Problem 7.

2 Express the current waveform

i(t) = −0.2 cos(6π × 109t + 60◦ ) mA

in standard cosine form and then determine the following:

(a) Its amplitude, frequency, and phase angle.
(b) i(t) at t = 0.1 ns.

Solution:

i(t) = −0.2 cos(6π × 109t + 60◦ ) (mA)

= 0.2 cos(6π × 109t + 60◦ − 180◦ ) (mA)
= 0.2 cos(6π × 109t − 120◦ ) (mA).

(a) amplitude = 0.2 mA; f = 3 × 109 Hz = 3 GHz; φ = −120◦ .

(b)

i(0.1 ns) = 0.2 cos(6π × 109 × 0.1 × 10−9 − 120◦ ) (mA)

= 0.2 cos(0.6π − 120 )
◦
(mA)
◦ ◦
= 0.2 cos(108 − 120 ) (mA)
= 0.196 mA.
Problem 7.8 A multiplier circuit has two input ports, designated v1 and v2 , and one
output port whose voltage vout is equal to the product of v1 and v2 . Assume

v1 = 10 cos 2π f1t V,
v2 = 10 cos 2π f2t V,

(a) Obtain an expression for vout in terms of the sum and difference frequencies,
fs = f1 + f2 and fd = f1 − f2 .
(b) Plot its waveform over the time interval [0, 2 s], given that f1 = 3 Hz and
f2 = 2 Hz.

Solution:
(a)

vout (t) = v1 (t) · v2 (t)

= (10 cos 2π f1t)(10 cos 2π f2t)
= 100 cos 2π f1t cos 2π f2t.

Using the identity cos x cos y = 21 [cos(x + y) + cos(x − y)],

100
vout (t) = {cos[2π ( f1 + f2 )t] + cos[2π ( f1 − f2 )t]}
2
= 50(cos 2π fst + cos 2π fdt).

(b) For f1 = 3 Hz and f2 = 2 Hz,

vout (t) = 50(cos 10π t + cos 2π t) (V).

The plot of vout (t) is shown in Fig. P7.8.

4V vout
v2 v1
2V

0 t (s)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
−2 V

−4 V

Figure P7.8: Plots of v1 (t), v2 (t) and vout (t).

Section 7-2: Complex Numbers
Problem 7.10 Express the following complex numbers in polar form:
(a) z1 = 3 + j4
(b) z2 = −6 + j8
(c) z3 = −6 − j4
(d) z4 = j2
(e) z5 = (2 + j)2
(f) z6 = (3 − j2)3
(g) z7 = (−1 + j)1/2

Solution: √ −1
(a) z1 = 3 + j4 = + 32 + 42 ∠ tan (4/3) = 5∠53.13◦ .
(b)
hp −1
i ◦ ◦
+
z2 = −6 + j8 = −(6 − j8) = − 62 + 82 e− j tan (8/6) = 10e− j53.13 · e j180
◦
= 10e j126.87 .

(c)
hp −1
i ◦ ◦
+
z3 = −6 − j4 = −(6 + j4) = − 62 + 42 e j tan (4/6) = 7.21e j33.7 · e− j180
◦
= 7.21e− j146.3 .
◦
(d) z4 = j2 = 2e j90 .
hp −1
i2 h√ ◦ 2
i ◦
+
(e) z5 = (2 + j)2 = 22 + 12 e j tan (1/2) = 5 e j26.56 = 5e j53.13 .
(f)
hp −1 (2/3)
i3 h ◦ 3
i ◦
+
z6 = (3 − j2)3 = 32 + 22 e− j tan = 3.61e− j33.69 = 46.9e− j101.1 .

(g)

z7 = (−1 + j)1/2 = [−(1 − j)]1/2

h p −1
i1/2
+
= − 12 + 12 e− j tan 1
◦
= [−1.414e− j45 ]1/2
◦ ◦
= [1.414e− j45 · e j180 ]1/2
◦
= [1.414e j135 ]1/2
◦
= ±1.19e j67.5 .
Problem 7.14 If z = −8 + j6, determine the following quantities:
(a) |z|2
(b) z2 , in polar form
(c) 1/z, in polar form
(d) z−3 , in polar form
(e) Re(1/z2 )
(f) Im(z∗ )
(g) Im[(z∗ )2 ]
(h) Re[(z∗ )−1/2 ]

Solution:
(a) |z|2 = (−8 + j6)(−8 − j6) = 64 + 36 = 100.
(b)
−1 (96/28)
p
+
z2 = (−8 + j6)(−8 + j6) = (64 − 36) − j96 = 282 + 962 e− j tan
◦
= 100e− j73.74 .
(c)
◦ −1 (6/8)
1 1 −8 − j6 −(8 + j6) e− j180 10e j tan
= = = =
z −8 + j6 (−8 + j6)(−8 − j6) 64 + 36 100
◦
= 0.1e− j143.13 .
(d)
µ ¶3
1 1 ◦ ◦
z−3 = = = (0.1e− j143.13 )3 = 10−3 e− j429.39
z3 z
◦ ◦ ◦
= 10−3 e− j429.39 · e j360 = 10−3 e− j69.39 .
(e)
µ ¶
1 ◦ ◦
Re = Re(0.1e− j143.13 )2 = Re(0.01e− j286.26 )
z2
= 0.01 cos 286.26◦ = 2.8 × 10−3 .
(f)
◦ ◦
Im(z∗ ) = Im(−8 − j6) = Im[−(8 + j6)] = [e− j180 · 10e j36.87 ]
◦
= Im[10e− j143.13 ]
= −10 sin 143.13◦ = −6.
(g)
◦ ◦
Im[(z∗ )2 ] = Im[(10e− j143.13 )2 ] = Im[100e− j286.26 ] = −100 sin 286.26◦ = 96.
(h)
"µ ¶1/2 #
∗ −1/2 1 ◦
Re[(z ) ] = Re = Re[0.316e j71.56 ]
10e− j143.13◦
= 0.316 cos 71.56◦ = 0.1.
Problem 7.18 Simplify the following expressions and express the result in polar
form:
◦
5e− j30
(a) A = − j4
2 + j3
(−20∠45◦ )(3 − j4)
(b) B = + (2 + j)
(2 − j)
j4 1
(c) C = +
(3 + j2) − 2(1 − j) 1 + j4
¯ ¯
¯ (2 − j) −(3 + j4)¯
(d) D = ¯
¯ ¯
−(3 + j4) (2 + j) ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 5∠30◦ −2∠45◦ ¯
(e) E = ¯
¯ ¯
−2∠45◦ 4∠60◦ ¯

Solution:
(a)
◦
5e− j30
A= − j4
2 + j3
(5 cos 30◦ − j5 sin 30◦ ) − j4(2 + j3)
=
2 + j3
4.33 − j2.5 − j8 + 12
=
2 + j3
(16.33 − j10.5) 2 − j3
= ·
2 + j3 2 − j3
(32.66 − 31.5) − j(21 + 48.99) ◦
= = 0.089 − j5.38 = 5.38e− j89.05 .
4+9
(b)
(−20∠45◦ )(3 − j4)
B= +2+ j
2− j
(−20 cos 45◦ − j20 sin 45◦ )(3 − j4) + (2 + j)(2 − j)
=
2− j
(−14.14 − j14.14)(3 − j4) + 5
=
2− j
−(42.42 + 56.56) + j(56.56 − 42.42) + 5
=
2− j
−98.98 + j14.14 (2 + j)
= ·
2− j (2 + j)
−202.1 − j65.7 ◦ ◦ ◦
= = e− j180 (42.50e j18.01 ) = 42.50e− j161.99 .
5
j4 1 j4 1 1 + j4
(c) C = + = + = = 1.
(3 + j2) − 2(1 − j) 1 + j4 1 + j4 1 + j4 1 + j4
(d)
¯ ¯
¯ (2 − j) −(3 + j4)¯
D = ¯¯ ¯
−(3 + j4) (2 + j) ¯
Problem 7.31 In response to an input signal voltage vs (t) = 24 cos 2000π t, the
input current in the circuit of Fig. P7.31 was measured as i(t) = 6 cos(2000π t − 60◦ )
mA. Determine the equivalent input impedance Z of the circuit.

i(t)
a
+ Passive
vs(t) _ Z
b circuit

Figure P7.31: Configuration for Problem 7.31.

Solution:

Vs = 24 V,
◦
I = 6e− j60 (mA).
V
Z=
I
24
=
6e− j60◦ × 10−3
◦
= 4e j60 kΩ
= (4 cos 60◦ + j4 sin 60◦ ) kΩ = (2 + j3.46) kΩ.
Problem 7.36 The input circuit shown in Fig. P7.36 contains two sources, given by

is (t) = 2 cos 103t A,

vs (t) = 8 sin 103t V.

This input circuit is to be connected to a load circuit that provides optimum

performance when the impedance Z of the input circuit is purely real. The circuit
includes a “matching” element whose type and magnitude should be chosen to realize
that condition. What should those attributes be?

Matching element
a
?
6Ω 2Ω
is(t) Load
0.5 mF Z
+ circuit
4 mH _ vs(t)
b

Figure P7.36: Circuit for Problem 7.36.

Solution:
a
?

Is (6 + j4) Ω −j2 Ω 2Ω Is‘ Z

a
?

Is‘‘ Z‘ Z

a
Z‘ ?

+
V‘s _ Z

Is = 2 A
Vs = − j8 V
 Vs − j8
I′s = = = − j4 A
2 2
I′′s = Is + I′s = (2 − j4) A
Z′ = (6 + j4) k (− j2) k 2 = (1.1 − j0.76) Ω
VTh = V′s = I′′s Z′ = (2 − j4)(1.1 − j0.76) = −(0.84 + j5.92) V.

The matching element Zx has to cancel the imaginary part of Z′ . Hence

Zx = + j0.76 Ω.

So it has to be an inductor L such that

ω L = 0.76,

or
0.76
L= = 0.76 mH.
103
Problem 7.47 Apply nodal analysis in the phasor domain to determine iC (t) in the
circuit of Fig. P7.47.

5Ω

20 mH 20 mH
iC
5Ω
1
mF + 5Ω
1.6
_ 12 cos (400t − 30o) V

Figure P7.47: Circuit for Problem 7.47.

Solution:

5Ω

j8 Ω V2 j8 Ω
V1
IC
5Ω
−j4 Ω + 5Ω
_ 12 −30o V

ZL = jω L = j400 × 20 × 10−3 = j8 Ω
−j −j
ZC = = = − j4 Ω
ω C 400 × 1.6
1
× 10−3

Node V1 :
V1 V1 − V2 V1 − V2
+ + =0
− j4 5 j8
Node V2 : ◦
V2 − V1 V2 − V1 V2 − 12e− j30 V2
+ + + =0
5 j8 5 5 + j8
Simultaneous solution leads to:
◦ ◦
V1 = 4.986e− j96.352 , V2 = 4.986e− j32.341 ,
V1 j ◦
IC = = V1 = 1.25e− j6.532 ,
− j4 4
iC (t) = 1.25 cos(400t − 6.352◦ ) (A).