Piil Pesenggiri:
A Concept of Political Power in Lampung Culture
Abstract
Power is the main focus of political science, so far the concept of power that exists in Indonesia
comes from the conception of western cultural thought, especially Europe, which influenced the
thinking of the thinkers of the era of Greece, Rome, and medieval Europe. After the reform and era
after 2000, Indonesian thinkers tried to offer the concept of power based on local wisdom based on
local culture. So that emerged local concepts of politics and power. This paper attempts to relate
the principles of the local culture of Lampung piil pesenggiri in the context of contemporary politics
today, especially in the election, including things mystical. The method used in this research/
writing by using qualitative methods with secondary data sources and literature study. The result
in the level of the concept piil pesenggiri be ideal, but the level is still questionable practice.
Keywords:
power; Lampung culture; piil pesenggiri; mystical politics.
Abstrak
Kekuasaan merupakan fokus utama dari ilmu politik, selama ini konsepsi kekuasaan yang ada di Indonesia
berasal dari konsepsi pemikiran budaya barat khususnya Eropa, yang di pengaruhi pemikiran para pemikir
era Yunani, Romawi, dan Eropa Abad Pertengahan. Pasca reformasi dan era setelah tahun 2000, pemikir-
pemikir Indonesia mencoba menawarkan konsep kekuasaan yang berbasiskan kearifan lokal dengan
berbasiskan budaya lokal. Sehingga muncul konsep-konsep lokal tentang politik dan kekuasaan. Tulisan
ini mencoba mengkaitkan prinsip-prinsip budaya lokal Lampung Piil Pesenggiri dalam konteks politik
kontemporer dewasa ini khususnya dalam pemilukada, termasuk hal-hal yang berbau mistis. Metode yang
dipakai dalam penelitian /tulisan ini dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan sumber data sekunder
dan studi kepustakaan. Hasilnya dalam tataran konsep Piil Pesenggiri menjadi ideal, tetapi dalam tataran
praktek masih dipertanyakan.
Kata kunci :
kekuasaan; budaya Lampung; piil pesenggiri; mistis politik.
•
Governmental Department, Political and Sosial Science Faculty, University of Lampung
Email: robicahyadi9@gmail.com
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Robi Cahyadi Kurniawan, Piil Pesenggiri: A Concept of Political Power in Lampung Culture
(Budiardjo, 2008: 18). Robert Dahl (1985) sees Since the reign of reforms that began
power as a relationship between one person in 1997-1999, there was a change of thinking
and another. Power is generally defined as the paradigm in the Indonesian political context,
ability to use sources of influence to influence resulting in direct election in 2005, and with
the behavior of others so that others behave all its dynamics emerged various rules of law
in accordance with the will of the parties that supporting the implementation of regional
influence, more narrowly political power is autonomy as a tandem of direct election. Direct
the ability to use the sources of influence to elections proved to have a negative side of
influence the process of making and execution the face of democracy is raised, in addition to
of political decisions so that Decisions that the political emergence of the high cost (cost
benefit him, his group or society in general politics), candidates are not credible, head of
(Surbakti, 1992: 58). the region dealing with corruption and civil
During this time the concept of power servants who are not neutral and the people
in Indonesia is strongly influenced by Western who play by the circulation of money politics.
thinkers, starting from Ancient Greek thought, This phenomenon raises the concerns
Roman and medieval (Schmandt, 2002: 34- of various parties (academics and democracy
45). Political science has a long history that activists), namely whether the democracy
began from the time of the ancient Greeks, in that has been going on in Indonesia has
its development according to George B. De touched its substance, or the content of the
Huzar (in Darmawan, 2015: 4), political science meaning of democracy, which is simply
is divided into three periods. The first time was interpreted as a process of, for and by the
in Ancient Greece, the ancient Greeks had used people, citing opinions Aristotle democracy
the term “Polytheia”, which literally meant aims for the welfare and prosperity of the
a group of politically incorporated people in people. Democracy in Indonesia is not more
organizations that not only referred to the than procedural, which means seeking power
political community but also the whole part of with the election mechanism with the winner
people’s lives. (Darmawan, 2015: 4). of the most votes, one man one vote, regardless
The second period is in Roman times, the of whether the candidate elected leader was
Middle Ages, and the Renaissance period. In the credible, competent, not corrupt or noble.
Roman period, the study of political science was In some ways, western democracy can
more concerned with the study of law, while in not answer the above problems, so that thinkers
the middle of the study of politics more concerned in Indonesia try to find new alternatives in
with the study of the relationship between state the context of democracy by linking it with
and religion, in the Renaissance period more Indonesian culture, especially local culture.
discussing the separation between politics and This paper attempts to examine the
ethics. The third period of the modern era, concepts, definitions, patterns of local democracy
characterized by many approaches in political relating to power outside of western thought,
science. The number of approaches in political especially in the context of the local culture of
science can be divided into two trends in a Lampung. Lampung in the local context, the
large group of political scientists. First, a group author tries to elaborate the principles of local
of political scientists who emphasize attention culture and some of the principles of life.
to legal and institutional phenomena. Second,
a collection of political scientists interested in Methods
the study of political behavior and processes This study uses qualitative research
(Darmawan, 2015: 5). methods used to examine the condition of
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Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Volume 21, Issue 1, July 2017
natural objects, where researchers are key or without coercion, the use of power by
instruments, data analysis is inductive / coercive means can be divided into three
qualitative, qualitative research results are forms of physical coercive, coercive economic
more concerned with the meaning than and coercive psychic, while the management
generalization (Sugiyono, 2006: 9-10). The of power in a consensual way related to
observation in this study used literacy studies the pattern of political leadership, Which is
or literature studies; reviewing the results of initiative, manage and protective (Darmawan,
previous research sourced from the books and 2015: 23-25).
journals related to the object of research. Physical coercion is a power that uses
Sources of data in this paper or research brutal coercion, by killing, imprisoning or
is to use secondary data, in this study sourced punishment related to it. Economic coercive
from materials supporting libraries and or is the power that uses coercion by taking
information obtained through third parties shape by not providing the means to save his
who are considered to have something to do life. Coercive psychic is power by using coercion
with the problem under study; Such as books, through role play and power by the authorities,
journals, documents and rules of invitation usually done by a coercive and authoritarian
relating to this research. In other words, data ruler. The initiator is the initiating leadership
collection techniques in writing / research is by taking political action that inspires his
through literature. followers to follow his actions, or associate
themselves with the leader. Managing is
Discussion defined as managing leadership by maintaining
Conception and Relationship of Power the order of things that have been built, also
called the conservator by emphasizing the line
Some concepts are closely related
of political action in accordance with the wishes
to the concept of power is the concept of
of his followers. Protective is the leadership that
influence, persuasion, coersion, force and
protects and provides security for its followers
authority. Influence is the ability to influence
(Darmawan, 2015: 23-25).
others to change their attitudes and behavior
Power relationships contain three
voluntarily. Persuasion is the ability to convince
elements that include the purpose, the way
others with the argument to do something,
the use of sources of influence and the results
manipulation is the use of influence, in which
of the use of sources of influence, so that
case the affected do not realize that his behavior
power relations have certain characteristics
actually obeys the desire of the holder of
as a result of the existence of three elements
power. Coercion is a demonstration of power or
are: first- power is the relationship between
threat of coercion done by a person or group
man; second- the power holder affects the
of people against another party in order to
other; third- the holder of power may be
act and behave in accordance with the will
an individual or group or organization or
of the powers, including the attitudes and
government; fourth- the target of the affected
behavior contrary to the will is influenced, for
power may be the individual or group or
example, the arrest by the police and military
organization or government; fifth- a party with
interrogation. Force is the use of physical
a source of power does not necessarily have
pressure, such as restricting freedom, cause
power because it depends on its ability to use
pain or limit the biological needs of the other
resources effectively; sixth- the use of sources
person to do something. (Surbakti, 1992: 57).
of power may involve coercion, consensus or
Power can be managed in two ways:
a combination of two; seventh- It depends on
coercive or by using coercion and consensual
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Robi Cahyadi Kurniawan, Piil Pesenggiri: A Concept of Political Power in Lampung Culture
the moral perspective that is used whether the distributed relatively evenly among the various
goal to be achieved is good or bad; eighth- The Organizations and interest groups; Government
results of the use of those sources of influence in this model acts as an arena of competition
can benefit the whole society or benefit a small and compromise among various social groups
group of people depending on the distribution and forces in society (Surbakti, 1992: 77-78).
of power; ninth- Ideally sources of power are The assumption underlying the populist
used for the maslahat of the general public not or populist model is democracy, meaning
for the benefit of a minority of society; the the participation of individual citizens in the
tenth- Political power is the use of sources process of making and implementing political
of influence to influence the political process decisions, which will clearly affect the joints of
(Surbakti, 1992: 58-59). individual and social life in society (Surbakti
Power by Andrain and Putnam (in 1992: 78).
Surbakti 1992: 59-64) has six potential and actual
dimensions, positive and negative, consensus Power in Javanese Culture
and coercion, position and personality, implicit Indonesia has a different power concept
and explicit, direct and indirect. The power with western-derived literature, one of which is
in its implementation has three main issues the conception of Javanese power. The Javanese
that become observations in political science, conception of power differs radically from a
namely how power is exercised, how power concept that has developed in the west since the
is distributed, and why a particular person or medieval ages, from this distinction logically
group has more power than other people or resulting in striking differences in views of the
groups in certain circumstances, Four factors way political and historical work (Anderson
that need to be studied in the implementation 2000: 42). Javanese traditional political culture
of power, namely; the form and number of is a very complex phenomenon, in this culture
sources, the source distribution, when people there is an incomplete mixing with elements
and groups use resources, and the results of of Brahmanism (Hinduism), Buddhism and
the use of power sources (Surbakti, 1992: 64). Islam and the influx of western influences.Java’s
According to Charles F. Andrain (in subordination to western political, economic
Surbakti, 1992: 74-75), political scientists and cultural domination, especially in the
describe the distribution of power in the form last hundred years, has moved the process of
of three models, namely; Model of the ruling decrystallization, so that the present Javanese
elite, pluralist model, and populist model. The culture is the complexity of heterogeneous
elite model is power held by a small group of western and traditional elements (Anderson
people who govern called elite. The pluralist 2000: 42-43).
model is power held by various social groups Conceptions of power in the eyes of
in society and various institutions within modern Europe can be summed up (this is done
government. The populist model is the power to help clarify ideas about the power of Java, so
held by individual citizens. compared to the European concept or west) in
The assumption underlying the pluralist four points: First, power is abstract (in the sense
model of the distribution of power is that each of finite or absent); second, sources of power
individual belongs to one or more specific are heterogeneous; third, the accumulation
social or social groups in accordance with of power has no inherent boundaries;
the ideological and cultural aspirations and fourth, power is ambiguous (Anderson, 2000:
interests of the economy, according to the 43-46). The conception of Java power applies
pluralist model of power in society will be vice versa from what is described by the
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concept of Europe, the conception of Javanese other, or those perceived to have supernatural
power according to Benedict R.OG. Anderson powers (kesakten), clownish, eunuchs, dwarfs,
(2000: 47-50) clairvoyant, healer, rishi or people who are
First, power is concrete. Power is a real considered to have advantages (Surbakti, 1992:
thing, independent of those who may use 83).
it, power is not a theoretical postulate but is Power in Javanese culture is identified
an existential reality. Power is an invisible, by the following signs; The self-centered (in the
mysterious, divine energy that nourishes the ascetic), absorbing the power from the outside
universe. Power is manifest to every aspect (the claim of the incarnation of the gods),
of nature, rocks, trees, clouds. In Javanese focusing in itself contradictory matters of the
traditional thought there is no strict separation ability to concentrate contradictory things within
between living and non-living things, because himself, such as sex (male and women), thought
all are sustained by the same invisible power. (nationalism, communism, nasakom), religion
Second, power is homogeneous. It follows the (Islam, Christian, Hindu, Budha, Beliefs), and
conception that all power is of the same kind class (military, party, region). As well as the
and originating from the same source, power revelation (devine radiance), is believed to be able
in the hands of one individual or group is to move, displacement revelation usually marks
the same as that which is in the hands of the the waning or the fall of a dynasty or regime, the
individual and the other. presence of power everyday can be seen on the
Third, the amount of power in the faces of those in power, namely the presence or
universe is constant. In Javanese view, the absence of light (cassia) on the face of the mighty
universe is neither developing nor shrinking, (Surbakti, 1992: 83).
the total amount of power in it is always Power also has social features that
fixed. Power alone exists, not a product of include fertility, prosperity, stability and
organization, wealth, weaponry or anything seclusion. Fertility can be seen from the number
else. The overall quantity does not change, of descendants and grandchildren of the ruler,
although the distribution of power within prosperity can be seen in the daily life of
the universe may vary. Fourth, power does members of the community such as ensuring
not question validity. All power is derived basic needs, stability describes order and
from a single, homogeneous source of power, peace in society, while the glory based on the
overcoming good-bad questions, for Javanese greatness and glory of a kingdom or country is
thought there is no question of questioning marked by the number Head of government or
claims to rule on the basis of different sources head of a foreign country visiting the country
of power. Power is not valid or invalid, that (Surbakti, 1992: 83).
power exists. Outlook Javanese life is linkage between
According to Javanese culture, power is theory and practical eventually leads to
gained by the ascetic events and practices of true wisdom, the theory for the Javanese is
yoga, such as fasting, walking without sleep, contemplation of the macrocosm to understand
meditation, and not having sex in a given the life that eventually led to the horoscope (logbook
period of time, also obtained by holding royal result contemplation) and divination, and make
ceremonies involving many people, objects the king is the center of the cosmos and the center
containing strength, and symbols that contain of power (Kresna, 2013: 171-173). Leadership
mystical insights. Another way is to collect in Javanese culture is also manifested in the
objects, like a dagger, gamelan, the carriage, form of Brata feet; Namely the eight actions,
the umbrella greatness, or goods heirloom the character, the main character that must be
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mutual cooperation and mutual help, means people are struggling in the elections (election).
understanding the Sakai Sambayan is essentially An equation which became the model until now
showing a sense of participation and solidarity is the figure that appears Lampung always held
in the community to activities or obligations the Java community leaders, so that the model
that must be done (Hadikusuma, 1989: 120- of the elections in Lampung always the same
123). pattern, namely Lampung-Java combination.
Candidates for Governor, Mayor, The Regent
Power in Lampung Culture is a man Lampung and prospective Alternates
In the context of Lampung as local ethnic are Javanese, or otherwise a combination of
community living in Lampung province, Java and Lampung.
there is a problem that the ethnic Lampung Power in the culture of Lampung
underappreciated by immigrant communities is prestige (awards) as a manifestation of Piil
(ethnic beyond Lampung). Statistically where Pesenggiri, so forward as a candidate in the
the original Ethnic Lampung (both Pesisir and election of regional heads is a great pride,
Pubian) annually stagnated, the Central Bureau regardless of winning or losing in the electoral
of Statistics Lampung (2016) write that the arena. All the areas that hold the elections
number of ethnic Lampung, only 15% of the simultaneously in Lampung Province in
entire population in Lampung. December 2015 (8 areas) and volume two
Lampung people are often given simultaneous local elections in February 2017
the stigma that their actions were often (5 regions) then there is always the Lampung
out of context Piil Pesenggiri, basically Piil ethnic advanced, either as a candidate for
Pesenggiri positive meaning, but to the regent / mayor and deputy regent / mayor.
community outside of Lampung population, Philosophical values of culture of Lampung,
into meaningful negative. Piil Psesenggiri in which there are ethical values, moral, spiritual
changed its form as a way of Lampung people values of material and non-material which is
and resistance against inequality against interpreted in the social and cultural systems,
migrants, as a way to recognize and reward works to build awareness of the moral glue of
as lokal. Lampung community identity is unity nation, and adhesives in social life, cultural,
lose inseparable from the swift entrants, and economic and political well (Nurdin, 2009: 94-
make Lampung as the area of migration (also 95). Piil Pesenggiri in this case is the glue for the
destinations transmigration) and contributes to candidates who will advance in the election
the position Lampung people. The dominance of regional heads, so that conflicts between
of the stronger comers along with local naming candidates when the election is finished rare,
patterns that have developed since the era although there usually is in the realm of pemiih
of transmigration,according to their areas of or sympathizers of the prospective head region,
origin in the name of the island of Java. The never frontal among the candidates.
newcomers became more dominant, especially Process marginalizing the local
in economic, land tenure, and do not position population as a result of migration Lampung in
themselves as immigrants (Sinaga, 2014: 110- Lampung causes people to be a minority in the
111). midst of the cultural heterogeneity of migrants.
Since the era of direct local elections, Faced with this marginalization Lampung
many public figures Lampung, both traditional people build and evoke tradition (a tradition of
leaders, leaders Lampung with strong financial invention) in order to strengthen the collective
capital, or a person appointed as a non Lampung consciousness through the interpretation Piil
customary brother (juluk adok) by Lampung Pesenggiri (dignity) are reproduced and
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Robi Cahyadi Kurniawan, Piil Pesenggiri: A Concept of Political Power in Lampung Culture
articulated as a representation of identity and dynamism that believe in the occult and
(Irianto, 2011: 140). The representation of this mysticism also occur in the implementation
identity by author manifested in local elections, of the election. Some of the candidates dies
leaders and people of Lampung always comes before the implementation of the election in
within the context of power at local elections. the area, and some communities in Lampung
Characteristics of regional head and deputy linking them with things occult and mystical.
regional head (neither the Governor, the Mayor Javanese mysticism is the result of core starch
and Regent) based on ethnicity in Lampung, sikretisme various religious teachings and
composed of 15 ethnic Lampung, 10 were traditions of communal thousands of years
ethnic Javanese, the remaining 2 other ethnic ago, which has many of the elements of
people (Irianto, 2011: 146). which the political leadership (Endaswara
Lampung people in terms of political in Maristiyawan, 2015: 41). Mystical-spiritual
participation, are very high to be involved experience in understanding the existence
as a candidate for regional head and deputy itself is part of the way of life of Java (Krishna,
head of the region, but participation in the 2013: 170).
airport inversely. In the perspective of public Some examples of cases, Zubaedah that
services, culture Piil Pesenggiri not too upheld have been defined as candidates by the Election
by bureaucrats or street level bureaucracy in Commission of North Lampung who died of
charge of serving the community. Pairulsyah illness at the North Lampung Local Election
(2013: 173-176) showed that the quality of in 2013, and also Paryadi Deputy Regent of
service needs to be scaled back because of the North Lampung elected in the election in 2013
principles of the local culture of Lampung ‘Piil is paired with elected Regent Agung Ilmu
Pesenggiri’ not too deeply internalized by Mangku Negara, can not be elected for long
bureaucrats. illness, which eventually died. Another case is
a candidate for Vice Regent of East Lampung,
Culture and Mystical Politics party PKS, which is paired with the incumbent
References Lampung community life in Regent Erwin Arifin also died of illness before
the context of grabbing power through elections the implementation of the 2015 East Lampung
that represented the local elections, especially local election, so Erwin advanced Arifin
during this period of 2005 to 2015 and then, canceled because her partner died. Mesuji
becomes a fortress in the election dispute trace backward in the elections of 2011, Tasks
resolution. Bawaslu RI and the National Police executor Mesuji Regent; Ruswandi also died
in 2015 and issued a statement that Lampung is while desirous forward as a candidate regent in
prone province in the implementation of local Mesuji,the latter case is the death of Vice Regent
elections because of the potential conflict. Mesuji Ismail Ishak, because of strange pain
In practice the election battle, the when desirous of advancing into the Regent
principle piil pesenggiri unused, if the fight is still on Mesuji Local election 2017 (Source: adapted
associated with family relationships. Family from some secondary data in local print media
battle can be seen in the case against Syacroedin Lampung).
Alzier in Lampung Governor Election 2008, Associated with the death of Ismail Ishak,
Alzier against Heri Sembodo and Pileg Dewi Adam Ishak who is the younger brother of
Arum in 2014, and several cases of election in Ismail Ishak forward as a candidate Vice Regent
the regency / municipal span of 2005 to 2015. Mesuji paired with Febrina Lesisie on Mesuji
Javanese cultural influence is also felt Local Election 2017 have their own opinions.
in the cultural context of Lampung, animism Adam Ishak told, Ismail Ishak’s illness has
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lasted nearly two months, his brother Adam persuasion or rational argument, manipulation,
said that disease associated with things coercion, physical and psychological pressure
mystical. More Adam recounts: and authority. Powers also has six dimensions,
potential and actual, positive and negative,
“Initially, frequent headaches, and consensus and coercion, office and personal,
every check-up doctor said there implicit and explicit, direct and indirect.
is no disease, check-ups several Javanese culture as a representation of
times a disease was not found. Once
Indonesia, conceptions of power is different
combined doctors and clerics check
Ismail Ishak, then they perform the from the western conception. In the eyes
operation, and from my brother’s of modern Europe can be summarized
neck and the rope pocong needle four points: first; power is abstract (in the
out, it was about 1.5 months ago. sense of limited or non-existent), second;
After the odd items was issued, then power sources are heterogeneous, third; the
a lot of mucus from the neck and accumulation of power does not have inherent
spread to the head. Makanya then
limitations, fourth; power is ambiguous. Java
performed brain surgery to remove
mucus, about a week ago in Jakarta powers prevailing conception opposite of
Islamic Hospital” (Tribune Lampung; what was presented by the European concept,
Sunday, October 16, 2016, p 7). the conception of power that is Java, there
are four points; power is concrete, power is
Lexi Frenzi, Ismail Ishak’s son declared homogeneous, the amount of power in the
that the doctor did not give clear information universe is constant, power is not questioned
about his disease diagnosis, he added the the validity. How to gain power in Javanese
deceased did not have a history of severe disease culture in practice is irrational and mystical.
during the time, fever is also rare. Lexi said Lampung culture itself has a reference
his father’s health condition began to decline in the life included in the conception of power,
dramatically since two months ago. It was the namely the principle of Piil Pesenggiri (Principle
days before registration of prospective head of Honor), Bejuluk Adek (Principles
region. Ismail himself predicted candidates o f S u c c e s s ) , N e m u i N y i m a h ( P r i n c i p l e
forward into Mesuji, side by side with Iskandar Award), Nengah Nyappur (Principle of
Maliki as his deputy. (Tribune Lampung; Equality), Sakai Sambaian (Principles of
Sunday, October 16, 2016, p 1). In connection Cooperation) are is defined as behavior;
with sick father, Lexi Frenzi states; courtesy / respect, jaunty, helping, working
hard to get a degree, and self-esteem.
“ t h e p a i n i s s t r a n g e , a l wa y s Lampung culture in the context of a
changing. Initially stomach power struggle exists only in the level of
pain. Then treat turned into a concept which in practice is different, especially
headache, and then changed again
in the implementation of local elections be used.
to chest pain “(Tribune Lampung,
16/10-2016, p 1). Power in the cultural views of Lampung be
one piil esteem wherever possible be won. Most
Conclusion people still believe Lampung mystical things as
Political Science main orientation is to part of their lives. This mystical things have in
gain power in the context of western thought common with the Javanese culture is also thick
and the individual must be rational, ways with mystical.
swept to power in the western conception In some of the positive side of Lampung
through several concepts; the influence, local culture in the context of local wisdom as a
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Robi Cahyadi Kurniawan, Piil Pesenggiri: A Concept of Political Power in Lampung Culture
form of local diranah autonomous power, can Manajemen. Retrieved from http://jp.feb.
be used as a foothold in a democracy, with five unsoed.ac.id/index.php/sca-1/article/
basic principle (piil pesenggiri ), but in practice viewFile/222/227
some of the principles it becomes lost. Irianto, S. & Risma M. (2011). Piil Pesenggiri:
Modal Budaya dan Strategi Identitas
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