Somatic
Somatic nervous system stimulates skeletal muscles
Cell bodies of neurons are in the spinal cord and axons
extend to the skeletal muscles they innervate
Neurotransmitter released is acetylcholine (ACh) –
always excitatory
Autonomic
ANS innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands
Consists of a two‐neuron chain
Neurotransmitters released are norepinephrine (NE)
and ACh – both may be excitatory or inhibitory
Role of the Parasympathetic Division
Promotes maintenance activities and conserves body
energy
Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes,
reading, after a meal
o Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory
rates are low
o Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
o Pupils are constricted and lenses are accommodated for close vision
Role of the Sympathetic Division
Mobilizes the body during activity; is the “fight‐or‐flight”
system
Promotes adjustments during exercise, or when threatened
o Blood flow is shunted to skeletal muscles and heart
o Bronchioles dilate
o Liver releases glucose
Origin of Length of Location
Division
Fibers Fibers of Ganglia
Sympathetic Thoracolumbar Short Close to
region of the preganglionic spinal cord
spinal cord and long
postganglionic
Parasympathetic Brain and Long In visceral
sacral spinal preganglionic effector
cord and short organs
(craniosacral) postganglionic
Interactions of Autonomic Divisions
Most visceral organs receive dual innervation by both ANS divisions
o Allows for a dynamic antagonism to exist between the divisions resulting in precise control of visceral
activity
Parasympathetic division is usually dominant in the heart, digestive system, and urinary tracts
o This maintains normal homeostatic levels of function
o Only overridden by the sympathetic system during stress
Both divisions may work together, rather than antagonistically, as in sexual arousal
The sympathetic division increases heart rate, dilates airways, and inhibits digestion and elimination while the body
is under stress
After the stress has passed, the parasympathetic division returns systems to normal
Interactions of Autonomic Divisions
Sympathetic system found throughout the vascular
system
Allows the firing rate of sympathetic neurons to
control the diameter of blood vessels, regulating
systemic blood pressure
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, may result from an
overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response due to
continuous high levels of stress
Neurotransmitter Effects
Somatic nervous system
o All somatic motor neurons release
acetylcholine (ACh)
o Effects are always stimulatory
ANS
o Preganglionic fibers release ACh
o Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine
or ACh at effectors
o Effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory,
depending on type of receptors
Cholinergic Receptors
Two types of receptors bind ACh
o Nicotinic
o Muscarinic
Named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects
Nicotinic Receptors
Found on
o Skeletal muscle cells
o All ganglionic neurons – sympathetic and parasympathetic
o Hormone‐producing cells of the adrenal medulla
Effect of ACh at nicotinic receptors is always stimulatory
Muscarinic Receptors
Found on
All effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers
The effect of ACh at muscarinic receptors
Can be either inhibitory or excitatory
Depends on the receptor type of the target organ
Adrenergic Receptors
Two types
o Alpha (α) (subtypes α 1, α 2)
o Beta (β) (subtypes β 1, β 2 , β 3)
Effects of NE depend on which subclass of receptor predominates on the target organ