 percent), headache (66-89 percent), nausea and
emesis (41-64 percent), and myalgias (40-57 percent). Physical findings include fever, diaphoresis, tachypnea,
conjunctival icterus, occasional pulmonary rales, palpable spleen (49-88 percent) and liver (31-44 percent), and
alterations of mentation.
• CBC: anemia (25-50 percent), leukopenia (25-36 percent), thrombocytopenia (30-80 percent).
• Peripheral Blood Smear: look for malarial parasites (see diagnosis below).
• Chemistry Panel (Lytes, Glucose, BUN, CRE): Hypoglycemia is frequently seen in children
and pregnant females. Hyponatremia may occur.
(5) Diagnosis
Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and demonstration of malarial parasites in the peripheral blood.
Smears should be obtained initially every 6-8 hours while the diagnosis is in question for at least 3 days. Smears
should be followed every 8-12 hours, if seriously ill, to monitor the effects of therapy and then daily until
parasitemia is resolved. Trophozoites should ideally decrease by 75 percent in first 48 hours and disappear within
7 days although gametes may persist. Thin smears are an alternative if the lab is unable to prepare and interpret
thick smears.
(d) Renal failure: Urine output <400 ml/day, BUN >40 mg/dl or CRE >4 mg/dl.
(f) Cerebral malaria: Any history or finding of delirium or decreased level of consciousness.
P. falciparum resistance to chloroquine is wide-spread throughout Asia, Africa, and South America. Only
sensitive organisms are reliably found in Central America above Panama, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and the
Middle East. Resistance to sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar) is present in Southeast Asia, Africa, and in the
Amazon basin of Brazil. Mefloquine resistance has been widely reported from Southeast Asia and many parts of
Africa. P. Vivax chloroquine resistance has been recently described from Papua, New Guinea, and Irian Jaya. P.
vivax primaquine resistance has been reported from Southeast Asia and South America.
(2) Wear long sleeve shirts and long pants with sleeves rolled down.
(3) Use insect repellent (long acting DEET preparations) and treat uniforms with permethrin.
P. falciparum presence
Drug Toxicity
in Region
CNS: vertigo
Mefloquine 250 mg/wk or
Chloroquine-resistant Cardiac: A-V bloc
Doxycycline 100mg/d
Photosensitivity, GI upset
If the possibility of malarial infection is high in a severely ill patient, and one is not able to demonstrate parasites,
strongly consider empiric therapy for P. falciparum malaria while continuing to work through the differential
diagnosis.
(a) Navy Medical Guide to Malaria Prevention and Control, NEHC- TM 6250.98-2, (8/98), Navy
Environmental Health Center, Norfolk, VA 23513-2617
Reviewed and revised by CAPT Beecham, MC, USN, Naval Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit 6,
Pearl Harbor, HI (1999).