Code No: RR10201 Set No.

1
I B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
SOLID STATE PHYSICS
( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics
& Instrumentation Engineering, Bio-Medical Engineering, Information
Technology, Electronics & Control Engineering, Computer Science &
Systems Engineering, Electronics & Telematics, Electronics & Computer
Engineering and Instrumentation & Control Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) What are Bravais lattices?

(b) Deduce the packing factors for simple cubic and BCC structures.
(c) Iron crystallizes in BCC structure. Calculate the lattice constant, given that
the atomic weight and density of iron are 55.85, and 7860 kg/m3 respectively.
[6+6+4]

2. (a) What are Miller indices? How are they obtained?

(b) Explain Schottky and Frankel defects with the help of suitable figures. [6+10]

3. (a) Explain the concept of matter waves.

(b) Describe Davison and Germer’s experiment and explain how it enabled the
verification of wave nature of matter.
(c) Calculate the velocity and kinetic energy of an electron of wavelength
1.66 × 10−10 m. [6+6+4]

4. (a) Explain the origin of energy bands in solids.

(b) Assuming the electron - lattice interaction to be responsible for scattering of
conduction electrons in a metal, obtain an expression for conductivity in terms
of relaxation time and explain any three draw backs of classical theory of free
electrons.
(c) Find the temperature at which there is 1% probability of a state with an
energy 0.5 eV above Fermi energy. [6+6+4]

5. (a) What is Piezo-electricity?

(b) Obtain an expression for the internal field seen by an atom in an infinite array
of atoms subjected to an external field.
(c) The dielectric constant of He gas at NTP is 1.0000684. Calculate the electronic
polarizability of He atoms if the gas contains 2.7× 1025 atoms per m3 . [4+8+4]

6. (a) Explain how magnetic materials are classified?

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Code No: RR10201 Set No. 1
(b) What is Bohr magneton? How it is related to magnetic moment of electron?
[10+6]

7. (a) How are superconductors classified based on their behaviour in the magnetic
field? Describe each of them with suitable diagrams.
(b) Mention any four applications of superconductors.
(c) A superconducting material has a critical temperature of 3.7 K in zero mag-
netic field and a critical field of 0.0306 T at 0 K. Find the critical field at
2 K. [8+4+4]

8. (a) Derive expressions for the numerical aperture and the fractional index change
of an optical fiber.
(b) Explain the advantages of optical communication system.
(c) The numerical aperture of an optical fiber is 0.39. If the difference in the
refractive indices of the material of its core and the cladding is 0.05, calculate
the refractive index of material of the core. [8+4+4]

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Code No: RR10201 Set No. 2
I B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
SOLID STATE PHYSICS
( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics
& Instrumentation Engineering, Bio-Medical Engineering, Information
Technology, Electronics & Control Engineering, Computer Science &
Systems Engineering, Electronics & Telematics, Electronics & Computer
Engineering and Instrumentation & Control Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Show that FCC is the most closely packed of the three cubic structures by
working out the packing factors.
(b) Describe the structure of NaCl. [10+6]
2. (a) What are Miller indices? How are they obtained?
(b) Explain Schottky and Frankel defects with the help of suitable figures. [6+10]
3. (a) Explain the physical significance of wave function.
(b) Assuming the time independent Schrodinger’s wave equation, discuss the so-
lution for a particle in a one-dimensional potential well of infinite height.
(c) A quantum particle confined to one-dimensional box of width ‘a’ is known to
be in its first excited state. Determine the probability of the particle in the
central half. [4+6+6]
4. (a) What are the salient features of the “free electron gas” model? Obtain Ohm’s
law based on it.
(b) Explain the concept of “effective mass”. [10+6]
5. (a) What is meant by local field in a dielectric? Explain. How is it calculated for
a cubic structure?
(b) Obtain Clausius Mosotti equation which relates the macroscopic dielectric
constant with microscopic polarizability. [8+8]
6. (a) What are paramagnetic materials? Explain.
(b) Obtain an expression for paramagnetic susceptibility (χ). How does the para-
magnetic susceptibility of a material vary with temperature?
(c) A paramagnetic material has 1028 atoms per m3 . Its susceptibility at 350 K
is 2.8 × 10−4 . Calculate the susceptibility at 300 K. [4+8+4]
7. (a) Obtain an equation for the conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor in terms
of carrier concentration and carrrier mobilities. Suggest a method for evaluat-
ing the energy gap of a semiconductor. Explain the temperature dependence
of intrinsic conductivity.

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Code No: RR10201 Set No. 2
(b) The variation of the resistivity of intrinsic germanium with temperature is
given in the following table: [10+6]
T(K) 385 455 556 714
ρ(Ohm-m) 0.028 0.0061 0.0013 0.000274

Determine the value of Eg .

8. (a) Explain the terms

i. absorption
ii. spontaneous emission
iii. stimulated emission
iv. population inversion, relating to laser.
(b) Describe the principle of lasing action.
(c) Mention the important characteristics of laser beam. [6+5+5]

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Code No: RR10201 Set No. 3
I B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
SOLID STATE PHYSICS
( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics
& Instrumentation Engineering, Bio-Medical Engineering, Information
Technology, Electronics & Control Engineering, Computer Science &
Systems Engineering, Electronics & Telematics, Electronics & Computer
Engineering and Instrumentation & Control Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain the forces between the two interacting atoms when they are brought
nearer to form a molecule.
(b) Derive the expression for the equilibrium spacing of two atoms for which the
potential energy is minimum and hence obtain the dissociation energy. [6+10]
2. (a) Explain Bragg’s law of X-ray diffraction.
(b) Describe Laue’s method for determination of crystal structure.
(c) A beam of X-rays is incident on a NaCl crystal with lattice spacing
0.282 nm. Calculate the wavelength of X-rays if the first order Bragg reflection
takes place at a glancing angle of 8o 35′ . Also calculate the maximum order
of diffraction possible. [4+6+6]
3. (a) Show that the wavelength ‘λ’ associated with an electron of mass ‘m’ and
h
kinetic energy ‘E’ is given by λ = √2mE
(b) Derive time independent Schrodinger’s wave equation.
(c) An electron is bound in a one-dimensional box of size 4 × 10−10 m. What will
be its minimum energy? [6+6+4]
4. (a) Explain the origin of energy bands in solids.
(b) Assuming the electron - lattice interaction to be responsible for scattering of
conduction electrons in a metal, obtain an expression for conductivity in terms
of relaxation time and explain any three draw backs of classical theory of free
electrons.
(c) Find the temperature at which there is 1% probability of a state with an
energy 0.5 eV above Fermi energy. [6+6+4]
5. (a) With usual notation show that P = ∈o (∈r −1)E
(b) What is dipolar relaxation? Discuss the frequency dependence of orientational
polarization.
(c) A solid elemental dielectric, with density 3 × 1028 atoms / m3 shows an
electronic polarisability of 10−40 farad-m2 . Assuming the internal electric field
to be a Lorentz field, calculate the dielectric constant of the material. [6+6+4]

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Code No: RR10201 Set No. 3
6. (a) Define magnetic moment. Explain the origin of magnetic moment at the
atomic level. What is Bohr magneton?
(b) In hydrogen atom an electron ‘e’ revolves around the nucleus at a distance of
‘r’ meter with an angular velocity ‘ω’ rad/s. Obtain an expression for magnetic
moment associated with it due to its orbital motion. [8+8]

7. (a) Describe the drift and diffusion currents in a semiconductor.

(b) Derive their expressions.
(c) Deduce Einstein relation. [6+6+4]

8. (a) What is the principle of optical fibre communication?

(b) Discuss various types of fibres for light wave communication. [6+10]

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Code No: RR10201 Set No. 4
I B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
SOLID STATE PHYSICS
( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics
& Instrumentation Engineering, Bio-Medical Engineering, Information
Technology, Electronics & Control Engineering, Computer Science &
Systems Engineering, Electronics & Telematics, Electronics & Computer
Engineering and Instrumentation & Control Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Show that FCC is the most closely packed of the three cubic structures by
working out the packing factors.
(b) Describe the structure of NaCl. [10+6]

2. (a) Deduce the expression for the inter-planar distance in terms of Miller indices
for a cubic structure.
(b) Sketch the following planes of a cubic unit cell: (0 0 1), (1 2 0) and
( 2 1 1).
(c) Calculate the ration d100 : d110 : d111 for a simple cubic structure. [8+4+4]

3. (a) Explain de-Broglie hypothesis.

(b) Describe G.P. Thomson’s experiment in support of this hypothesis.
(c) Calculate the wavelength associated with an electron raised to a potential
1600V. [6+6+4]

4. (a) Explain the origin of energy bands in solids.

(b) Assuming the electron - lattice interaction to be responsible for scattering of
conduction electrons in a metal, obtain an expression for conductivity in terms
of relaxation time and explain any three draw backs of classical theory of free
electrons.
(c) Find the temperature at which there is 1% probability of a state with an
energy 0.5 eV above Fermi energy. [6+6+4]

5. (a) Describe various polarization mechanisms in dielectric materials.

(b) Obtain Clausius-Mosotti equation and explain how this can be used to deter-
mine the dipole moment of a polar molecule. [10+6]

6. (a) What is ferromagnetism? What are the distinguishing features of ferromag-

netism?
(b) What are ferrites? Explain the magnetic properties of ferrites and mention
their industrial applications. [8+8]

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Code No: RR10201 Set No. 4
7. (a) Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic impurity semiconductors with suit-
able examples.
(b) Derive an expression for the density of holes in the valence band of an intrinsic
semiconductor.
(c) The following data are given for intrinsic germanium at 300 K:
ni = 2.4 × 1019 /m3 , µe = 0.39 m2 V −1 s−1 , µp = 0.19 m2 V −1 s−1 . Calculate
the resistivity of the sample. [6+6+4]

8. (a) Derive expressions for the numerical aperture and the fractional index change
of an optical fiber.
(b) Explain the advantages of optical communication system.
(c) The numerical aperture of an optical fiber is 0.39. If the difference in the
refractive indices of the material of its core and the cladding is 0.05, calculate
the refractive index of material of the core. [8+4+4]

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