TOPICS 2

UNDERSTANDING WORD PART

(MEMAHAMI BAGIAN KATA)

A. THE CONCEPT OF WORD (PENGERTIAN KATA)

Word can be defined as follows:

1. The smallest element of a language that can be spoken or written. It is a

realization of feeling, or thought.
(Elemen terkecil dalam sebuah bahasa yang diucapkan atau dituliskan dan
merupakan realisasi kesatuan perasaan dan pikiran).
2. A morpheme or a combination of morphemes that can be uttered as free form (s).
(Morfem atau kombinasi beberapa morfem yang dapat diujarkan sebagai bentuk
yang bebas)
3. A unit of language that can stand alone and consists of one morpheme or some
morphemes.
(Unit bahasa yang dapat berdiri sendiri dan terdiri dari satu morfem atau
beberapa morfem gabungan.

B. KINDS OF WORD (JENIS KATA)

Word can be categorized into root and derivations.

(Kata bisa digolongkan ke dalam: kata dasar, dan kata turunan).

Derivation happens because the root is given affixes such as, prefix, infix and suffix).
(Kata turunan terjadi karena adanya afiks atau imbuhan seperti awalan, sisipan dan
akhiran)

There are some kinds of word in English. They are often called “parts of speech”.
(Ada beberapa jenis kata dalam bahasa Inggris. Mereka sering disebut dengan “kelas
kata”)

1. Noun (kata benda atau nomina).

For example: cat (kucing), dog (anjing), book (buku), wind (angin), rain (hujan), water (air), rice
(nasi/beras), sand (pasir), lesson (pelajaran), topics (topik), course (kursus), mosque (masjid,
and so on (dst)
2. Verb (kata kerja).
Verb can be divided into two types: 1) Action verb,(kata kerja tindakan atau perbuatan), and 2) Verb
“Be” (kata kerja “be” atau bukan tindakan atau perbuatan}.
Examples of action verbs: study (belajar), sleep (tidur), run (lari), eat (makan), drink (minum), buy
(membeli), rent (menyewa), go (pergi), and so on (dll).
Examples of verb be: be, am, is, are, was, were, been.
3. Adjective ( kata sifat/adjektiva).
Adjective functions to modify noun. (kata sifat berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda).
For examples: black, yellow, good, bad, tall, short, happy, sad (hitam, kuning, baik, buruk, tinggi,
pendek, gembira, sedih)
4. Adverb (kata keterangan/adverbia).
Adverb has a function to modify verb. (kata keterangan berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata kerja).
 For examples: slowly, quickly, always, often, seldom, now, tomorrow, yesterday. (pelan-pelan, cepat,
selalu, sering, jarang, sekarang, besok, kemarin).
.5. Pronoun (kata ganti/pronomina). Yakni menggantikan noun.
For examples: I, he, she, you, they, we, this, . (saya, dia (lk), dia (pr), kamu, mereka, kami atau kita,
ini, itu)
6. Numeral (kata bilangan/numeralia)
For example: one, two, three, first, second. (satu, dua, tiga, pertama, kedua)
7. Preposition (kata depan) terletak sebelum kata benda.
For example: from, in, on, under, after, before, near, at, far, behind, beside, across. (dari, di dalam, di
atas, di bawah, sesudah, sebelum, dekat, pada, jauh, di belakang, di samping, di seberang).
8. Particle (partikula).
For example: up, off,
9. Conjunction (kata sambung/konjungsi)
For example: and, but, or, yet, because, while, when, though, so. (dan, tetapi, atau, namun, karena,
sementara, ketika, walaupun, sehingga)

C. ROOT (AKAR KATA) AND DERIVATION. ( TURUNAN KATA)

Root is an origin of a word. Let’s see the word ‘happy’. This word can be added ‘prefix’ and
‘suffix’. The prefix ‘un’ can be added to ‘happy’. It becomes ‘unhappy’. This word can also be added
suffix ‘ness’. It becomes ‘happiness’. At last, ‘happy’ can have prefix and suffix. It becomes
‘unhappiness’. The happy means ‘bahagia atau gembira’, unhappy means ‘tidak bahagia atau tidak
gembira’, happiness means ‘kebahagian atau kegembiraan’ and the word unhappiness means
‘ketidakbahagiaan atau ketidakgembiraan’.
By adding prefix or suffix to a root, it can change the part of speech of a word. Like the above
example, the word happy is adjective. But, if it is added by ‘ness’ to become ‘happiness’, it changes to
‘noun’ now. Meanwhile, when it is added by prefix ‘un’ to become ‘unhappy’, it is still adjective. On
the other hand, when the word ‘happy’ is added by prefix ‘un’ and suffix ‘ness’, to become
‘unhappiness’, it is ‘noun’ now.

Look at these table

NO ROOTS PART OF PREFIX SUFFIX PRE + SUFF
(AKAR) SPEECH (AWALAN) (AKHIRAN)
1 Happy Adjective Unhappy (adj) Happiness (N) Unhappiness (N)
(bahagia) (tak bahagia) (kebahagiaan) (ketakbahagiaan)
Happily (adverb) Unhappily (adv)
(Dengan bahagia) (Degan tidak bahagia)

2 Good Adj - Goodness (n)= (kebaikan) -

(baik)
3 Slow Adj Slowly (adv)= (dengan
(Pelan) pelan)
Slowliness (n)= dengan
kepelanan)
4 Generate Verb Regenerate (v) Generation (n) Regeneration (n)
Membangkitkan (membangkitkan (kebangkitan) (kebangkitan lagi)
lagi)
5 Teach Verb Reteach (v) Teachable (adj) Reteachable (adj)
(mengajar) (mengajar (dapat diajarkan) (dapat diajarkan lagi)
kembali)
6 Believe Verb Disbelieve (v) Believable (adj) Disbelievable (adj)
 (percaya) (tidak percaya) (dapat dipercaya) Unbelievable (adj)
(tak dapat dipercaya)
7 Rich Adjective Enrich (v) - Enrichable (adj)
(kaya) (memperkaya) (dapat diperkaya)

Large (luas) adje Enlarge

(memperluas)
8 Wide = (luas) adjective Widen (v)
(memperluas)
Widely (adv) =(luas)-
9 Water = (air) Noun Watery (adj) =(berair)

10 Cloud Noun Cloudy (adj) Unclouded (adj)

(berawan) (jernih)
11 Beauty Noun  Beautiful (adj)
(kecantikan)  Beautiful+ ly
=beautifully
(adv)
 Beautifulness (Noun)
(kecantikan)
12 End Verb  Endable (adj) (dapat
(mengakhiri/bera diakhiri)
khir)  Endless (adj) (tiada
berakhir)

Exercises
1. Study the following words and then make derivations. Find the meaning of all words
below and its derivations.

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

Sun Sleep Sad quickly
Wind Learn Colour silently
Book Think Black Kindly
Air Cut Sharp Rapidly
Dog Work Safe Angrily
Roof Drive Wild Faintly
Stick Study Polite Rudely
Top Write Active Seriously
Land Speak Clear Poorly
Paper Cook Crazy Honestly
Ink Watch Deaf Accidentally
Rule Consider Dead Shakily

2. Write 10 sentences of the words in the list above.

Examples:

The sun rises at the east. (Matahari terbit di timur)

3. Find some more words at home for the four categories. Don’t forget to give meaning to
the words that you get.
 1) Find 10 nouns
2) Find 10 verbs
3) Find 10 adjectives
4) Find 10 adverbs

ARTI AWALAN
1) un = tidak un+ happy
2) re = kembali atau lagi re + generate
3) dis = tidak dis + qualify
4) mal = salah mal + practice
5) in = tidak in + consistence

ARTI AKHIRAN
1) ness = ke-an happy + ness (kebahagiaan)
2) ly = dengan quick + ly (dengan cepat)
3) y = punya cloud + y (berawan)
4) able = dapat teach + able (dapat diajar)
5) er = orangnya teach + er (pengajar)
6) ion = ke-an generate + ion (kebangkitan)
7) ist = orangnya active + ist (penggiat)
8) (u)ous = sifatnya danger = ous (berbahaya)
9) ful = penuh beauty+ful (penuh cantik)
10) less = kurang/tak water + less (tak berair)
Speech + less (tak bicara)
11) ive = sifatnya act + ive (giat)
12) or = orannya act + or (pelaku lelaki)
13) ress = orangnya act +ress (pelaku wanita)

STUDY THE FOLLOWING PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

Use the meanings of the prefixes and the suffixes to help you answer each question with
the correct number.
Let’s get right to the roots of understanding a whole
bunch of words —prefixes, suffixes, and root words.
Knowing this stuff will really help your reading grow!
Prefix Meaning Prefix Meaning
mono-, uni- one oct- eight
du-, di-, bi- two
dec- ten
tri- three cent- hundred
quart-, quad- four mil-, kilo- thousand
penta-, cinc- five semi-, hemi- half
EXERCISE 1

FIND THE MEANING

1. How many events in a decathlon? _________

2. How many lines in a cinquain poem? _________
3. How many lenses in bifocals? _________
4. How many performers in a trio? _________
5. On what day in May is Cinco de Mayo? _________
6. How many tentacles on an octopus? __________
7. How many singers in a quartet? __________
8. How many sides does the Pentagon building have? _________
9. How many letters in a digraph? _________
10. How many millimeters in a meter? __________
11. How many grams in a kilogram? ___________
12. How many rails in a monorail? __________
13. What part of a sphere is a hemisphere? ____________
14. How many notes in an octave? ___________
15. How many years in a decade? __________
16. If you quadruple something, how many times bigger is it? _______

PREFIX MEANING
anti- against
bi- two
centi- hundred
in-, im- not
mis- wrongly
multi- many
non- opposite of
pre- before; ahead of time
re- again
sub- under
trans- change; across
tri- three

EXERCISE 2

FIND THE MEANING

1. opposite of functioning: _____________________________

2. shape with three angles: _______________________
3. having two poles: _______________________
4. wrongly understood: ___________________________
5. not patient: _______________________________
6. cycle again: __________________________
7. against war: _______________________
8. having many purposes: __________________________
9. establish before: ___________________________
10. across the Pacific: ____________________________
11. under space: __________________________
12. change form: __________________________
13. one-hundredth of a meter: ___________________________
14. opposite of aggressive: _______________________________
15. to submit again: ________________________
16. not personal: ________________________
17. of many cultures: ________________________________
18. wrongly interpreted: _____________________________
19. area covering three states: _______________________
20. determine ahead of time: ____________________________

EXERCISE 3

FIND THEIR MEANINGS

1. without hope: ______________________

2. in the state of being a child: ____________________________
3. able to wash: _________________________
4. one who plays violin: _________________________
5. in the direction of north: _________________________
6. like a fool: ________________________
7. in a state of being content: ____________________________
8. the quality of being kind: _________________________
9. the quality of being loyal: ___________________
10. filled with fear: ______________________
11. one who teaches: ______________________
12. the study of the mind (psych): ____________________
13. made of wood: _____________________
14. a young duck: _______________________
15. in a strange manner: _________________________
16. without worth: ___________________________
17. made of gold: ________________________
18. in a manner of time: ______________________
19. approximately forty: _________________________
20. in an up direction: ________________________
.

Suffix Meaning
-able able to
-en made of
-ful filled with
-hood state of being
-ish like; approximately
-ity, -ment state of
-less without
-let, - ling small, young
-ly in a manner
-ness, having a quality
-ology the study of
-or, -er, -ist one who
-ward in direction of
Directions:
(just a few) LATIN ROOTS:
ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE
act do enact ped foot pedal
ang bend triangle pop people population
aud hear audience rupt break erupt
cred believe discredit sign mark signal
dict speak dictate spec see spectator
fac make factory tract pull, drag traction
loc place locate urb city urban
man hand manual vac empty vacant
mob move mobile vid see video

EXERCISE 4

FIND THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING WORD IN THE LIST BELOW

1. incredible
2. angular
3. manipulate
4. audible
5. relocate
6. mobilize
7. pedestrian
8. contradict
9. abrupt
10. suburb
11. vivid
12. attraction
13. popular
14. disrupt
15. manufacture
16. evacuate
17. audition
18. automobile
19. evidence
20. signature

THE LIST OF THE MEANING ABOUT THE ABOVE WORDS

having bends
move into action
one who is on foot
speak against
not believable
move by hand
able to be heard
move to a new place
easy to see
pull toward
liked by people
a sudden break
break up or apart
below or outside the city
leave a place empty
seen with the eyes
make by hand
the mark of identity
a time to be heard
machine that moves by itself