POWER QUALITY
Authorised By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
COMMON POWER PROBLEMS
WHAT ARE HARMONICS
FACTORS EFFECTING POWER QUALITY
POWER CONDITIONING
ABOUT UPS
ABOUT SURGE PROTECTOR
ABOUT CAPACITOR
ABOUT LIGHTENING ARRESTOR
ABOUT ELECTRONIC FILTER
CONDITIONING OF HARMONIC MITIGATION
CONCLUSION
POWER QUALITY
ABSTRACT
The electrical power in a D C Circuit the power is given by the product of applied voltage
and the electric current in watts.
P = VI
Power = Voltage x Current
Watts=Volts x amperes.
Our paper firstly gives introduction of electrical powerand later deals with the common
power problems that leads to poor qualitative power.Later it describes what harmonics
mean which play key role in quality of power.And next to it ,it gives factors effecting
power quality.conditioning of power i.e, method for improving power quality are
described.In part of it ,it gives note on ups,surge protector,capacitor,lightening arrestor
and electronic filters that have key role in providing high qualitative power to the
electrical system. More over we have to control harmonics.So methods of harmonic
mitigation are also described.Some pictures that gives information about distribution of
power and pictures of ups,surge protector,capacitor,lightening arrestor,low pass and high
pass filters are shown.how perfect and safe electrical power system is also given.We
come across methods like phase staggering,use of active filters for removing harmonics.It
also introduce some words like sag,dip,swell that have their own importance in causing
poor qualitative power.
INTRODUCTION
A perfect power supply would be one that is always available, always within voltage and
frequency tolerances, and has a pure, noise-free sinusoidal wave shape. In the real world,
unfortunately, there are five principal deviations from this perfection that affect power
quality: harmonic distortion; blackouts; under or over voltage; dips (sags) and surges; and
transients.
COMMON POWER PROBLEMS
There are various common power problems.
Power quality is a term used to describe electric power that motivates an electrical load
and the load's ability to function properly with that electric power. Without the proper
power, an electrical device (or load) may malfunction, fail prematurely or not operate at
all. There are many ways in which electric power can be of poor quality and many more
causes of such poor quality power.
No real life power feed will ever meet this ideal. It can deviate from it in the
following ways (among others):
1. Variations in the peak or RMS voltage are both important to different types of
equipment.
2. When the RMS voltage exceeds the nominal voltage by 10 to 80% for 0.5
cycle to 1 minute, the event is called a "swell".
3. A "dip “or a "sag" is the opposite situation: the RMS volage is below the
nominal voltage by 10 to 90% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute.
4. Random or repetitive variations in the RMS voltage between 90 and 110% of
nominal can produce a phenomina known as "flicker" in lighting equipment.
Flicker is the impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light
stimulus on the human eye.
5. Abrupt, very brief increases in voltage, called "spikes", "impulses", or
"surges", generally caused by large inductive loads being turned off, or more
severely by lightning.
6. "Undervoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage drops below 90% for more
than 1 minute. The term "brownout" is an apt description for voltage drops
somewhere between full power (bright lights) and a blackout (no power - no
light). It comes from the noticeable to significant dimming of regular
incandescent lights, during system faults or overloading etc., when insufficient
power is available to achieve full brightness in (usually) domestic lighting..
7. "Overvoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage rises above 110% for more
than 1 minute.
8. Variations in the frequency
9. Variations in the wave shape - usually described as harmonics
10. Nonzero low-frequency impedance (when a load draws more power, the
voltage drops)
11. Nonzero high-frequency impedance (when a load demands a large amount of
current, then stops demanding it suddenly, there will be a dip or spike in the
voltage due to the inductances in the power supply line)
POWER CONDITIONING
An uninterruptible power supply can be used to switch off of mains power if there
is a transient (temporary) condition on the line. However, cheaper UPS units
create poor-quality power themselves, akin to imposing a higher-frequency and
lower-amplitude sawtooth wave atop the sine wave.
A surge protector or simple capacitor can protect against most overvoltage
conditions, while a lightning arrestor protects against severe spikes.
Electronic filters can remove harmonics.
Solutions to power quality problems include using larger neutral conductors to handle
harmonic loads, better grounding systems to dissipate transients and lightning.
ABOUT UPS
An off-line UPS remains idle until a power failure occurs, and then switches from utility
power to its own power source, almost instantaneously. An on-line UPS continuously
powers the protected load from its reserves (usually lead-acid batteries or stored kinetic
energy), while simultaneously replenishing the reserves from the AC power.
The on-line type of UPS, in addition to providing protection against complete failure of
the utility supply, provides protection against all common power problems, and for this
reason it is also known as a power conditioner and a line conditioner.
ABOUT CAPACITOR
A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energy in the electric field
between a pair of conductors (called "plates").
Various types of capacitors. From left: multilayer ceramic, ceramic disc, multilayer
polyester film, tubular ceramic, polystyrene, metallized polyester film, aluminium
electrolytic.
Lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are devices that are connected between
each electrical conductor in a power and communications systems and the Earth.
These provide a short circuit to the ground that is interrupted by a non-conductor,
over which lightning jumps. Its purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a
communications or power line is struck by lightning.
"Lightning-Protector"
An early type of dissipater-arrester, which the patent states to prevent and safely
dissipate lightning strikes
ABOUT ELECTRONIC FILTER
Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions,
specifically intended to remove unwanted signal components and/or enhance wanted
ones. Electronic filters can be:
• passive or active
• analog or digital
• discrete-time (sampled) or continuous-time
• linear or non-linear
• infinite impulse response (IIR type) or finite impulse response (FIR type)
T filter Pi filter
Phase Staggering
1. Phase staggering is simply the phase shifting of individual loads such that the
harmonics produced by one or more loads cancels the harmonics produced by
others.
2. For phase staggering to be successful at least two balanced loads of similar ratings
are required.
Active Filters
1. AIM filters are the most technically advanced and effective solution in reducing
the total harmonic current distortion to below 5%.
CONCLUSION
The perfect power system will provide a significantly more robust system that can
respond to weather ,aging and other threats,ensuring power during
emergencies.Inaddition the perfect power system will automate high voltage switching
throughout the electrical system.,eliminating equipment damage resulting from human
error.