DOI: 10.1007/s12539-010-0022-0
Jean-Claude PEREZ∗
(Individual researcher, 7 avenue de terre-rouge F33127 Martignas, France)
Abstract: This new bioinformatics research bridges Genomics and Mathematics. We propose a universal “Fractal
Genome Code Law”: The frequency of each of the 64 codons across the entire human genome is controlled by the
codon’s position in the Universal Genetic Code table. We analyze the frequency of distribution of the 64 codons
(codon usage) within single-stranded DNA sequences. Concatenating 24 Human chromosomes, we show that the
entire human genome employs the well known universal genetic code table as a macro structural model. The
position of each codon within this table precisely dictates its population. So the Universal Genetic Code Table
not only maps codons to amino acids, but serves as a global checksum matrix. Frequencies of the 64 codons in the
whole human genome scale are a self-similar fractal expansion of the universal genetic code. The original genetic
code kernel governs not only the micro scale but the macro scale as well. Particularly, the 6 folding steps of
codon populations modeled by the binary divisions of the “Dragon fractal paper folding curve” show evidence of 2
attractors. The numerical relationship between the attractors is derived from the Golden Ratio. We demonstrate
that:
(i) The whole Human Genome Structure uses the Universal Genetic Code Table as a tuning model. It pre-
determines global codons proportions and populations. The Universal Genetic Code Table governs both micro
and macro behavior of the genome.
(ii) We extend the Chargaff ’s second rule from the domain of single TCAG nucleotides to the larger domain
of codon triplets.
(iii) Codon frequencies in the human genome are clustered around 2 fractal-like attractors, strongly linked to
the golden ratio 1.618.
Key words: interdisciplinary, bioinformatics, mathematics, human genome decoding, Universal Genetic Code,
Chargaff ’s rules, noncoding DNA, symmetry, chaos theory, fractals, golden ratio, checksum, cellular automata,
DNA strands atomic weights balance.
1 Introduction model.
The cover of Science Magazine (Lander, 2009)
Aside from a few obscure papers, fractals and the showed a folding Hilbert fractal curve. Dr. Eric Lan-
golden ratio have not been considered relevant to DNA der (Science Adviser to the President and Director of
or the study of the human genome. However, two ma- the Broad Institute) enthusiastically announced: “Mr.
jor papers in the journal Science in October 2009 and President, the Genome is Fractal!”
January 2010 have stimulated the genetics community For the first time, they proved at a physical level,
to pursue new lines of inquiry within these concepts. the fractal nature (Mandelbrot, 1953) of human genome
First, in October 2009, in a prominent paper DNA molecule, including chromatin (DNA + proteins,
(Lieberman-Aiden et al., 2009), E. Lieberman-Aiden i.e. Histones).
used HI-C mass technology to probe the three- “Since the PHYSICAL structure was found frac-
dimensional architecture of the whole genome. They tal (providing enormous amount of untangled compres-
explored the chromatin conformation folding of the sion), it is reasonable that the LOGICAL sequence and
whole human genome on a megabase scale. Their re- function of the genome are also fractal.” (Pellionisz,
search reveals it to be consistent with a fractal globule A., 2009, personal communication: From the Princi-
ple of Recursive Genome Function to Interpretation
∗
Corresponding author. of HoloGenome Regulation by Personal Genome Com-
E-mail: jeanclaudeperez2@free.fr puters. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Personal
Interdiscip Sci Comput Life Sci (2010) 2: 228–240 229
Genomes Conference, Sept. 14–17, 2009). whole genome fractal organization. This comes from
Secondly, in January 2010, the journal Science re- analyzing whole genomes not at a physical level, but
ported that the golden ratio is present in the atomic at the logical level of TCAG single stranded sequenced
scale of the magnetic resonance of spins of cobalt nio- DNA. These findings were obtained primarily by an-
bate atoms (Coldea et al., 2010). When applying a alyzing the finalized human genome sequence (Balti-
magnetic field at right angles to an aligned spin, the more, 2001).
magnetic chain shifts into a new state called “quantum The goal of the present paper is show fractal behavior
critical.” New properties emerge from Heisenberg’s Un- in the genome at the logical DNA analysis level. We
certainly Principle. provide an exhaustive analysis of codon frequencies on
For the last 20 years, whole genomes have revealed a whole human genome scale.
traces of fractal behavior as various publications stud- This analysis classifies the 64 codon populations com-
ied the logical level of both elementary gene-coding or bined with various embedded foldings of the universal
non-coding TCAG single DNA sequences. In Nature genetic code map. This is based on the DRAGON curve
in 1992, C.K. Peng found trace evidence of fractals in (Gardner, 1967) also called the “folding paper curve”
analyzing DNA sequences (Peng et al., 1992). (Fig. 1). It reveals the fractal structure of the whole hu-
Models of fractal integer patterns, like Fibonacci or man genome at the DNA sequential information scale.
Lucas numbers, have been proposed: This analysis reveals that codon frequencies are ori-
In 1991 we proposed that Golden Ratio Fi- ented around 2 numerical attractors. The distance sep-
bonacci/Lucas integer numbers define strong relation- arating the attractors is “1/2Phi”, where Phi is the
ships between DNA gene-coding region sequences and “Golden ratio”. These discoveries simultaneously ex-
Fibonacci’s embedded TCAG gene sequence patterns tend the reach of Chargaff ’s second rule for single-
(Perez, 1991). We also prove the optimality of these stranded DNA of the whole Human Genome.
patterns (Perez, 1997) in the book L’ADN décrypté
(“Deciphering DNA”)1 . Examples involving evolution
and pathogen analysis include genes or small genes-rich
genomes2 especially the HIV genome.
Then, in 2008, Yamagishi proposed evidence of Fi-
bonacci based organization and verified it at a statisti-
cal global level across the whole human genome. (Ya-
magishi et al., 2008).
For several years, other researchers like A. Pellionisz
advocated ways to analyze and detect fractal defects
within whole genomes. This is based on recursive frac-
tal exploration methods and artificial neural network Fig. 1 The Dragon curve or “paper folding” embedded
technologies (Pellionisz, 2008). fractal dynamics
Then finally, simultaneously with the (Lander, 2009)
October 2009 paper, we showed in the book Codex
Biogenesis (Perez, 2009) a convergence of evidence for 2 Methods
1
This book explores a numerical property called “DNA 2.1 Human genome release analysed with
Supracode” consisting of an exhaustive combinatorial Dragon curve folding
research of “resonances” within gene-coding DNA se-
We analyzed the entirety of the whole human genome
quences: a resonance is an exact Fibonacci/Lucas nu-
from the 2003 “BUILD34” finalized release3 . We con-
cleotide number harmonious proportion. For example:
144 contiguous TCAG nucleotides have exactly 55 T sidered only the main single strand of the DNA se-
nucleotides and 89 A or C or G nucleotides. Then a quence. Within this sequence, we computed, for each
resonance exists with an exact Golden ratio proportion of the 3 possible codon reading frames, the cumulative
as defined in the Methods section: 55, 89 and 144 are number of each of the 64 genetic code codons4 .
consecutive Fibonacci numbers following the Golden Ra-
3
tio. Gene-rich genomes like HIV have thousands “reso- Human genome finalized BUILD34. Build 34 fin-
nances”, where the longer ones are overlapping 2/3rds ished human genome assembly (hg16, Jul 2003).
of the whole genome length. http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/hg16/
2
Research on HIV-SIV isolates genomic diversity with the chromosomes/
4
support of Pr Luc Montagnier, FMPRS (World Founda- The full detailed data relating codon populations for the
tion for AIDS research and Prevention (UNESCO), 1 rue 3 codon reading frame and for the 24 human chromo-
Miollis, 75015, Paris, France). somes is available in supplementary materials.
230 Interdiscip Sci Comput Life Sci (2010) 2: 228–240
This process5 analyzes the sequence of 24 human umn A, then column G). Then this list is partitioned
chromosomes. Then all 64 codon populations are to- successively 6 ways according to the 6 binary splits of
taled, adding the 3 codon reading frames and the the dragon curve dynamical folding (Fig. 2):
24 chromosomes. The total count is exactly of Dragon1: 2 partitions of 32 codons each.
2.843.411.612 codons. Dragon2: 4 partitions of 16 codons each.
Now the 64 codon populations are arranged accord- Dragon3: 8 partitions of 8 codons each.
ing to the 4 columns of the well known Universal Ge- Dragon4: 16 partitions of 4 codons each.
netic Code map (column T, then column C, then col- Dragon5: 32 partitions of 2 codons each.
Dragon6: 64 partitions of 1 codon each.
Fig. 2 Six Dragon curve folds of the whole human genome 64 codon populations
2.2 Golden ratio overview But it is observed in many major scientific disciplines:
“Phi”, the Golden ratio, is an irrational number. Its for example, in artificial neural networks (Perez, 1990),
value is approximately 1.618. It was introduced initially superconductors (Perez, 1994), and quantum physics:
by Euclid (1533 first printed Edition). He provides the – Coldea describes his discovery of Golden ratio in
first known written definition of Phi: “A straight line is quantum Physics at the beginning of his paper (Coldea
said to have been cut in extreme and mean ratio when, et al., 2010): “To analyze these nanoscale quantum ef-
as the whole line is to the greater segment, so is the fects researchers have chosen the cobalt niobate material
greater to the less”. consisting of linked magnetic atoms, which form thin
To summarize: if “a+b” is the whole line, and “a” chains one atom wide. This model is useful to describe
is the larger segment and “b” is the smaller segment, ferromagnetism on the nanoscale in solid matter. Ap-
then: plying a magnetic field on aligned spin from the mag-
(a + b)/a = a/b = Phi netic chain will transform it into a new matter state
called quantum critica, which recalls the quantum ver-
The numerical value of the Golden ratio is sion of a fractal pattern. Then, the system reaches a
1.6180339887... kind of quantum uncertain Schrödinger cat state”.
The golden ratio has fascinated people of diverse in- Dr. Radu Coldea from Oxford University, who is the
terests for at least 2,400 years. But in scientific research principal author of the paper, explains: “Here the ten-
it’s considered more of an intellectual curiosity than a sion comes from the interaction between spins causing
source of rigorous technical insight. Many are unsure them to magnetically resonate. For these interactions
of how to apply it. we found a series (scale) of resonant notes: The first
5 two notes show a perfect relationship with each other.
Computer language used for this research was the paral-
Their frequencies (pitch) are in the ratio of 1.618 . . .,
lel interactive mathematical language APL+WIN (APL
language —A Programming Language-invented by K.E. which is the golden ratio famous in art and architec-
Iverson in 1957 at Harvard University began as a mathe- ture”. There is no coincidence. “It reflects a beautiful
matical notation for manipulating arrays that he taught property of the quantum system — a hidden symmetry.
to his students. Then, in 1964, APL was implemented Actually quite a special one called E8 by mathemati-
in computers by IBM). cians, and this is its first observation in a material”.
Interdiscip Sci Comput Life Sci (2010) 2: 228–240 231
– In other fields, the Golden ratio was also recently is the most likely position of the electron.”
discovered within a magnetic compound (Affleck, 2010).
The introductory paper abstract is typical in its am- 3 Results
biguous assessment of the Golden Ratio’s scientific
Results Part I: Total codon populations, adding the
merit: “The golden ratio — an exact ‘magic’ number
3 codon reading frames for the whole human genome
often claimed to be observed when taking ratios of dis-
single-stranded DNA sequence (Table 1).
tances in ancient and modern architecture, sculpture
Results Part II: Total codon populations for each
and painting — has been spotted in a magnetic com-
codon reading frame for the whole human genome
pound.”
single-stranded DNA sequence (Tables 2, 3 and 4).
– Calleman (2009) reported that: “Golden Ratio is
Results Part III: Paper folding Dragon curve fractals
also involved in the universal Bohr radius formula mea-
applied 6 times to the Universal Genetic Code table
suring a single electron orbits hydrogen’s atom nucleus
(Fig. 3).
and its smallest possible orbit, with lowest energy, which
Table 1 The 64 codon populations of the whole human genome for the 3 codon reading frames of single
stranded DNA (2843411612 codons). In this table, the 3 values in each cell are: the codon label,
the codon’s total population, the “Codon Frequency Ratio” (CFR). CFR is computed as: codon
population x 64 / 2.843.411.612. (where 2.843.411.612 is the whole genome cumulated codons).
Then, if CFR < 1, the codon is rare, if CFR>1, the codon is frequent
SECOND NUCLEOTIDE
T C A G
Tables 1 through 6 summarize a remarkable phe- Note that the Fig. 3 provides a typical “band-based”
nomenon: The Universal Genetic Code plays the mechanism common in Poincare’s chaos theory. In fact,
role of a macro-level structural matrix. This ma- Fig. 3 provides a strong network of 2ˆ6=64 binary state
trix controls and balances the exact codon populations constraints, establishing the 64 basic codon locations
within the whole human genome. Results are sim- and populations.
ilar whether the starting point of the codons read- We suggest a possible explanation, analyzing Fig. 3
ing frame sequence is the first, second or third nu- Dark/Light bands. All ratios based on A or G bands,
cleotide. divided by T or C bands, correspond to attractor
We observe a flip-flop binary balance around 2 attrac- “1”. Odd-indexed Dragons are dragon1, dragon3 and
tors: “1” and a single formula based on Phi=1.618033, dragon5 in Fig. 3.
commonly called the “golden ratio” which controls mor- Similarly, all ratios based on C or G bands divided
phogenesis spirals in nature like pineapples, cactus, by T or A bands correspond to attractor “(3-Phi)/2”.
nautilus etc. Even-indexed Dragons are dragon2, dragon4 dragon6
The distance separating both attractors is 1/2 Phi. in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 The 6 fractal-like embedded structure of whole human genome codon populations
Interdiscip Sci Comput Life Sci (2010) 2: 228–240 233
Table 2 Whole Human Genome total codon popu- Table 4 Whole Human Genome total codon popu-
lations, reading the single-stranded DNA lations reading the single-stranded DNA
sequence using the 1st codon reading sequence using the 3rd codon reading
frame for all 24 chromosomes frame for all 24 chromosomes
T C A G T C A G
4 Discussion
As summarized in Fig. 3, we can say that ratios be-
tween codons sorted by A or G in the second base po- Now we ask several questions:
sition (by columns) and codons sorted by T or C in the (1) “Why does the universal genetic code also serve as
second base position cluster around attractor “1”. a self-similar matrix that determines codon populations
Similarly, ratios between codons sorted by C or G across the whole human genome?”
in second base position and codons sorted by T or A (2) “Is this fractal structure universal for all
in second base position cluster around attractor “(3- genomes?”
234 Interdiscip Sci Comput Life Sci (2010) 2: 228–240
(3) “What is its relationship to Chargaff ’s rules?” From the analysis of about twenty various species like
(4) “Why isn’t the chaos pattern of human genome eukaryotes, viruses etc. (Perez, 2009, chapter 19), it
codons just random chance?” appears that:
If we sort the codon populations according to the
(1) “Why does the universal genetic code also serve as genetic code table forming 8 clusters of 8 codons each,
a self-similar matrix that determines codon populations then: 3 parameters – involved in a cellular automata
across the whole human genome?” generation process - define codon populations within
This is very strange. Everything unfolds as if the these genomes to a precision of 99%, and often 99.999%.
populations held concurrently by the 64 codons in the These 3 parameters are: the number ”1”, and two other
whole human genome scale are a self-similar fractal pro- parameters which are always linked to the Golden ratio
jection of the original universal genetic code primitive Phi. For the human and chimpanzee genomes, codon
matrix. frequencies are 99.99% correlated. These 3 parameters
A central question is: Is this directly from an an- are “1, 2 and Phi”. We remark that these 3 specific
cestral original source or is this the result of ongoing numbers establish a distance of 1/2 Phi separating both
self-regulation and genome process tuning? attractors, as discovered in this study.
We believe this serves as a checksum matrix which (3) “What is the relationship to Chargaff ’s rules?”
ensures that harmful mutations can be regulated and This is probably the most interesting relationship we
corrected. This is not unlike checksums in computer explore in this paper. Chargaff ’s two parity rules are:
programs. Perry Marshall suggested to me that per- – First Chargaff parity rule: in double-stranded
haps it goes further than that, supervising the structure DNA, %T=%A and %C=%G.
of genome rearrangement and transpositions. – Second Chargaff parity rule (Rudner et al., 1968):
Finally, the big question that remains is: “How did in a single-stranded DNA, %T=%A and %C=%G.
the human genome structure discover and select natural Are there links between our discovery of single-
symmetries from Universal Genetic Code map to use as stranded whole human genome sequence codon popu-
a checksum mechanism?” This question takes us to the lations and Chargaff ’s rules? One might be tempted
very frontiers of science! to judge that our results are a trivial consequence of
(2) “Is this fractal structure universal for all Chargaff ’s second rule.
genomes?” But in reality, these new results extend Chargaff ’s
We analyzed whole genomes using the same method. second rule from the simple TCAG nucleotide level to
Interdiscip Sci Comput Life Sci (2010) 2: 228–240 235
the codon triplet level as well. ing frame to codon reading frame is infinitesimal (these
In 2006, Albrecht-Buehler suggests that Chargaff ’s fluctuations result from undetermined nucleotides re-
second rule appears to be the consequence of a more gions frontiers from DNA sequencing process). Mean-
complex parity rule (Albrecht-Buehler, 2006). Com- while, we note also that T/A>1 and C/G<1. However,
bining large quantities of data and checking for triplet the most remarkable fact is the presence of both at-
oligonucleotides, Albrecht-Buehler has suggested that tractors “(3-Phi)/2” and “1” at the global T C A G
this possible extension of Chargaff’s second rule to nucleotide scale, as computed from line 1 in Table 7. In
triplet oligonucleotides might be a consequence of ge- effect, attractor “1” corresponds to Chargaff ’s second
nomic evolution, particularly transposon activity. rule T=A and C=G which we have just demonstrated
Computing Chargaff’s second rule for the whole hu- here. The second attractor “(3-Phi)/2” is seen when we
man genome nucleotide level. compute ratios T/C=1.447808424, A/G=1.444633555
Using data from tables 2, 3, and 4, it is easy to calcu- and (T+A)/(C+G)=1.446220557. When you compare
late the amount and percentages of TCAG nucleotides these results with those of Table 5, they are extremely
within whole human genome single-stranded DNA. We close to the ideal value 2/(3-Phi) =1.447213595.
consider successively the three codon reading frames Towards a codon level generalization of Chargaff ’s
populations. In these 3 cases we compute the quan- second rule.
tities of TCAG nucleotides. Then we check validity We can reorganize the 2D data codon populations of
and regularity of Chargaff ’s second parity rule at the the Table 1 into a 3D array of 4x4x4 cells, according to
global scale of whole human genome. Particularly, ta- the three TCAG codons positions.
ble 7 demonstrates that the error of Chargaff ’s second Then we can construct this cubic array for each of
parity rule is about 1/1000. Variation from codon read- the 3 codon positions as follows:
Table 7 checking for Chargaff ’s second parity rule at the whole human genome scale
Verifying Chargaff’s second rule within single stranded DNA whole human genome
T C A G T/A C/G
1st frame 841214808 581026325 839827524 581342944 1.001651868 0.9994553662
2nd frame 841214825 581026348 839827527 581342943 1.001651884 0.9994554075
3rd frame 841214769 581026355 839827531 581342937 1.001651813 0.9994554299
Table 8 A Chargaff-like second parity rule is verified at the “codon scale level” analyzing the total codon
population of the 3 codon reading frames within the single-stranded whole human genome DNA
sequence
Codon total populations T codons C codons A codons G codons
In the first left column, the first cell cumulates codons identical to codon populations where first base position
of type “xyT”, the second cell cumulates codons of type is A, therefore: “codons Twx = codons Ayz”.
“xTy” and the last cell cumulates codons of type “Txy” –Codon populations where first base position is C are
and so on. The same process applied to only one codon identical to codon populations where first base position
reading frame (i.e. data from Tables 2 or 3 or 4) pro- is G, therefore: “codons Cwx = codons Gyz”.
duces similar results. –Codon populations where 2nd base position is T are
Finally we can extend the scope of Chargaff ’s second identical to codon populations where second base posi-
rule from the single nucleotide TCAG level to the global tion is A, therefore: “codons wTx = codons yAz”.
level of codon triplets. –Codon populations where 2nd base position is C are
Now we suggest a new codon-level Chargaff second identical to codon populations where second base posi-
parity rule: tion is G, therefore: “codons wCx = codons yGz”.
In the whole human genome simple-stranded DNA –Codon populations where third base position is T are
sequence, Chargaff ’s second rule can be extended to all identical to codon populations where third base position
triplets codons as follows: is A, therefore: “codons wxT = chdons yzA”.
–Codon populations where first base position is T are –Codon populations where third base position is C are
236 Interdiscip Sci Comput Life Sci (2010) 2: 228–240
identical to codon populations where third base position (1.4144)], [CCC (0.8393) GGG (0.8403)], etc.
is G, therefore: “codons wxC = codons yzG”. Here we classify populations of codons according to
Verifying this law at the level of individual chromo- the universal genetic code table. Meanwhile, other
somes in the human genome. kinds of classifications are possible. The simplest comes
We refer to data in the supplementary materials by sorting the 64 codon populations from most fre-
which shows codon populations for each human chro- quent to least frequent. (arranging in decreasing order
mosome. It is possible to verify the proposed Chargaff of codon population frequencies).
second rule codon extension at the scale of each in- Several chapters of the book Codex Biogenesis are
dividual human chromosome single-stranded DNA se- dedicated to this topic (Perez, 2009). They elaborate
quence. This results emphasize variability in the related on the discovery that for instance if we consider 2 clus-
law T>A and C<G: ters of 32 codon populations each, the most frequent is
exactly 2X as numerous as the least frequent of the 32
T>A is verified in 18 of 24 chromosomes, but C<G
codons. The exact ratio was 1.995859355.
is only verified in 14 of 24 chromosomes. We note also
They also prove that total atomic weights of each of
the T=A is highly variable in chromosome Y, probably
the 2 simple DNA strands exhibit the same perfect sym-
resulting from the fact that the Y chromosome has a
metry: For the whole human genome, the balance ratio
very low instance of chromosome-crossing in evolution.
between both DNA strands is exactly = 1.000000456.
Beyond Chargaff’s second rule: Do other kinds of Also, we noticed that this equilibrium has increased as
symmetries exist? the whole human genome sequence has grown in pre-
Analysing the “Codon Frequency Ratio” (CFR) in cision (successive releases of the draft human genomes
the Table 1, we note strange pairs of correlations: sequences of April 2001, November 2002 and finally Au-
[TTT (2.4667) AAA (2.4566)], [TCT (1.4172) AGA gust 2003).
Table 9 Verifying Chargaff ’s second parity rule at codon scale level in 24 individual human chromosomes
Computing errors 1st codon 2nd codon 3rd codon 1st codon 2nd codon 3rd codon
on CODON level position position position position position position
Chargaff’s 2nd rule T > or = A T > or = A T > or = A C < or G C < or = G C < or = G
differences
T=A and C=G ratio T/A ratio T/A ratio T/A ratio C/G ratio C/G ratio C/G
in relative %
All these studies come from a “mosaic” human of other embedded levels of symmetry.
genome, a hybrid fusion of the genomes of numerous What kinds of symmetries?
individuals. It is very likely that the specific genome Sorting codons in decreasing population frequency
from any individual would show even greater precision. makes the phenomenon obvious: codons are ordered
in pairs of similar frequency. The curve of Fig. 4 below
We also believe that telomeres and centromeres re-
shows this clearly.
gions within chromosomes, which cannot be technolog-
What are the labels of these codon pairs? Why do
ically sequenced, further contribute to optimize this al-
they behave this way?
ready perfect balance.
In Table 10, we sort codons by diminishing popula-
Various other complementary symmetries and tions. The first line includes the first 2 codons of the
codon/nucleotide ratios are reported in the book Codex 64. To the left the classified codon is first (TTT) and
Biogenesis (Perez, 2009), demonstrating the evidence to the right the classified codon is second (AAA).
Table 10 Reshaping Table 1 reveals evidence of codon pairs when sorting codon populations by decreasing
frequency. “Odd” codons are codons classified 1 3 5...63 and “even” codons are codons classified
2 4 6... 64. Here we have restricted the analysis to the first codon reading frame single-stranded
DNA sequence (data from Table 2)
“Golden Ratio Fractal Checksum Matrix”. In my works (Perez, 1990 and 1997), we presented
(4) “Why is the Human Genome Codon Chaos Pat- strong mathematical relationships between Fractals
tern not just Random or Chance?” and Golden ratio.
One might be tempted to ascribe the sequence of We will answer these two questions in a future publi-
codons in DNA to “random chance”. One could make cation. Based on the numerical projection law of the C
the same judgment of cards in a poker game; certainly O N H bio-atoms average atomic weights below (Fig. 6),
as you take cards off the stack, they appear to be ran- we will reveal an integer number based code which uni-
dom. However, we all know there is a very specific fies the 3 worlds of genetic information: DNA, RNA
permutation structure in a complete set of 52 cards and amino acid sequences.
(spades, clubs, numbers, jacks, queens, kings, etc). As
you remove certain cards from the stack, certain other Proj(m)=[1−[4π ϕϕϕ2]]m
cards necessarily remain. We have just shown here that With: ϕ=1/ Φ
the human genome is very similar to a card deck. In ϕ=1/Φ Phi is the GOLDEN RATIO Φ
Table 10, about one billion codons are analogous to ϕ2=1/Φ2
millions of 64-card poker games. To be more precise,
Fig. 6 A non linear projection formula provides a common
they are games of 32 cards having equal likelihood of
whole number-based code unifying bio-atoms, nu-
being “odd” or “even”. There is another difference be- cleotides, codons, RNA, DNA and amino acids
tween codons and a card game: each of 32 cards has
a different likelihood of chance, dictated by the CFR
This code applied to the whole sequence of human
(codon Frequency Ratio) in Table 10. So even though
genome, produces generalized discrete waveforms. We
the sequence of codons is superficially random, in real-
will show that, in the case of the whole double-stranded
ity this is not so. Rather, just as in a card game, the
human genome DNA, the mappings of these waves
total composition of codon population obeys this ex-
fully correlate with the well known Karyotype spectral
plicit checksum structure, a “hidden order”. There is a
GIEMSA alternate dark/grey/light bands within chro-
very definite “order within the chaos”.
mosomes.
5 Speculations Then a very exciting question will emerge:
What hypohetical links exist between these theoret-
Two questions remain unanswered: ically predicted waveforms and the experimental elec-
Is the human genome sequence really fractal? tromagnetic waves detected by Luc Montagnier in HIV
And why does it use the Golden Ratio in particular, DNA (Montagnier et al., 2009)?
since an infinite number of schemes are theoretically
possible?
Acknowledgments Many thanks to computer sci-
ence book international author Jacques de Schryver
and communications engineer & search engine specialist
Perry Marshall (one of the world’s leading specialists
on WEB “Google AdWords”) for their precious help in
English translation and discussions.
Many thanks also to Professor Claudio Martinez De-
bat (Sección Bioquı́mica y Biologı́a Molecular Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo
Uruguay) who suggested improving more possible links
between the reported discovery and Chargaff’s rules.
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