Hukum Pemantulan dan Pembiasan Snellius:

1.Sinar datang, sinar pantul, sinar bias dan Normal

terletak pada satu bidang datar.
2.Sudut datang sama dengan sudut pantul.
3.Perbandingan sinus sudut datang dan sinus sudut
pantul selalu konstan:

Sin q d
= n 21
Sin q b

2
n21 = indek bias medium (2) relatif terhadap
medium (1)
= perbandingan kecepatan cahaya (gelombang)
pada kedua medium tersebut.

v1 fl 1 l1
n 21 = = =
v 2 fl 2 l 2
Indek bias absolut suatu medium adalah:
perbandingan antara kecepatan cahaya
pada hampa dengan kecepatan cahaya
dalam medium.
3
 n = c/v
sehingga :

v1 c /n1 n 2
n 21 = = =
v 2 c / n 2 n1

dan diperoleh : n1 Sin qd = n2 Sin qb

(dikenal sebagai Persamaan/Hukum Snell)

4
—n1 dan n2 adalah indek bias medium 1 dan 2.
—Jika n2>n1 : sinar bias mendekati normal.
—Jika n2<n1 : sinar bias menjauhi normal.
—Untuk n2<n1, jika sudut bias yang dihasilkan tepat
90o, maka sudut datangnya disebut sudut kritis.

sin (q krit ) = n 2 / n1
Sudut Kritis Untuk Kaca ( n = 1.50) :
1
sin f krit = = 0.67 ® f krit » 42o
1.50
5
Law of Reflection
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
Reflection from a Plane Mirror

di=do
hi=ho
 Example
Incident Ray
Less Rigid
Medium

More Rigid
Medium
Refracted
ray bends
towards
the normal.
Refracted Ray
Pemantulan Sempurna :
—Jika cahaya datang memasuki medium
kedua yang indek biasnya lebih kecil dari
medium pertama, dan sudut datangnya
diperbesar melebihi sudut kritis, maka sudut
biasnya akan melebihi 90o, atau terjadi
pementulan sempurna (tidak ada sinar bias).

9
 pemantulan
sempurna

n1 qkritis

n2

n1>n2

10
TINJAUAN TEORI SINAR
n2
n1 sinqc = n2 sin 900 q c = arc sin
n1

n1 > n2

n2

n1 qc’
qc

PANTULAN INTERNAL TOTAL

 KESIMPULAN :
PERAMBATAN GELOMBANG DENGAN α ≤ α C

DAPAT DIGAMBARKAN SEBAGAI

SERANGKAIAN PROSES PEMANTULAN
INTERNAL TOTAL YANG BERLANGSUNG TANPA
REDAMAN, YANG MERUPAKAN PRINSIP KERJA
SERAT OPTIK SEBAGAI MEDIUM TRANSMISI
DALAM SISTEM KOMUNIKASI SERAT OPTIK
PERAMBATAN SINAR OPTIK DALAM SERAT

UDARA n0 n2 CLADDING

n1
qc INTI

q0 qC

n2 CLADDING

SYARAT SINAR OPTIK DAPAT TERPANDU DALAM INTI SERAT

DIPERLUKAN SUDUT MASUKAN TERTENTU (q0 < qMaks)
ANALISIS PERAMBATAN SINAR OPTIK PADA SERAT

n0 n2
n1 n1 sin q C = n 2 sin 90
qC

n2
f sin q C =
q 0, Maks
n1

n2

( )
1
n 0 sin q 0. Maks = n1 sin f 2
n 0 sin q 0 Maks = n1 - n 2
2 2

n 0 sin q 0. Maks = n1 sin (90 - q C )

n 0 sin q 0. Maks = n1 cos q C
( )
1
2
n 0 sin q 0. Maks = n1 1 - sin q C 2
Wavelength of Transmitted Light
Wavelength-dependant Attenuation
Typical Optical Fiber Sensing Mechanism
Transmission Measurement

Photo-detector
Light source Focus Sensing
lens element

Reflection Measurement

Coupler
Light source Focus
lens

Photo-detector
Light Parameters
— Power/Intensity
— Unit:
Ø Watts
Ø dbm: 10log(P*1000)

— Attenuation/loss
Ø db: 10log(P1/P0)

— Wavelength (spectral distribution)

— Polarization

— Phase (Optical path)

Optical Transmitter
Definition: a device that converts electrical signal
into optical signal

— Lasers
— Fabry-Perot Lasers (FP)
— Distributed Feedback Lasers (DFB)
— Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL)
— ASE fiber laser

— Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

— Surface-Emitting LED (SLED)
— Edge-emitting LED (EELED)
Transmitter
Fabry-Perot Laser (FB
Laser)
— Radiation pattern: 60o
angle cone-shape
— Output power: several mW
— Modulation: at high rates
— Spectral width: relatively
big
Transmitter
Distributed Feedback
Laser (DFB laser)
— Single longitudinal mode
— Can be internally or
externally modulated
Transmitter
Light Emitting Diode
(LED)
— Low cost
— Low power
— Broad spectral width
— Can be modulated to
several hundred MHz
— Two types
Ø Surface-emitting LED
(SLED): <1mW power
Ø Edge-emitting LED
(EELED): several mW
power
Transmitter Comparison
Optical Receiver
Definition: convert optical signal into electrical signal

Types:
— p-i-n photodetector: photon-electron converter
— Avalance photodetector (APD): more sensitive for high speed
systems

Photodetector parameters:
— Responsivity: the amount of current produced per unit of input
optical power
— Wavelength bandwidth: the bandwidth the PD is sensitive to.
— Damage threshold: the maximum optical power the PD can take
before damage
Wavelength-dependent Sensitivity of Detectors
 Example: Fiber Optics
An optical fiber consists of a core with index n1 surrounded by a cladding with index
n2, with n1>n2. Light can be confined by total internal reflection, even if the fiber is
bent and twisted.

Exercise: For n1 = 1.7 and n2 = 1.6 find the minimum angle of

incidence for guiding in the fiber.
Answer: sin qC = n2 / n1 Þ qC = sin-1(n2 / n1) = sin-1(1.6/1.7) =
70o.
(Need to graze at < 20o)
 Dispersion
The index of refraction depends on
frequency or wavelength: n = n(l )
n

1.55
Typically many optical
materials, (glass, quartz) 1.53

have decreasing n with 1.51

increasing wavelength in the

visible region of spectrum l

400 500 600 700 nm

Dispersion by a prism:

700 nm
400 nm
 Example: dispersion at a right angle prism
Find the angle between outgoing red (lr = 700nm) and
violet (lv = 400nm) light [ n400 =1.538, n700 = 1.516, q1 = 40 ].

q
q 2
red
n1 sinq1 = n2 sinq2 1
violet
n2 = 1 (air)

Red: 1.538 sin(40°) = 1 sinq400 Þ q400 = sin-1(1.538 0.643) = 81.34°

Violet: 1.516 sin(40°) = 1 sinq700 Þ q700 = sin-1(1.516 0.643) = 77.02°

Þ D = 4.32° º angular dispersion of the beam

 Reflection and Transmission
at Normal Incidence
Geometrical optics can’t tell how much is reflected and how
much transmitted at an interface. This can be derived from
Maxwell’s equations. These are described in terms of the
reflection and transmission coefficients R and T, which are,
respectively, the fraction of incident intensity reflected and
transmitted. For the case of normal incidence, one finds:

TI 2
æ n2 - n1 ö 4n1 n2
R=ç ÷ , T = 1- R =
I RI è n2 + n1 ø ( n2 + n1 )2

Notice that when n1=n2 (so that there is not really any
interface), R=0 and T=1.
 Reflection and Transmission
at Normal Incidence
Geometrical optics can’t tell how much is reflected and how
much transmitted at an interface. This can be derived from
Maxwell’s equations. These are described in terms of the
reflection and transmission coefficients R and T, which are,
respectively, the fraction of incident intensity reflected and
transmitted. For the case of normal incidence, one finds:

TI 2
æ n2 - n1 ö 4n1 n2
R=ç ÷ , T = 1- R =
I RI è n2 + n1 ø ( n2 + n1 )2
Notice that when n1=n2 (so that there is not really any
interface), R=0 and T=1.
 Reflection and Transmission
at Oblique Incidence
In this case R and T depend on the angle of incidence in
a complicated way – and on the polarization of the incident
beam. We relate polarization to the plane of the three rays.

E parallel
incident

reflected
n1

E perpendicular n2

transmitted
 Reflection and Transmission
at Oblique Incidence

Light with the perpendicular

R (%) polarization is reflected more
100 strongly than light with the
parallel polarization.

Hence if unpolarized light

50
is incident on a surface, the
reflected beam will be
partially polarized.
perp
parallel

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Angle of incidence

Notice that at grazing incidence everything is reflected.

 Reflection and Transmission
at Oblique Incidence

qp
100
Polarizing angle, or
“Brewster’s angle”

50

R (%) n2
perp parallel tan q p =
n1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Angle of incidence

Brewster’s angle of incidence is the angle at which light

polarized in the plane is not reflected but transmitted 100%
All the reflected light has perpendicular polarization.
TERIMA KASIH

BAGIMU ALMAMATER
KUBERJANJI SETIA
BERDHARMA BAKTI SUCI
BERJASA MULIA