TINJAUAN PUSTAKA - Aspek Genetik Demam Berdarah Dengue: January 2019
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA - Aspek Genetik Demam Berdarah Dengue: January 2019
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ABSTRAK
Manifestasi infeksi dengue pada manusia dapat berupa infeksi asimtomatik, demam dengue ringan, demam berdarah dengue yang lebih
berat, atau sindrom syok dengue yang mengancam nyawa. Faktor genetik merupakan salah satu faktor yang ikut menentukan beratnya infeksi
dengue pada manusia. Polimorfisme genetik pada beberapa alel HLA dan non-HLA ikut mempengaruhi suseptibiltas individu terhadap demam
berdarah dengue.
ABSTRACT
The manifestation of dengue infection in human ranged from asymptomatic, mild dengue fever, more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever, to
life-threatening dengue shock syndrome. Genetic factor is the determinant factor for dengue infection severity in human. Genetic polymor-
phism in some HLA and non-HLA allele influenced individual susceptibility for dengue hemorrhagic fever. Eppy. Genetic Aspects of Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever.
penyakit.29 Studi tersebut mendukung hipo- peneliti mendapati bahwa HLA-DRB1*04 le- ADE in vitro melalui pengikatan terhadap
tesis bahwa aktivasi sel T CD8+ spesifik virus bih jarang dijumpai pada pasien DBD. Indivi- kompleks virus-IgG.13,38 Perubahan afinitas
dengue, sebagai respons terhadap presentasi du dengan DRB1*04 homozigot lebih jarang IgG terhadap reseptor dengan pengurangan
peptida spesifik dengue melalui molekul MHC mengalami DBD dibanding individu dengan opsonisasi dari antibodi IgG2 secara kausal
kelas I, berperan penting dalam patogenesis DRB1*04 negatif (OR 0,28; 95% CI 0,12-0,66), dihubungkan dengan varian arginin. Loke dkk.
DBD.29 menandakan suatu efek protektif. Protein se- (2001) mendapati bahwa homozigot dengan
lubung (envelope, E) virus bertanggung jawab varian arginin pada posisi 131 dari gen FcγRIIA
Stephen dkk. (2002) mendapati hubungan atas masuknya virus ke dalam sel target. Pe- kurang rentan terhadap DBD.37
antara infeksi dengue dengan alel HLA-B5; nanda imunologik bagi protein E disinyalir di-
alel yang dikenal secara molekuler sebagai proses dan dipresentasikan oleh antigen HLA
HLA-B51 tersebut dihubungkan dengan kelas II. Molekul HLA-DRB1*04 dapat menam-
timbulnya DBD pada infeksi sekunder.27 HLA- pilkan antigen viral terhadap limfosit CD4+,
B51 membatasi respons limfosit T sitotoksik menimbulkan respons imun efektif yang me-
terhadap berbagai virus, termasuk terhadap lindungi terhadap DBD.36 Sebaliknya, Loke dkk.
virus Hanta yang juga menyebabkan demam (2001) tidak mendapati adanya hubungan
berdarah.30 Studi tersebut juga menguak antara polimorfisme gen HLA-DRB1 dengan
bahwa beberapa serotipe grup HLA-B15, yakni beratnya penyakit.26 Lan dkk. (2008) men-
HLA-B62, B76, dan B77, memberikan efek dapati pasien dengan HLA-DRB1*0901 jarang
protektif terhadap DBD pada infeksi primer. mengalami SSD akibat infeksi DEN-2.24 Gambar 2 Peran Reseptor Fcγ dalam ADE38
Sementara itu, HLA-B46 (yang juga berasal
dari serotipe grup HLA-B15) menunjukkan HLA kelas III Reseptor Vitamin D
suseptibilitas terhadap DBD pada infeksi Gen pada daerah kelas III mengkode sejumlah VDR (vitamin D receptor, VDR) memperantarai
sekunder. HLA-B44 juga terlihat protektif protein, yakni protein komplemen (C4A, C4B, efek imunoregulator dari 1,25-dihidroksi-
terhadap DBD pada infeksi sekunder.27 C2 dan Bf ), TNF-α, TNF-β, serta heat-shock pro- vitamin D3, berupa aktivasi monosit, stimulasi
tein.23 Fernandez-Mestre dkk (2004) meneliti respons imun seluler, serta supresi produksi
HLA kelas II polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal dan menda- imunoglobulin dan proliferasi limfosit.13,39
Produk HLA kelas II terdiri dari HLA-D, -DR, pati bahwa alel TNF-α-308A mempunyai efek Loke dkk. (2002) mendapati bahwa genotipe
-DP, dan –DQ. Distribusinya lebih terbatas, suseptibilitas terhadap DBD.28 tt dari suatu single nucleotide polimorphism
hanya pada sel B, makrofag, sel dendritik, sel (SNP) pada posisi 352 gen VDR berhubungan
Langerhans, dan sel T yang teraktivasi. Alel Gen non-HLA dengan penurunan risiko terkena DBD.37
HLA kelas II berperan pada infeksi bakterial Studi mengenai polimorfisme gen non-HLA
dan perbaikan hepatitis.31-33 Alel HLA kelas II masih sedikit. Ada 2 gen yang sudah terbukti
juga berperan dalam patogenesis DBD.6 meningkatkan risiko terkena DBD, yakni re-
septor II Fcγ (FcγRII) dan reseptor vitamin D
HLA-DRB1, yang merupakan salah satu lokus (VDR).37
paling polimorfik dalam kompleks HLA pada
orang Meksiko34,35, telah diteliti oleh LaFleur Reseptor Fcγ
dkk. (2002) pada pasien dengan infeksi de- Reseptor Fcγ terdistribusi luas untuk seluruh
ngue.36 Walaupun jumlah sampelnya sedikit, subkelas IgG dan dapat memperantarai
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