GRID COMPUTING

PROFILE

Name : 1) BAPATHU DIVYA

2)KURRI SOWJANYA
(3/4B.Tech CSE)

Name of the Institution : DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

NALANDA INSTITUTE OF ENGG&TECH

Title of the Paper : GRID COMPUTING

E - Mail : divya_bapathu@yahoo.co.in

Buddu_sowji@yahoo.com

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CONTENTS

PG NO

ABSTRACT 4

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. THE GRID 5

3. BEGINNING OF GRID 5

4. GRID COMPUTING CHARACTERSTICS 6

5. A COMMUNITY GRID MODEL 7

6. TYPES OF GRID 8

7. THE KIND OF GRID TOOLS 8

8. GRID COMPONENTS 9

9. ADVANTAGES 14

10. CHALLENGES OF GRID 14

11. CONCLUSION 14

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO NAME PG NO

1 Layered architecture of grid model 7

2 Possible user view of Grid 10

3 Security in Grid Environment 10

4 Broker Service 11

5 Scheduler 12

6 Data Management 13

7 Gram 13

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 Abstract

Grid computing, emerging as a new paradigm for next-generation computing,

enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of geographically distributed

heterogeneous resources for solving large-scale problems in science, engineering, and

commerce. The resources in the Grid are heterogeneous and geographically

distributed. Availability, usage and cost policies vary depending on the particular

user, time, priorities and goals. It enables the regulation of supply and demand for

resources.

It provides an incentive for resource owners to participate in the Grid; and

motivates the users to trade-off between deadline, budget, and the required level of

quality of service. The thesis demonstrates the capability of economic-based systems

for wide-area parallel and distributed computing by developing users’ quality-of-

service requirements-based scheduling strategies, algorithms, and systems. It

demonstrates their effectiveness by performing scheduling experiments on the World-

Wide Grid for solving parameter sweep—task and data parallel—applications.

This paper focuses on introduction, grid definition and its evolution. It covers

about grid characteristics, types of grids and an example describing a community grid

model. It gives an overview of grid tools, various components, advantages followed

by conclusion and bibliography.

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1. INTRODUCTION of large-scale, resource-intensive, and

This The Grid unites servers distributed applications.

and storage into a single system that Grid is a type of parallel and

acts as a single computer - all your distributed system that enables the

applications tap into all your sharing, selection, and aggregation of

computing power. Hardware resources geographically distributed

are fully utilized and spikes in demand "autonomous" resources dynamically

are met with ease. This Web site at runtime depending on their

sponsored by Oracle brings you the availability, capability, performance,

resources you need to evaluate your cost, and users' quality-of-service

organization's adoption of grid requirements.

technologies. The Grid is ready when 3. BEGINNINGS OF THE

you are. GRID
2. THE GRID Parallel computing in the
The Grid is the computing and 1980s focused researchers’ efforts on
data management infrastructure that the development of algorithms,
will provide the electronic programs and architectures that
underpinning for a global society in supported simultaneity. During the
business, government, research, 1980s and 1990s, software for parallel
science and entertainment, integrate computers focused on providing
networking, communication, powerful mechanisms for managing
computation and information to communication between processors,
provide a virtual platform for and development and execution
computation and data management in environments for parallel machines.
the same way that the Internet Successful application paradigms were
integrates resources to form a virtual developed to leverage the immense
platform for information. The Grid is potential of shared and distributed
the computing and data management memory architectures. Initially it was
infrastructure that will provide the thought that the Grid would be most
electronic. Grid infrastructure will useful in extending parallel computing
provide us with the ability to paradigms from tightly coupled
dynamically link together resources as clusters to geographically distributed
an ensemble to support the execution systems. However, in practice, the

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Grid has been utilized more as a • Diversity;
platform for the integration of loosely • Decentralizati
coupled applications – some on; and
components of which might be running • Dynamism
in parallel on a low-latency parallel Diversity:
machine – and for linking disparate A typical computing grid
resources (storage, computation, consists of many hundreds of managed
visualization, instruments). resources of various kinds including
Coordination and distribution – two servers, storage, Database Servers,
fundamental concepts in Grid Application Servers, Enterprise
Computing. Applications, and system services like
The first modern Grid is Directory Services, Security and
generally considered to be the Identity Management Services, and
information wide-area year (IWAY). others. Managing these resources and
Developing infrastructure and their life cycle is a complex challenge.
applications for the I-WAY provided a Decentralization:
seminar and powerful experience for Traditional distributed systems
the first generation of modern Grid have typically been managed from a
researchers and projects. This was central administration point. A
important, as the development of Grid computing grid further compounds
research requires a very different focus these challenges
than distributed computing research. since the resources can be even more
Grid research focuses on addressing decentralized and may be
the problems of integration and geographically distributed across many
management of software. I-WAY different data centers within an
opened the door for considerable enterprise.
activity in the development of Grid Dynamism:
software. Components of a traditional
4. GRID COMPUTING application typically run in a static
CHARACTERSTICS environment without the needing to
An enterprise-computing grid is address rapidly changing demands. In
characterized by three primary features a computing grid, however, the
- systems and applications need to be

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able to flexibly adapt to changing resources being added to the mix and
demand. For instance, with the late old resources being retired, and as a
binding nature and cross-platform result of varying observable
properties of web services, an performance of the resources in the
application deployed on the grid may shared, multi-user environment of the
consist of a constantly changing set of Grid.
components. At different points in
time, these components can be hosted
on different nodes in the network.
Managing an application in such a
dynamic environment can be a
challenging undertaking.
5. A COMMUNITY OF GRID
MODEL Figure 1: Layered architecture of the
Over the last decade, the Grid Community Grid Model.
community has begun to converge on a The next horizontal layer
layered model that allows development (common infrastructure) consists of
of the complex system of services and the software services and systems,
software required to integrate Grid which virtualized the Grid. The key
resources. The Community Grid Model concept at the common infrastructure
(a layered abstraction of the grid) layer is community agreement on
being developed in a loosely software, which will represent the Grid
coordinated manner throughout as a unified virtual platform and
academia and the commercial sector. provide the target for more focused
The bottom horizontal layer of software and applications.
the Community Grid Model consists of The next horizontal layer (user
the hardware resources that underlie and application-focused Grid
the Grid. Such resources include middleware, tools and services)
computers, networks, data archives, contains software packages built atop
instruments, visualization devices and the common infrastructure. This
so on. Moreover, the resource pool software serves to enable applications
represented by this layer is highly to more productively use Grid
dynamic, both as a result of new resources by masking some of the

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complexity involved in system have two universities doing life science
activities such as authentication, file research, each with unique data. A data
transfer. grid would allow them to share their
6. TYPES OF GRID data, manage the data, and manage

Grid computing can be used in a security issues such as who has access

variety of ways to address various to what data.

kinds of application requirements. Another common distributed

Often, grids are categorized by the type computing model that is often

of solutions that they best address. The associated with or confused with Grid

three primary types of grids are computing is peer-to-peer computing.

In fact, some consider this is another

Computational grid form of Grid computing.

A computational grid is focused on 7. THE KIND OF GRID

setting aside resources specifically for TOOLS
computing power. In this type of grid, Infrastructure components
most of the machines are high- include file systems, schedulers and
performance servers. resource managers, messaging
Scavenging grid systems, security applications,
A scavenging grid is most certificate authorities, and file transfer
commonly used with large numbers of mechanisms like Grid FTP.
desktop machines. Machines are • Directory services. Systems on
scavenged for available CPU cycles a grid must be capable of
and other resources. Owners of the discovering what services are
desktop machines are usually given available to them. In short, Grid
control over when their resources are systems must be able to define
available to participate in the grid. (and monitor) a grid’s topology
Data grid in order to share and
A data grid is responsible for collaborate. Many Grid
housing and providing access to data directory services
across multiple organizations. Users implementations are based on
are not concerned with where this data past successful models, such as
is located as long as they have access LDAP, DNS, network
to the data. For example, you may

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 management protocols, and crucial to financial and
indexing services. healthcare environments
• Schedulers and load balancers. 8.GRID COMPONENTS:A
One of the main benefits of a HIGH LEVEL PERSPECTIVE
grid is maximizing efficiency.
Depending on the grid design
Schedulers and load balancers
and its expected use, some of these
provide this function and more.
components may or may not be
Schedulers ensure that jobs are
required, and in some cases they may
completed in some order
be combined to form a hybrid
(priority, deadline, urgency, for
component.
instance) and load balancers
8.1. Portal/user interface
distribute tasks and data
Just as a consumer sees the
management across systems to
power grid as a receptacle in the wall,
decrease the chance of
a grid user should not see all of the
bottlenecks.
complexities of the computing grid.
• Developer tools. Every arena of
Although the user interface can come
computing endeavor requires
in many forms and be application-
tools that allow developers to
specific. A grid portal provides the
succeed. Tools for grid
interface for a user to launch
developers focus on different
applications that will use the resources
niches (file transfer,
and services provided by the grid.
communications, environment
From this perspective, the user sees the
control), and range from
grid as a virtual computing resource
utilities to full-blown APIs.
just as the consumer of power sees the
• Security. Security in a grid
receptacle as an. interface to a virtual
environment can mean
generator.
authentication and
authorization -- in other words,
controlling who/what can
access a grid’s resources -- but
it can mean a lot more. For
instance, message integrity and
message confidentiality are

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 using a generic set of credentials for all
authorized users of the portal.

Figure 2: Possible user view of

a grid
8.2. Security
Figure 3: Security in a
A major requirement for Grid
grid environment
computing is security. At the base of
any grid environment, there must be
8.3. Broker
mechanisms to provide security,
Once authenticated, the user
including authentication, authorization,
will be launching an application. Based
data encryption, and so on. The Grid
on the application, and possibly on
Security Infrastructure (GSI)
other parameters provided by the user,
component of the Globus Toolkit
the next step is to identify the available
provides robust security mechanisms.
and appropriate resources to use within
The GSI includes an OpenSSL
the grid. This task could be carried out
implementation. It also provides a
by a broker function. Although there is
single sign-on mechanism, so that once
no broker implementation provided by
a user is authenticated, a proxy
Globus, there is an LDAP-based
certificate is created and used when
information service. This service is
performing actions within the grid.
called the Grid Information Service
When designing your grid
(GIS), or more commonly the
environment, you may use the GSI
Monitoring and Discovery Service
sign-in to grant access to the portal, or
(MDS). This service provides
you may have your own security for
information about the available
the portal. The portal will then be
resources within the grid and their
responsible for signing in to the grid,
status. A broker service could be
either using the user's credentials or
developed that utilizes MDS.

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Figure 4: Broker service
8.4. Scheduler
Once the resources have been
identified, the next logical step is to
schedule the individual jobs to run on
them. If sets of stand-alone jobs are to
be executed with no interdependencies,
then a specialized scheduler may not
be required. However, if you want to
reserve a specific resource or ensure
that different jobs within the
application run concurrently (for
instance, if they require inter-process
communication), then a job scheduler
should be used to coordinate the
execution of the jobs. The Globus
Toolkit does not include such a
scheduler, but there are several
schedulers available that have been
tested with and can be used in a
Globus grid environment. It should
also be noted that there could be
different levels of schedulers within a
grid environment. For instance, a
cluster could be represented as a single
resource. The cluster may have its own
scheduler to help manage the nodes it
contains. A higher-level scheduler
(sometimes called a meta scheduler)
might be used to schedule work to be
done on a cluster, while the cluster's
scheduler would handle the actual
scheduling of work on the cluster's
individual nodes.
Figure 5: Scheduler
8.5. Data management
If any data -- including
application modules -- must be moved
or made accessible to the nodes where
an application's jobs will execute, then
there needs to be a secure and reliable
method for moving files and data to
various nodes within the grid. The
Globus Toolkit contains a data
management component that provides

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such services. This component, know the services to actually launch a job on
as Grid Access to Secondary Storage a particular resource, check its status,
(GASS), includes facilities such as and retrieve its results when it is
GridFTP. GridFTP is built on top of complete.
the standard FTP protocol, but adds
additional functions and utilizes the
GSI for user authentication and
authorization. Therefore, once a user
has an authenticated proxy certificate,
he can use the GridFTP facility to
move files without having to go
through a login process to every node
involved. This facility provides third-
party file transfer so that one node can
initiate a file transfer between two
other nodes.

Figure 7: Gram

8.7 Job flow in a grid environment

Enabling an application for a grid
environment, it is important to keep in
mind these components and how they
relate and interact with one another.
Depending on your grid
Figure 6: Data implementation and application
management requirements, there are many ways in
8.6. Job and resource management which these pieces can be put together
With all the other facilities we to create a solution.
have just discussed in place, we now
get to the core set of services that help
perform actual work in a grid
environment. The Grid Resource
9. ADVANTAGES
Allocation Manager (GRAM) provides

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 Grid computing is about getting
computers to work together. Almost
every organization is sitting on top of
enormous, unused computing capacity,
widely distributed. Mainframes are
idle 40% of the time With Grid
computing, businesses can optimize
computing and data resources, pool
them for large capacity workloads,
share them across networks, and
enable collaboration. Many consider
Grid computing the next logical step in
the evolution of the Internet, and
maturing standards and a drop in the
cost of bandwidth are fueling the
momentum we're experiencing today.
Virtualization of the computing
environment .
10. CHANLLANGES OF GRID
A word of caution should be
given to the overly enthusiastic. The
grid is not a silver bullet that can take
any application and run it a 1000 times
faster without the need for buying any
more machines or software. Not every
application is suitable or enabled for
running on a grid. Some kinds of
applications simply cannot be
parallelized. For others, it can take a
large amount of work to modify them
to achieve faster throughput. The
configuration of a grid can greatly
affect the performance, reliability, and
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security of an organization's computing
infrastructure. For all of these reasons,
it is important for us to understand how
far the grid has evolved today and
which features are coming tomorrow
or in the distant future
11. CONCLUSION
Grid computing introduces a new
concept to IT infrastructures because it
supports distributed computing over a
network of heterogeneous resources
and is enabled by open standards. Grid
computing works to optimize
underutilized resources, decrease
capital expenditures, and reduce the
total cost of ownership. This solution
extends beyond data processing and
into information management as well.
Information in this context covers data
in databases, files, and storage devices.
In this article, we outline potential
problems and the means of solving
them in a distributed environment. .
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]
www.ibm.com/grid/index.html
[2] Foster, I. and Kesselman, C.
(eds) (1999) The Grid:
Blueprint for a New Computing
Infrastructure.. San Francisco,
CA: Morgan Kaufmann
[3] Berman, F., Fox, G. and
Hey, T. (2003) Grid
Computing: Making the Global
Infrastructure a Reality.
Chichester: John Wiley &
Sons.
[4] Web Site associated with
book, Grid Computing:
Making the Global
Infrastructure a Reality,
http://www.grid2002.org.

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